Zoologica Scripta. Vol. 4, 37-40, 1975
Terminology
in
Phoronida
Christian
C.
Emig
Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
Receiced
1974-12-/6
Abstract
Emig,
C. C.
(Station
Marine
d'Endoumc,
13007 Marseille.
France.)
Termina/ogy in Phoronida. Zoo!. Ser. 4(1): 37--40.
1975.-A
termina-
logy (in
three
languages)
of
the
main
descriptive
terms
of
the
anatorny
of
the
phylum
Phoronida
is estabLished
and
proposed
to
facilitate
com-
munication in future anatomieal studics and taxonomieal works. A
bricf discussion is given of the names (Latin
and
comman)
of Ibis
phylum.
The
present
note
must
be
considered
as
a
preliminary
work
on
nomenclature
problems.
(racha (Latin
name
of the larva):
an
actinotroch. une actino-
troque, eine Actinotroche. As general
common
Dame of the
phylum (phoronid
and
actinotroch together), the following
terms should
he
applied:
the
Phoronida, les phoronidiens, die
Phoronideen.
3. Terminology
ne np
3.1. Pharonid termina/ogy
Three diagrams iIlustrate the termioology
and
their captioos
group the main technical terms of the phoronid morphology
and
anatomy (Figs. 1-3). Yet, sorne remarks should follow
Fig. 1. Diagram
of
a
mature
PllOronis hippocrepia vicwcd From the distal
end (species characters, sec Emig, 1974).
a, anus -anus -After.
ep, epistome -épistome -Epistom.
m,
mouth
-bouche -Mund.
ne, nephridiopore -néphridiopore -Nephroporus.
np, nephridial papilia -papille néphridiale -Nephridienpapille.
arg, accessory reproductive glands -glandes sexuelles annexes -
Fort-
pflanzungsnebendrüsen.
01,
lophophoral
organ
(accessory spermatophoral organ) -organe
lophophoral
-Lophophororgan.
bng, basal nidamenlal gland -glande nidamenlaire basale -Basal-
brutdrüse.
Ing, tenlacular nidamental gland -glande nidamentaire
tentaculaire-
Tentakelbrutdrüse.
10,
lophophore
-
lophophore
-
Lophophor.
of,
outer
tentac1e row -tentacules externes (rangée de) -âussere
Tentakelreihe.
il, ioner tenlac1c row -tentacules internes (rangéede) -innereTentakel-
reihe.
/cc, lophophoral eoncavily -coneavilé lophophorale -
Lophophor-
konkaviUl.l.
/C,
lophophoral
cavily -cavité lophophorale -Lophophorkavitât.
e,
end
of
the
lophophore
(horseshoe-shaped, spiral-coiled
or
heli-
coidal) -pointe du
lophophore
(forme de fer àcheval, enroulée
en
spirale
ou
hélicoidale) -
Lophophorarm
(hufeisenformig, spiralig
eingeroUt
oder
helikoidal).
'b
o
o
Icc
o
o
-t-Ic
.1
'-----e
ep
arg
~
01
1
0
bn!
0
0
0
0
Ing
0
'"
'bD
00
0"0
00
1.
Introduction
2. Names of the phylum Phoronida
Müller (1846)
named
Actinatracha the larva
of
the phoronids,
which was considered by him
to
be
an
adult
animal.
The
adult was described by Wright (1856) under
the
name
Phoronis,
which corresponds, according to this author,
(0
a
sumame
of
the Egyptian goddess Isis.' Gilchrist (1907) created asecond
genus, called Phoronopsis.
In
order
to clarify
our
understanding, the present
author
proposes
as
common
name
for the adult: aphoronid, une
phoronide, eine
Phoronide
(Phoronis
and
Phoronopsis
are
strictly used as genus names),
and
as
common
name
of
Actino-
The
terminology used
at
the moment
is
frequcntly obscure
and
Dot entirely satisfactory; in sorne cases it is even ambi-
guous, the same ward being useful for several different senses
or
organs.
Aiso the comparison of the terminology in English,
French
or
German
studies often leads
to
avery confusing situation.
ln
the present work, in
order
to
facilitate communication
and
easy exchange between research workers, 1propose acompiled
list of main descriptive terms applied
to
the
anatomy
and
morphology of Phoronida: this list is given in Englisb,
French
and
German
for each word. With the intention of establishing
ac1ear and precise terminology in these languages, it was
found necessary
to
create new terms in sorne
of
the languages.
An
exhaustive inventory through the bibliography of
the
phylum
Phoronida
has been compiled, especially in Cori
(1889, 1939), Selys-Longchamps (1907),
Hyman
(1959),
Zimmer (1964), Emig (1971, 1973, 1974). Ali (erms
are
pre-
sented in diagram form
and
indicated without aoy definition
(these definitions
are
given by.the cited authors). Schemes
and
lerms have also been established to
make
easier the taxonomy
and
systematics of the species
of
Phoronida.
1
Zimmer
(1964) cODsiders
that
this name corresponds
to
Phoroneus.
one
of
the two sons
of
the chief river-god Inachos, from the people of
Argolis.
Zoologica Scripfa 4
38
Co Co
Emig
3
R---"--
ro
OC
c
,:,:,',
,"
,,,
si,
l,
1"
,""
,11 ,
,,
,,\1 ,
,,",
sbp
.,
,,",
,,,
..
,,,,
,,
,
..
,
,
LI
,
,
,,,
\.. ••}!,..
ab
b
IIm
~"!!
am
N
0
Il
,ab
lib
db
rlb
Jl
li
gn
rn
enp
-,
l,
""
c,
Il,
""
rlr
1
on!
IllY
• •
••
"'
,
0
j
,
0
,
0
,
1
,
i
,-
,
,
,
<
,
,
0
0
0
0
1;'
i,i
,
,
,
,
,
,0
,
py
-,
OS
"',
~,
....--.
0'
œs
ps
1
~
-
ES
!
t
,
-
c
=
~
-
1
,
1
,
,
!5
oc
i-
,
,
1
,
+
2
distal
t
~
0
Cœl
~
~
0
~
~
0 0
10"
-P
1
1
~
m
~
'"'
0d
~
td
~
-
c
'"
,
1\
1
,,
11
proximal
••
0
a
Fig. 2.
(a)
Diagram
of
a
phoronid,
Phoronis psammophila (species
charaeters. see Emig, ]974); (b) cross-section of the met8some; cavities
and mesenteries
are
used to establish the conventional muscuJar
formula
(Selys~Longchamps.
1907) as follows:
om
IIm
loc 1
roc
rlm
lac rae
am
a.
anus (sec Fig. 1).
amp. ampuUa -
ampoule
-Ampulla.
op,
anal
papiUa -papille
anale
-
Analpapilla
oder
Afterpapille.
cf.
collaT raid -repli
~pidermique
-Ringfalte.
~P.
epistome
(sec Fig. 1).
ino,
invagination
-invagination -Einfaltung.
m,
moutb
(sec Fig. 1).
mtp, muscular trunlc part -
r~gion
musculaire du tronc -Muskelrumpf-
lei!.
Cal.
coetam
-cœlome -Cœlom
oder
Côlom.
p,
prosome, protocœlom
(or
epistomecœlom)
prosome, protocœ!ome (ou cœlome de l'épistome)
Prosome, Protocœlom (oder Epistomcœlom)
m,
mesosome, mesocœlom
(or
lophophorecœlom)
mésosome, mésocœlome (ou cœlome
du
lophophore)
Mesosoma, Mesosomcœlom (oder Lophophorcœlom)
M,
metasome, metacœlom
(or
trunkcœlom)
métasome, métacœlome (ou coelome
du
tronc)
Metasoma, Metasomcœlom (oder Rumpfcœlom)
foc. left oral cavity -cavité orale gauche -linke OralhOhle
TOC, right oral cavity -cavité oraIe droite -rechte Oralhohle
loc,kft
anal
cavity -cavité anale gauche
-linke
Analhohle
TOC,
rigbt
anal
cavity -cavité anale droite -recbte AnalbObie
d,
diaphragm
-diaphragme -Diaphragma.
am, anal mesentery -
mésent~re
anal
-Analmesenterium.
mm, Median mesentery -mésentère médian -Mediaomesenterium.
om, oral mesentery -mésentère
oral
-Oralmesenterium
/lm, left lateraI mesentery -rMsentère lateral gauche -tinkes Lateral-
mesenterium.
dm, rigbt lateral mesentery -mésentère latéral
droit
-recbtes Lateral-
mesenterium.
DS, digestive system -tractus digestif -
Darmtractus
as, oesophagus -œsophage -CEsophagus.
ps, prestomach -préestomac -
Vannagen
cs, ciliated
strip
-gouttière cilée -Wimpcrrinne.
i, intestine -intestin -
Dünndarm
oder
Intestinum.
s, stomach -estomac -Magen.
py,
pylorus -pylore -Ringklappe.
Zoologico Scr;pto 4
M
·
?fi
pcr
1
1
,
poster~r
Fig. 4.
Diagram
of
an
actinotroch
(Aclino1rol'hu brancltiata)
near
ils
mctamorphosis.
Sorne species
show
only
one
lenladc type: larval
lentac!es
become
adult
tcntades
(Emig,
1973). Il
stems
also
that
the
piriform
organ
docs
not
appear
in
ail Jarva.
For
a,
i.
m,
11(:',
tu,
PY
.l':
sec Fig. 2,
and
gn: see Fig.
S.
ap. apical plate -
plaque
upicale -Scheitclplattc.
tif,
adull
tentacle -tentacule
adulte
-
Adulttentakel.
It, larval
tentade
-tentacule larvaire -
Larvaltentakcl.
m. mesocœl -mésocœlc -Mcsocôl.
M,
metacœl -métacœle -Mctaci)1.
M.f.
mctasomal
sac
-
sac
mélasomique
-
Metasomdivcrtikcl.
P,
protocoel
(or
preoral
lobe
cœlom)
-
protocœlc
(ou
cœlome
du
lobe
préoral)
-
Prolacôl
(oder
Pracorallappencœlom).
per,
perÎanal cilialcd ring -
couronne
ciliée pèrianale -.mal Wimperring.
pn,
proloncphridium
-
protonephridie
-
Protonephridium.
o,piriform-organ
(orsensory papilla)
-organe
piriforme-Piriformorgan
(oder
Sinnesorgan).
pol, preoral lobe (or prcoral
hood)
-lobe préoral -Praeorallappen
(odcr
Episphaere).
psc, preseplal cavity -cavilé préseptale -Vorseptalhôhle.
sd. stomacal divertÎculuOl -diverlicule
stomacal
-Darmdiverlikel.
.ft',
septum -seplum -Septum.
v, vestibule -vestibule -Yeslibulum.
vm, ventral mesenlery -mésentére ventral -Yentralmesenterium.
Fig. 5. Schcme of Ihe lurval nervous syslem in
an
aClinotroch (Aclino-
Irocha
A,
after
Zimmcr, 1964).
cnr, collar nerve ring -nerf circulaire collaire -Kragenringnerv.
gn, nervous ganglion -ganglion nerveux -Nervenganglion.
Ine,
laierai nerves
of
collar -nerfs latéraux collaires -
Kragenlateral·
nerven.
.,,",trl,
major
nerve ring
of
lobe -nerf circulaire majeur
du
lobe -
Gross-
ringnerv des Praeorallappens.
11/11'1,
minor
nerve ring of lobe -nerf circulaire
mineur
du
lobe -Minder-
ringnerv des Praeorallappens.
tn, tenlucular nerve -nerf tentaculaire -Tentakelnerv.
("l,
Iripartite median ncrve of lobe -triple
nerf
médian
du
lobe -drei
Mcdiannervenfiiserzüge.
SS,
ser.sory papilia -
plaque
sensorielle -Sinnespapille (sec also: po,
Fig. 4).
Fig. 6. Diagrams
of
Ihe musculalure of various
actinotrochs
(based
on
Cori,
1939,
and
Zimmer,
1964);
ra:
is no! rcprescnted
in
Ihe rigurc.
clml', circular
and
longitudinal muscles of collar -muscles circulaires
et
longitudinaux collaires -Ring- u. Langmuskeln des Kragens.
l'mt,
circular
muscles
of
Irunk -muscles circulaires
du
tronc
-Rumpf-
ringmuskeln.
dr, dorsal
retractor
muscle -musele
rétracteur
dorsal -
Dorsalretraktor-
muskcl.
co, eXlensor muscle
of
œsophagus
-muscle extenseur
de
rœsophage
-
Exlensormuskel des
Œsophagus.
Ims,
levator
muscle
of
melasomal sac -muscle élévateur
du
sac méla-
somique
-Levalormuskel des Metasomdivenikel.
Irm, lobe
retractor
muscle -muscle
rétracteur
du
lobe -
Retraktormuskcl
des Lappens:
ra,
retraetor
muscle
of
anus
-muscle rétracteur
de
l'anus
-
Afterrelrak-
tormuskeL
rami, radial
and
annular
muscles of lobe -muscles radiaires et
annu·
laires
du
lobe -Radial und Ringmuskeln des Praeorallappens.
Irm.
trunk
retraclor
muscle -muscle rétracteur
du
tronc -
Rumprre-
traktormuskel.
N,
nephridium -ncphridie -Nephridium.
ne,
nephridiopore
(see
FiC.
1).
ob. ascending nephridiaJ
branch
-
branche
néphridiale
ascendante
-
aufsteigender Nephridienkanal.
/,
funnel (if two:
oral
and
anal
funne!) -
entonnoir
(si deux:
entonnoir
oral et
entonnoir
anal)
-
Trichter
(wenn zwei:
Oral-
u. Analtrichter).
db, descending nephridial
branch
-branche néphridiale descendante -
absteigender
Nephridienkanal
NS, nervous system -système nerveux -Nervensystem.
gn, nervous ganglion -ganglion nerveux -Nervcnganglioll
m,
ring nerve -nerf circulaire -Ringncrv.
Ig/,
Idt
giant
fibre -fibre nerveuse géante gauche -linker Lateralnerv
oder
Langnerv.
rg/. right
giant
fibre -fibre nerveuse géante
droite
-rechter Lateralnerv
oder
Langnerv.
enp, epilhelial nervous plexus -plexus nerveux épithéliale -epithe-
liales Nervennetz.
Fig. 3.
Diagrams
of
the
circulatory system in Phorotlis
Ol>alis
(b)
and
in
the
other
species (a).
0100,
afferenl
lophophoral
ring vessel -arc
lophophoral
afférent
austeigendes Lophophorringgefass
00,
"accessory"
vessel -vaisseau
"accessoire"
-
"Nebengefass".
cc, capîllary ccteum -cœcum
sanguin
-Cœcalgefiiss.
eloo, ereerent
lophophoral
ring
vessel -
arc
lophophoral
effcrent
abstcigendcs
lophophorringgefâss.
lib, left lateral
branch
-
branche
latéral gauche -
linker
lateralast.
I/u, !cft lateral vessel -vaisseau latéral gauche -Iinkes Lateralgefass.
lou,
Lophophoral
vessel -vaisseau
lophophoral
-Lophophoralgefâss.
lu, laierai yesscl -vaisseau latéral -Lateralgefâss.
mu, median vessel -vaisseau
médian
-Mediangefüss.
rlb, right lateral branch -branche latéral
droite
-reehter Lateralast.
rio, righl lateral vessel -vaisseau latéral
droit
-rechtes Lateralgefass.
sbp,
stomacal
bloodplexus -sinus
péristomacal-
Magcnblutsinus.
slu,
secondary
lateral vessel -vaisseau latéral secondaire -
Neben-
lateralgefâss.
tu,
tentaeular
vessel -capillaire tentaculaire -Tentakelgefass.
Zoologico Sl'ripta 4
40 C.
C.
Emig
to define the morphological orientation thatleads to
an
casier
nomenclature of the phoronid body: the terros oral and anal
(Fig.
2)
take, respectively, the place
of
ventral and dorsal
(ventral
and
dorsal must
no
longer he used in phoronids
because of their ontogenetic orientation: dorsal corresponds
al
the median site mouth-anus); the ferros anterior, antérieur,
vorder-
and
distal specify
the
regions
towards
the
lophophoral
extremity (Fig. 2) in contrast to posterior, postérieur, hinterw
and proximal towards the ampuJIa (these definitions do
not
take the ontogenetic disposition ioto account). Body. corps,
Korper
shows the whole animal; trunk. tronc, Rumpf. divided
ioto
two
regions (Fig. 2), particularizes
the
cylindrical
body
part
(
~
metasoma).
3.2. Actinotroch
termin%gy
The
actinotroch
terminology
is
illustratcd by three schemes
and
explained by
their
captions
(Figs. 4-6).
The
larval body
is
composed
of
two
extemal
regions,
the
preoral
lobe
and
the
trunk.
It
presents adorsal
and
ventral
side (Fig. 4): the body
orientation
appears
different in the
actinotroch
and
the
phoronid.
Special terms
are
used
to
describe
corresponding
organs
in
the
adult
and
the larva in
order
to
avoid
all possible
future
confusing
situations
(as
proposed
by Emig, 1973): in
the
phoronid.,
the
name
of
the
cœlomic cavities
ends
in -cœlorn
(Fig. 2)
and
in
the
actinotroch,
in
-cccl
(Fig. 4); also,
the
term
diaphragm
is
used in
the
adult
and
septum
in
the
larva.
4. Conclusion
The
present
short
terminology
of
Phoronida
only affects
the
main
organs
and
specifie
terms
of this
phylum.
There
are
many
more.
Thus
this
tenninology
represents ooly apre-
Iiminary
and
basic
work
on
nomenclature
problems
and
the
author
considers this
paper
as
the
beginning of acJear, precise
and
unambiguous
terminology in
Phoronida.
1al50 suggest
that
in
future
ail
new
terms
applied
to
this phylum
are
esta-
blished in
the
three
languages (English.
French,
German)
to
facilitate
communication
and
to
avoid
ail confusion.
References
Cori,
C. J. 1889.
Untersuchungen
über
die
Anatomic
und
Histologie
der
Gattung
Phoronis.
-
Z.
wiss.
Zool.
51:
480-568.
-1939.
Phoronidea.
-
Bronn's
KI.
Ordn.
Tierreîchs 4(4): 1-183.
Emig,
C.
C. 1971.
Taxonomie
et
systématique
des
Phoronidiens.
Bull. Mus.
natn.
Hist.
nat.,
Paris
(Zool.)
8:
469-568.
-1973. Les processus de
l'ontogenèse,
comparés
àceux
de
la régé-
nération
des
Phoronida.
-Z.
Morph.
Tiere
75: 329-350.
-1974.
The
systematics
and
evolution
of
the
phylum
Phoronida.
-Z.
zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 12: 128-151.
Gilchrist,
J.
D.
1907.
New
fonns
of
the
Hemichordata
from
South
Arrica. -
Trans.
S. Arr. phil. Soc. 17: 151-l76.
Hyman,
L.
H. 1959.
The
Invertebrates,
Vol. 5. -
McGraw-HiII,
New
York.
Müller,
J. 1846. Bcricht
über
einige
neue
Thierforrnen
der
Nordsee.
-
Arch.
Anal.
Physiol. 1846: 101-104.
Selys-Longchamps,
M.
de 1907.
Phoronis.
-
Fauna
Flora
Golf.
Neapel
30, 1-280.
Wright,
T.
S.
1856.
Description
of
two
tubicolar
animaIs.
-
Proc.
R.
Soc.
Edinb.
1:
165-167.
Zimmer,
R.
L.
1964.
Reproductive
biology
and
development
of
PhOTO-
nida.
-
Univ.
Microfilm,
Ann
Arbor.
Zoologica Scripta 4
Dr
Christian C. Emig
Station Marine
d'Endoume
Rue
de
la Batterie·des-Lions
F-J3007 Marseille
France
Printed
1975-06-20
1 / 4 100%
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