II)Probabilité

623 - RAPPELS DE GRAMMAR – Quelques erreurs récurrentes-
Les quantifieurs
Grande quantité
Petite quantité
indéfini
Singulier
much
little
some
pluriel
many
few
some
comparatif
more
Less- fewer
Les comparatifs de supériorité
 Est considéré comme adjectif court un adjectif qui comporte 1 syll ou 2 syll si
terminé en –y ( happy) –ow (narrow) - er (clever) ou -le (simple)
 Un adjectif long = tous les autres adj de 2 syll et plus.
Règle : on ajoute –ER aux adj courts et More devant les adj longs, le deuxième élémnts
de la comparaison est introduit par THAN.
Exemples pour supériorité, égalité et infériorité,
supériorité
égalité
Infériorité 1
Infériorité 2
Avec un nom
I have more
money than Bill
Gates
I have as much
money as Bill
Gates.
I have as many
friends as Bill
Gates
I have less
money than Bill
Gates.
I have fewer
friends than Bill
Gates
I do not have as
much money as
Bill Gates
I do not have as
many friends as
Bill gates
Avec un verbe
I work more
than Bill gates
I work as much
as Bill gates
I work less than
Bill gates
I do not work as
much as Bill
gates
Avec un adjectif
court régulier
I am richer than
Bill Gates
I am as rich as
Bill Gates
(I am less rich
than Bill Gates)
I am not as rich
as Bill Gates
Avec un adjectif
long
I am more
intelligent than
Bill Gates
I am as
intelligent as Bill
Gates
(I am less
intelligent than
Bill Gates)
I am not as
intelligent as Bill
Gates
Nb: L’infériorité 1 est moins utilisée que la 2.
Les pronoms personnels.
 Avec everybody on utilise they et their mais les verbes restent au singulier
sauf les tags. Eg : Everybody is here, aren’t they?
Rappel
Pronoms pers
sujets
Pronoms pers
compléments
Adjectifs
possessifs
compléments
Pronoms
possessifs
compléments
Pronoms
réfléchis
réciproque
I
me
My
mine
myself
You
you
Your
yours
yourself
He
him
His
his
himself
She
her
Her
hers
herself
It
it
Its
its
oneself
We
us
Our
ours
ourselves
Each other
You
you
Your
yours
yourselves
They
them
their
theirs
themselves
Les temps et aspects : voir fiche
2 temps ( présent et passé) et 3 aspects ( simple- progressif – perfect)
présent
passé
Simple
He plays
He does not play
He played
He did not play
Progressif
He is playing
He is not playing
He was playing
He was not
playing
perfect
He has played
He has not played
He had played
He had not played
Perfect
progressif
He has been
playing
He has not been
playing
He had been
playing
He had not been
playing

 Pour exprimer le future on a plusieurs possibilité:
Will
Be going to
Présent simple,
présent progressif
To be about
Exemples
That will be difficult.
Ce sera difficile.
I won't be late. Je ne
serai pas en retard.
What will you eat ?
Que mangeras-tu ?
Exemple
It's going to rain. Il va
pleuvoir.
Exemples
The train leaves at 6
o'clock. Le train part
à six heures.
Jack is coming
tomorrow. Jack arrive
demain.
Exemples
She's going to have
a baby. Elle va avoir
un bébé (elle est sur
le point d'avoir un
bébé).
 Les auxiliaires modaux pour exprimer le futur, le conditionnel, la probabilité,
l’interdiction etc… Règles de base:
 Pas de S, de ED
 Pas de TO
 Pas 2 modaux à la suite
I) Sens premier
Equivalent
Meaning
Modals
Meaning
equivalent
Have to
Be able to
Be allowed to
OBLIGATION
CAPACITE
AUTORISATION
FUTUR
PROPOSITION/
ENGAGEMENT
MUST
CAN
MAY
WILL
SHALL
X
COULD
MIGHT
WOULD
SHOULD
X
CAPACITE PASSEE
X
CONDITIONNEL
CONSEIL/
REPROCHE
Had to
OUGHT TO
Equivalents : voir structures de communication dans le manuel n°1,2,4,6,7 p 208 à 211
II)Probabilité
Certains modaux expriment des degrés différents de probabilité.
Du plus sûr au moins sûr :
MUST=90% SHOULD CAN MAY=50% COULD MIGHT=10%
Probabilité passée
Probabilité présente
Probabilité future
Avec un verbe
Avec be
It may have rained
(it may have been raining)
he may have been happy
It may be raining
He may be happy
It may rain
Maybe he will be happy