Conclusions
•Application of modern marketing methods can 
well lead to improve access to veterinary drugs 
and vaccines in Africa.
•Most important is to understand the real needs 
of farmers and veterinarians and to respect 
these needs in all marketing aspects, 
summarized under the “4 Ps”.
•Marketing of veterinary drugs and vaccines is 
not exclusively done by pharmaceutical 
companies, but is the consequence of the 
interaction of public services, private companies 
and the industry.