Abstract
India’s recognition as an emerging nation has fostered new images in the Western
imagination that allude to its economical and technological strengths, yet are not
indicative of a greater understanding of India itself (Chemin, 2010). Literary critics
speak of India’s changing image (Bénéï, 2005; Bourrier, 2010; Ganapathy-Doré, 2006-
2007; Ganapathy-Doré and Olinga, 2011) as a reflection of the transformation of
stereotypical images of misery and poverty which dominated cultural expressions in the
French language in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, this thesis rejects
the notion that the Western outlook follows a linear progression and proposes an
original reading whereby the Western imagination is understood to be influenced by an
underlying circularity. I argue that, with varying degrees of strength, a continuous and
simultaneous rotation of three central motifs is occurring: Continuity, the persistence of
Orientalist clichés (Said, 1978)); Rupture, a reassessment of these stereotypes; and
Displacement, a departure from the traditional Western gaze that reveals the
complexities of representing the Other. To this end, and borrowing from literary,
cultural and social history, this thesis analyses stereotypes associated with the Indian
body in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries francophone sphere across four fields:
literature, advertising, cinematography and museology. The interdisciplinary approach
demonstrates not only the diffusion of images from one cultural sphere to another, but
also reveals the underlying forces that govern them, what Jean-Louis Joubert (2006,
p.110) defines as “literary circulation”.
Chapter One begins by analysing various stages of Indian life: childhood, adulthood as
examined through sexuality, and old-age. I outline the characteristic features of the
francophone perspective, its hegemonic nature and its reassessment of the Other as
portrayed by authors in the following works of literary fiction: Le Margousier (Brégeon,
1985); Parias (Bruckner, 1985) ; Fière et intouchable (Guillaume, 1996); La Cité de la
joie (Lapierre, 1985); Le Vautour et l’enfant (Larneuil, 1971).
Chapter Two explores a selection of fifteen television advertisements in order to
illustrate how literary images of India are incorporated into the advertising world. I
argue that, as a result of the interplay between financial pressures applied within the
field, the arrival of digital technology, and the process of globalisation, representations
of India oscillate between conformism and innovation.
Chapter Three is based on Jean Renoir’s film Le Fleuve (1951), which is analysed in the
context of Henri Michaux’ novel Un Barbare en Asie (1967) and Louis Malle’s
documentaries Calcutta and L’Inde fantôme (1969). I demonstrate that changes at the
historical, cultural and social level converge with the artists’ individual personalities,
encouraging them to recognise the limits of their outlook by refusing to define the
Other. The collaborative artistic work that Renoir and Malle initiate is guided by their
desire to open the frontiers between India and France and to decentralise the Western
outlook: a key leitmotif of the twenty-first century.
In the final Chapter, I undertake a comparative study of Ananda Devi’s novel Indian
Tango (2007) and the discourse within Paris-Delhi-Bombay.(2011), the catalogue
accompanying the exhibition of Indian and French artists. These works reveal that the
image of India in the twenty-first century moves away from the ethnocentric Western
gaze, even if the question of exoticism perseveres.