TABLE DES MATIÈRES
AVANT-PROPOS ...................................... 15
I. Précisions sur le thème de la présente étude .................... 15
II. Plan et méthode de l’ouvrage............................ 17
III. État de la recherche et questions connexes..................... 19
IV. Actualité du thème ................................. 33
INTRODUCTION....................................... 39
I. La réception chrétienne de la philosophie païenne................. 39
1. Platonisme et christianisme ........................... 39
2. Aristotélisme et théologie chrétienne ...................... 45
3. Philosophie stoïcienne et pensée chrétienne .................. 50
II. La contribution du christianisme à la philosophie ................. 54
PREMIÈRE PARTIE
RATIONALISME, EMPIRISME ET CRISE
DES CROYANCES AU XVIIeSIÈCLE
LIMINAIRE ......................................... 63
CHAPITRE I: RATIONALISME ET CHRISTIANISME...................... 67
I. Le christianisme de Descartes ........................... 69
1. Agnosticisme chrétien? ............................. 70
2. Intention apologétique.............................. 73
3. Rapport de la raison et de la foi ........................ 74
4. Philosophie et théologie............................. 78
Note sur la théorie eucharistique de Descartes................... 81
Conclusion ..................................... 82
II. L’apologétique de Pascal et la philosophie..................... 84
1. Critique des philosophies ............................ 85
2. Le Dieu des philosophes ............................ 89
3. Le Christ de Pascal ............................... 91
4. Pascal et Descartes ............................... 93
Conclusion ..................................... 96
III. L’unité de la philosophie et du christianisme selon Malebranche ......... 99
1. Philosophie chrétienne ............................. 99
2. Rapport de la raison et de la foi ........................ 103
3. La philosophie au service de la théologie ................... 107
4. Le Christ malebranchien ............................ 110
Note sur le problème du désordre ......................... 114
Conclusion ..................................... 115
IV. Spinoza et le christianisme ............................. 117
1. Le problème du christianisme de Spinoza ................... 118
2. Philosophie et religion ............................. 122
3. Le Christ de Spinoza .............................. 126
1441-08_Brito_(BETL225B)_Voorw 18-01-2010 13:28 Pagina IX
4. Deus sive Natura ................................ 130
Conclusion ..................................... 134
V. La solidarité du christianisme et de la raison selon Leibniz ............ 135
1. La «religion des sages»............................. 136
2. Dieu et le mal .................................. 141
3. Incarnation et Rédemption ........................... 145
4. L’union des Églises ............................... 147
Conclusion ..................................... 149
VI. Le combat de la raison et de la foi selon Bayle .................. 150
1. Religion, superstition et athéisme........................ 150
2. Catholicisme et protestantisme, tolérance et intolérance ............ 152
3. Problème du mal ................................ 156
4. Scepticisme et fidéisme ............................. 158
Conclusion ..................................... 162
CHAPITRE II: EMPIRISME, PLATONISME ET CHRISTIANISME DANS LA PENSÉE ANGLAISE DU
XVIIeSIECLE ................................ 165
I. Philosophie et révélation chrétienne selon Bacon ................. 166
II. Hobbes et la république chrétienne......................... 170
1. Religion et superstition ............................. 170
2. La royauté de Dieu ............................... 172
3. L’Écriture, les prophéties, les miracles, la vie éternelle, la Rédemption, le Christ 175
a. L’Écriture sainte ............................... 175
b. Les prophéties et les miracles ........................ 176
c. La vie éternelle et la Rédemption ...................... 178
d. La fonction du Christ ............................ 179
4. Le pouvoir ecclésiastique ............................ 180
Conclusion ..................................... 184
III. Raison et vérité chrétienne selon Herbert et Cudworth .............. 187
IV. Le christianisme raisonnable selon Locke ..................... 194
1. Société civile et religion ............................ 195
2. Ce que nous devons croire pour être chrétiens ................. 197
3. Foi et raison ................................... 203
4. Métaphysique et théologie ........................... 208
Conclusion ..................................... 211
V. Éthique et christianisme selon Shaftesbury .................... 212
1. Vertu et piété .................................. 213
2. Critique de la superstition, religion naturelle et christianisme ......... 214
3. Limites et rôle de la religion publique ..................... 216
4. Panthéisme ou théisme?............................. 219
Conclusion ..................................... 221
DEUXIÈME PARTIE
LE PROCÈS DU CHRISTIANISME
DANS LA PENSÉE DU XVIIIeSIÈCLE
LIMINAIRE ......................................... 225
CHAPITRE I: CHRISTIANISME ET ENLIGHTENMENT ..................... 227
I. Foi et raison chez Newton et Clarke ........................ 229
II. Le déisme anglais et la réponse de Butler ..................... 231
XTABLE DES MATIÈRES
1441-08_Brito_(BETL225B)_Voorw 18-01-2010 13:28 Pagina X
III. Berkeley et son apologie de la religion chrétienne contre les libres penseurs... 236
1. Utilité et vérité de la religion naturelle ..................... 238
2. Apologie du christianisme ........................... 240
Conclusion ..................................... 247
IV. Hume et sa critique de la religion historique et de la théologie naturelle ..... 248
1. Christianisme et histoire de la religion ..................... 249
a. Du polythéisme au monothéisme ...................... 250
b. Christianisme et paganisme ......................... 252
2. Christianisme et religion philosophique .................... 255
a. Théologie naturelle, mystique et scepticisme ................ 255
b. Problème du mal, «théologie vulgaire» et «vraie religion» ........ 260
3. Miracles et révélation .............................. 264
4. Démonisme, christianisme et morale ...................... 268
Conclusion ..................................... 271
CHAPITRE II: CHRISTIANISME ET LUMIERES ....................... 275
I. Le théisme anticlérical de Voltaire ......................... 277
1. Rejet du christianisme ecclésial......................... 278
2. Dieu et le mal .................................. 280
3. La Bible et Jésus ................................ 283
4. Superstition et tolérance............................. 286
Conclusion ..................................... 287
II. L’anti-christianisme de Diderot........................... 288
1. Influence de Shaftesbury et du déisme ..................... 289
2. Religion révélée et religion naturelle ...................... 290
3. Critique du christianisme et inclination vers le spinozisme .......... 292
4. Matérialisme et morale ............................. 296
Conclusion ..................................... 298
III. Le baron d’Holbach et le «christianisme dévoilé» ................ 300
1. Aspiration messianique et christianisme .................... 301
2. L’étrange Dieu des chrétiens. Critique des mystères, signes, dogmes, rites et livres
sacrés du christianisme ............................. 302
a. La scandaleuse économie du salut ..................... 302
b. La paradoxale révélation des mystères ................... 303
c. Les prétendus miracles et les prophéties .................. 304
d. La criante absurdité des dogmes ...................... 304
e. Les cérémonies magiques des chrétiens................... 306
f. Les incohérentes Écritures chrétiennes ................... 306
3. Critique de la morale chrétienne ........................ 307
4. Église et politique ................................ 309
Conclusion ..................................... 311
IV. L’Évangile au regard de la religion naturelle selon Rousseau........... 313
1. La religion naturelle et Dieu .......................... 314
a. Nature ou grâce?............................... 314
b. Le noyau essentiel de la religion ...................... 315
c. Dieu ..................................... 316
d. L’homme................................... 318
2. Les religions positives et le Christ ....................... 319
a. Les différentes religions ........................... 319
b. Critique de la révélation et du miracle ................... 320
c. Le christianisme et le Christ......................... 321
TABLE DES MATIÈRES XI
1441-08_Brito_(BETL225B)_Voorw 18-01-2010 13:28 Pagina XI
d. La religion naturelle «fondement» des religions positives ......... 325
3. Religion et société................................ 326
a. La religion au service de la cité ....................... 326
b. Religions positives et utilité sociale..................... 327
c. La religion civile............................... 328
d. Religion civile et christianisme ....................... 329
4. Tolérance et intolérance............................. 330
Conclusion ..................................... 331
CHAPITRE III: CHRISTIANISME ET AUFKLÄRUNG ..................... 333
I. Le dépassement de la révélation judéo-chrétienne selon Lessing ......... 336
1. Les peines éternelles et la Trinité: Lessing et Leibniz ............. 337
a. Les peines éternelles............................. 338
b. La Trinité .................................. 340
2. Bible et Esprit Saint ............................... 341
3. Raison et révélation ............................... 344
a. Le peuple juif et la révélation mosaïque .................. 344
b. Raison et péché originel ........................... 348
c. Le Christ et la religion chrétienne...................... 348
d. Métempsycose ................................ 352
4. Immanentisme .................................. 352
a. Histoire et métaphysique .......................... 353
b. Refus du surnaturel ............................. 353
c. Critique des religions monothéistes ..................... 354
d. Lessing et Spinoza .............................. 355
Conclusion ..................................... 357
II. La philosophie de l’histoire de Herder et le christianisme............. 358
1. Une autre philosophie de l’histoire ....................... 358
2. Idées pour servir à la philosophie de l’histoire de l’humanité ......... 360
3. Jésus, le christianisme, l’Église ......................... 363
4. Herder et Spinoza ................................ 369
III. La foi au Dieu personnel et le refus du christianisme «positif» chez Jacobi ... 371
1. Foi ........................................ 371
2. Dieu ....................................... 373
3. Christianisme .................................. 376
4. Jacobi vs Herder................................. 379
IV. Hamann et la révélation du Dieu chrétien dans la chair .............. 380
1. La descente du Logos et la kénose du Saint-Esprit............... 380
2. La foi et Dieu .................................. 382
3. L’homme, l’histoire et la Nature ........................ 387
4. Le rapport de Hamann à Jacobi et à Kant ................... 391
Conclusion ..................................... 393
TROISIÈME PARTIE
LA PHILOSOPHIE DE LA RELIGION CHRÉTIENNE
CHEZ KANT ET LES POSTKANTIENS
LIMINAIRE ......................................... 397
XII TABLE DES MATIÈRES
1441-08_Brito_(BETL225B)_Voorw 18-01-2010 13:28 Pagina XII
CHAPITRE I: KANT ET LE CHRISTIANISME DANS LES LIMITES DE LA SIMPLE RAISON ... 405
I. Le christianisme en tant que religion naturelle et en tant que religion savante .. 405
1. Religion naturelle ................................ 406
2. Religion savante ................................. 408
II. L’histoire du christianisme ............................. 409
III. Jésus-Christ, l’Église, le culte ........................... 413
1. L’idée personnifiée du bon principe ...................... 413
2. L’exemple de l’humanité agréable à Dieu ................... 415
3. Le Fils et la Trinité ............................... 417
4. L’Église et l’Écriture .............................. 418
5. Le vrai et la faux culte ............................. 420
IV. Le mal et la conversion ............................... 423
1. Le mal radical .................................. 423
2. La conversion .................................. 426
Conclusion ..................................... 428
NOTE SUR SCHILLER.................................... 431
CHAPITRE II: LA DISTINCTION DE LHISTORIQUE ET DU MÉTAPHYSIQUE DANS LE CHRISTIA-
NISME SELON FICHTE ................................... 437
I. Christianisme .................................... 439
II. Péché et révélation ................................. 443
III. Jésus......................................... 447
IV. L’Église ....................................... 453
Conclusion ........................................ 456
NOTE SUR NOVALIS .................................... 459
CHAPITRE III: SCHELLING ET LIDÉE FONDAMENTALE DU CHRISTIANISME ........ 465
I. Christianisme .................................... 467
II. Dieu, la création et le péché ............................ 472
III. Le Christ ...................................... 478
IV. L’Église ....................................... 482
Conclusion ........................................ 483
NOTE SUR HÖLDERLIN................................... 485
CHAPITRE IV: LE CHRISTIANISME COMME RELIGION ABSOLUE DAPRESHEGEL...... 491
I. Des «Écrits théologiques de jeunesse» à la «Phénoménologie de l’Esprit» ... 492
II. Le christianisme dans les «Leçons sur la philosophie de la religion» ...... 504
III. Le rapport de la religion révélée à l’art et à la philosophie d’après l’«Encyclopédie
des sciences philosophiques»............................ 513
IV. La philosophie hégélienne de l’histoire de la chrétienté .............. 517
Conclusion ........................................ 523
NOTE SUR GOETHE .................................... 529
CHAPITRE V: SCHLEIERMACHER ET LA CARACTÉRISTIQUE INDIVIDUELLE DU CHRISTIANISME 535
I. Christianisme .................................... 536
TABLE DES MATIÈRES XIII
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