neuropsychologie (travaux de A. Damasio), pour la seconde de la philosophie de
l’esprit (travaux de D. Dennett). Cette première partie est une manière d’introduire
la notion de sujet de la conscience, développée dans la seconde partie de l’article.
Celle-ci sera consacrée à un cheminement théorique visant à établir la double
détermination de l’intelligence du sujet par le biologique et par le culturel, et à
montrer que le sujet est indéfinissable au moyen d’un seul des deux déterminants.
Cette démarche serait peut-être inutile, compte tenu du nombre déjà important de
travaux sur ce thème, si elle ne s’adressait en priorité à une communauté de l’IA
confrontée à l’objectif de modéliser l’intelligence, la rationalité, l’esprit humains
par le biais d’une robotique avancée. Elle vise alors à rendre à la conceptualisation
de l’intelligence humaine les dimensions fondamentales que le cognitivisme
conçoit encore difficilement, comme celles de l’échange sémiotique, du temps,
des moteurs de diversité et de la métaphore.
Mots-clés : sujet, subjectivité, intelligence, conscience, sémiosis, modélisation,
intelligence artificielle, culture.
AI and the human subject. On one hand, the activity of interpretation is
necessarily performed by an individual subject (for a particular semiotic unit there
may be as many nuances of interpretation as there are subjects); on the other hand,
semiotic interaction takes place as a relation between human subjects. The
purpose of this article is to elucidate a meaning of the term "subject" which takes
both of these facets into account. Traditionally, cognition is conceived either as a
symbol system (cognitivism), or as the result of an adaptive distributed
organisation of active or reactive agents (connexionism, distributed-AI, multi-
agent systems). This paper seeks an alternative way to model complex cognition,
conceived as the product of the relation between two different though inseparable
spaces. The first space is that of the individual subject ; its substrate is the body-
brain-mind continuum, or physis . The second space is that of plural subjects ; its
substrate is the socio-cultural space of systems of signs, or semiosis. The notions
of subject and consciousness must be clearly distinguished, but the study of
consciousness cannot be dissociated from that of the human subject of
consciousness. This leads to the hypothesis that the human subject is a product of
language and civilisation as well as of biological functioning. Although in the last
resort culture is a product of nature, the cultural aspect of the environment plays a
specific role in the construction of the human subject. The cognitive body acquires
discursive intelligence, specific to the human kind, only by means of a semiotic
environnement encountered at birth. In order to attain the status of a subject, the
child must appropriate this environment and at the same time contribute to its
construction. Although very broad, this hypothesis need not hinder modelling : it
appears both possible and necessary today to design a general, heuristic,
qualitative model.
The first part of this article reviews the refutation of the fundamental hypotheses
of cognitivism and «classical» AI in their attempt to explain human intelligence.
This refutation is undertaken by confronting the topics developped by Newell with
two non-dualist approaches to mind : one from neuropsychology (Damasio), the
other from the philosophy of mind (Dennett). This first part introduces the notion
of the subject of conciousness. The second part consists of a theoretical
development which aims at establishing the dual determination of the subject’s
intelligence by both biological and cultural dimensions : the subject cannot be
defined by either of these two dimensions alone. These themes are already well
worked ; however, this article addresses that part of the AI community which aims
at modelling human intelligence, rationality and mind by means of advanced