II)Probabilité
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623 - RAPPELS DE GRAMMAR – Quelques erreurs récurrentesLes quantifieurs Grande quantité much many more Singulier pluriel comparatif Petite quantité little few Less- fewer indéfini some some Les comparatifs de supériorité Est considéré comme adjectif court un adjectif qui comporte 1 syll ou 2 syll si terminé en –y ( happy) –ow (narrow) - er (clever) ou -le (simple) Un adjectif long = tous les autres adj de 2 syll et plus. Règle : on ajoute –ER aux adj courts et More devant les adj longs, le deuxième élémnts de la comparaison est introduit par THAN. Exemples pour supériorité, égalité et infériorité, supériorité égalité I have more I have as much Avec un nom Infériorité 1 Infériorité 2 I have less money than Bill Gates. I have fewer friends than Bill Gates I work less than Bill gates Avec un verbe I work more than Bill gates money as Bill Gates. I have as many friends as Bill Gates I work as much as Bill gates Avec un adjectif court régulier Avec un adjectif long I am richer than Bill Gates I am as rich as Bill Gates (I am less rich than Bill Gates) I do not have as much money as Bill Gates I do not have as many friends as Bill gates I do not work as much as Bill gates I am not as rich as Bill Gates I am more intelligent than Bill Gates I am as intelligent as Bill Gates (I am less intelligent than Bill Gates) I am not as intelligent as Bill Gates money than Bill Gates Nb: L’infériorité 1 est moins utilisée que la 2. Les pronoms personnels. Avec everybody on utilise they et their mais les verbes restent au singulier sauf les tags. Eg : Everybody is here, aren’t they? Rappel Pronoms pers sujets Pronoms pers compléments Adjectifs possessifs compléments Pronoms possessifs compléments Pronoms réfléchis réciproque I me My mine myself You you Your yours yourself He him His his himself She her Her hers herself It We You it us you Its Our Your its ours yours oneself ourselves yourselves They them their theirs themselves Each other Les temps et aspects : voir fiche 2 temps ( présent et passé) et 3 aspects ( simple- progressif – perfect) Simple Progressif He plays He is playing perfect Perfect progressif He has played He has been playing présent He does not play He is not playing He has not played He has not been playing He played He was playing He had played He had been playing passé He did not play He was not playing He had not played He had not been playing Pour exprimer le future on a plusieurs possibilité: Will Be going to Exemples Exemple That will be difficult. Ce sera difficile. It's going to rain. Il va pleuvoir. I won't be late. Je ne serai pas en retard. To be about The train leaves at 6 o'clock. Le train part à six heures. She's going to have a baby. Elle va avoir un bébé (elle est sur le point d'avoir un bébé). Jack is coming tomorrow. Jack arrive demain. What will you eat ? Que mangeras-tu ? Présent simple, présent progressif Exemples Exemples Les auxiliaires modaux pour exprimer le futur, le conditionnel, la probabilité, l’interdiction etc… Règles de base: Pas de S, de ED Pas de TO Pas 2 modaux à la suite I) Sens premier Equivalent Meaning Have to OBLIGATION Be able to Be allowed to Modals Meaning equivalent X Had to MUST X CAPACITE CAN COULD CAPACITE PASSEE AUTORISATION MAY MIGHT X FUTUR WILL WOULD CONDITIONNEL PROPOSITION/ SHALL ENGAGEMENT SHOULD CONSEIL/ REPROCHE OUGHT TO Equivalents : voir structures de communication dans le manuel n°1,2,4,6,7 p 208 à 211 II)Probabilité Certains modaux expriment des degrés différents de probabilité. Du plus sûr au moins sûr : MUST=90% SHOULD CAN MAY=50% COULD MIGHT=10% Avec un verbe Probabilité passée It may have rained (it may have been raining) Probabilité présente Probabilité future It may be raining It may rain Avec be he may have been happy He may be happy Maybe he will be happy
