Télécharger la transcription Fichier

!!! !
!
"#$%&'#()*(+%!,-!.$!
/(,0+!
Reproductions-sexuée-et-asexuée--(6’19)-
1,(.-!2(..+,!
!
3$*(.,$!
!
4))#-%+%&!.506$.(*0!
!
4))#-%+%&!.506$.(*0!
!
7$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-!-&*!
.$!'#0$*(+%!,-!%+8/-$89!(%,(/(,8&!
!
)$#!.$!:8&(+%!,-!,-89!'-..8.-&!'+;)$*(<.-&!
(&&8-&!,5(%,(/(,8&!,-!.$!;=;-!-&)>'-?!
!
@$#!+))+&(*(+%A!+%!$))-..-!5$&-9805!
!
*+8*!$8*#-!;+,-!!
,-!;8.*().('$*(+%!,-&!(%,(/(,8&?!
!
7$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-!-9(&*-!'B-C!!
.-&!$%(;$89A!
!
;$(&!$8&&(!'B-C!.-&!'B$;)(6%+%&!
-*!.-&!/060*$89?!
!
D.!-9(&*-!-%!60%0#$.!,-&!'-..8.-&!
&)0'($.(&0-&!$))-.0-&!6$;>*-&!
!
E8(!&+%*!,0,(0-&!
F!.$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-?!
!
G-!E85+%!$))-..-!:0'+%,$*(+%!
-&*!.$!:8&(+%!,-!,-89!6$;>*-&?!
!
7-!#0&8.*$*!,-!'-**-!:8&(+%!-&*!.$!*+8*-!!
)#-;(>#-!'-..8.-!,8!%+8/-.!(%,(/(,8!
!
$))-.0-!'-..8.-!H8:!+8!CI6+*-?!
!
@$#:+(&A!.5-;<#I+%!E8(!&-!:+#;-!

)$#!,(/(&(+%!,8!CI6+*-!
!
&-!&'(%,-!)#0'+'-;-%*!-%!,-89!
!
-*!J$!)#+,8(*!$8!:(%$.!,-89!(%,(/(,8&?!
!
1%!.-&!$))-..-!K8;-$89!!
;+%+CI6+*-&!+8!/#$(&!K8;-$89!
!
-*!(.&!&+%*!,-&!'.+%-&!.58%!,-!.5$8*#-?!
!
@$#!$(..-8#&A!.-&!,-89!6$;>*-&!/(-%%-%*!
-%!)#(%'()-!,-!,-89!(%,(/(,8&!,(::0#-%*&!
!
;$(&!,$%&!,-89!%+;<#-8&-&!!
-&)>'-&!/060*$.-&!
!
-*!E8-.E8-&!-&)>'-&!$%(;$.-&A!
.5$8*+:0'+%,$*(+%!-&*!)+&&(<.-?!
!
L$%&!'-!'$&A!8%!(%,(/(,8!'#0-!8%!CI6+*-!!
F!)$#*(#!,-!,-89!6$;>*-&!
!
E85(.!$!)#+,8(*&!.8(M;=;-?!
!
L8!:$(*!,8!<#$&&$6-!60%0*(E8-!+)0#0!!
.+#&!,-!.$!)#+,8'*(+%!,-&!6$;>*-&A!
!
'-!CI6+*-!%5-&*!-%!60%0#$.!
)$&!8%!'.+%-!,-!&+%!60%(*-8#?!
!
@+8#!E8-!,-89!6$;>*-&!!
)8(&&-%*!#0$.(&-#!8%-!:0'+%,$*(+%!
!
(.&!,+(/-%*!=*#-!,-!,-89!*I)-&!'+;)$*(<.-&?!
!
N8$%,!'-&!,-89!*I)-&!&+%*!
,-!;=;-!*$(..-!-*!,-!;=;-!;+#)B+.+6(-A!
!
+%!,(*!E85(.!I!$!(&+6$;(-?!
!
L$%&!.-!'$&!'+%*#$(#-A!
E8(!-&*!.-!).8&!'+8#$%*A!
!
+%!)$#.-!,5$%(&+6$;(-?!
!
7-&!).8&!6#+&!6$;>*-&!&+%*!$.+#&!
)$#!,0:(%(*(+%!.-&!6$;>*-&!:-;-..-&!
!

-*!.-&!).8&!)-*(*&A!.-&!;O.-&?!
!
L$%&!.-!#>6%-!$%(;$.A!.-&!)#-;(-#&!
&+%*!(;;+<(.-&!-*!$))-.0&!+/+'I*-&!
!
-*!.-&!&-'+%,&A!;+<(.-&!
-*!$))-.0&!&)-#;$*+C+P,-&?!
!
7$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!$&-980-!E8$%*!F!-..-!
-&*!$&&-C!#0)$%,8-!
!
'B-C!.-&!/060*$89!-*!.-&!'B$;)(6%+%&!
!
-*!-..-!-9(&*-!$8&&(!'B-C!.-&!$%(;$89?!
!
7-!'$&!0'B0$%*A!-..-!'+-9(&*-!&+8/-%*!
$/-'!.$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-?!
!
@$#!-9-;).-A!8%!$%(;$.!*-.!E8-!!
.5BI,#-!,5-$8!,+8'-!)-8*!&-!;8.*().(-#!
!
&+(*!)$#!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-A!
&+(*!)$#!<+8#6-+%%-;-%*?!
!
Q%!<+8#6-+%!&-!:+#;-!$.+#&!
&8#!.-!'+#)&!,58%!$,8.*-A!
!
&-!,0/-.+))-!)8(&!&-!,0*$'B-?!
!
7-&!).$%$(#-&!E8$%*!F!-..-&A!
!
)-8/-%*!#-'+8#(#!
F!.$!:#$6;-%*$*(+%!+8!&'(&&()$#(*0?!
!
R..-&!&-!&'(%,-%*!-%!,-89!!
)8(&!.-&!,-89!:#$6;-%*&!&-!#060%>#-%*!
!
-*!,-/(-%%-%*!,-89!(%,(/(,8&?!
!
L$%&!'-&!,-89!*I)-&!
,-!#-)#+,8'*(+%!$&-980-A!
!
.-!%+8/-.!(%,(/(,8!-&*!
8%!'.+%-!,-!&+%!60%(*-8#?!
!
3$(&!(.!%-!.8(!-&*!)$&!
)+8#!$8*$%*!(,-%*(E8-?!
!
R%!-::-*A!.-!,0/-.+))-;-%*!,58%!+#6$%(&;-!

%-!,0)-%,!)$&!E8-!,-!&+%!60%+;-?!
!
L$%&!,5$8*#-&!-&)>'-&!$%(;$.-&!!
.$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!8*(.(&-!,-&!6$;>*-&!
!
;$(&!-..-!)-8*!&-!)$&&-#!,-!:0'+%,$*(+%?!
!
G5-&*!'-!E85+%!$))-..-!.$!)$#*B0%+6-%>&-?!
!
L$%&!'-!'$&A!8%!%+8/-.!(%,(/(,8!-&*!!
:+#;0!F!)$#*(#!,8!,0/-.+))-;-%*!
!
-*!,-!.$!;8.*().('$*(+%!!
,58%!6$;>*-!:-;-..-!&-8.A!
!
&$%&!E85(.!I!$(*!:0'+%,$*(+%?!
!
G-!;0'$%(&;-!-9(&*-!!
'B-C!,-!%+;<#-89!(%/-#*0<#0&!
!
$(%&(!E8-!'B-C!'-#*$(%&!)+(&&+%&A!
$;)B(<(-%&A!+(&-$89!-*!#-)*(.-&?!
!
D.!-9(&*-!;=;-!,-&!-&)>'-&!,-!.0C$#,&!
!
E8(!%-!&-!#-)#+,8(&-%*!).8&!E8-!!
)$#!)$#*B0%+6-%>&-!
!
,-)8(&!,-&!;(..(-#&!,5$%%0-&!,$%&!.-&E8-.&!
.-&!;O.-&!+%*!*+8*!<+%%-;-%*!,(&)$#8?!
!
7-!).8&!&+8/-%*A!.$!)$#*B0%+6-%>&-!
'+-9(&*-!$/-'!.$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-?!
!
GB-C!.-&!$<-(..-&!)$#!-9-;).-A!
!
*+8&!.-&!;O.-&!&+%*!)#+,8(*&!
)$#!)$#*B0%+60%>&-!
!
$.+#&!E8-!*+8*-&!.-&!:-;-..-&!!
&+%*!)#+,8(*-&!)$#!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-?!
!
7$!#-(%-!-&*!.$!&-8.-!:-;-..-!
'$)$<.-!,-!#-)#+,8'*(+%!&-980-A!
!
(.!&5$6(*!$8!,0)$#*!,58%-!.$#/-!!
'+;;-!.-&!$8*#-&!
!
;$(&!-..-!&-!,0/-.+))-!,(::0#-;;-%*!

,-&!+8/#(>#-&!
!
6#O'-!F!8%!#06(;-!$.(;-%*$(#-!&)0'($.?!
!
48*#-!-9-;).-A!'B-C!.-&!)8'-#+%&!.-!;+,-!
,-!#-)#+,8'*(+%!'B$%6-!$8!:(.!,-&!&$(&+%&?!
!
4(%&(A!.-&!)8'-#+%&!/-#*&!,8!)+;;(-#!!
%-!&-!;8.*().(-%*!$8!)#(%*-;)&!-*!-%!0*0!
!
E8-!)$#!)$#*B0%+6-%>&-A!
!
,+%%$%*!,5$<+#,!,-&!:-;-..-&!&$%&!$(.-&A!
)8(&!,-&!:-;-..-&!$(.0-&!
!
'-!E8(!)-#;-*!,5$..-#!
'+.+%(&-#!,5$8*#-&!$#<#-&?!
!
4!.$!:(%!,-!.50*0A!.-&!:-;-..-&!&-!;-**-%*!
F!)#+,8(#-!,-&!;O.-&!-*!,-&!:-;-..-&!
!
*+8K+8#&!)$#!)$#*B0%+6-%>&-?!
!
R%:(%A!;O.-&!-*!:-;-..-&!)#+,8(&-%*!
-%&-;<.-!,-&!H8:&!
!
E8(!%50'.+&-%*!E85$8!)#(%*-;)&A!
!
%-!,+%%$%*!%$(&&$%'-!E85F!,-&!:-;-..-&!
&$%&!$(.-&!-*!.-!'I'.-!#-'+;;-%'-?!
!
G+;;-!+%!.-!/+(*A!.-!,0/-.+))-;-%*!
,-!.$!'$)$'(*0!,-!)$#*B0%+60%>&-!
!
)-8*!=*#-!8%!$*+8*!
)+8#!.$!&8#/(-!,58%-!-&)>'-?!
!
1%!,(*!$8&&(!&+8/-%*!E8-!.$!#-)#+,8'*(+%!
&-980-!-&*!8%!$*+8*!
!
)+8#!.$!&8#/(-!F!.+%6!*-#;-!,-&!-&)>'-&?!
!
R%!-::-*A!.+#&!,8!)#+'-&&8&!
,-!:+#;$*(+%!,-&!6$;>*-&!
!
8%-!,(/(&(+%!'-..8.$(#-!!
)$#*('8.(>#-!$))-.0-!;0P+&-!
!
60%>#-!,-&!#-'+;<(%$(&+%&!!