Genèse - Patrick Dandrey

Le présent propos, version écrite d’un cours d’agrégation professé à l’ENS Ulm (2016-
2017) est la propriété intellectuelle de Patrick Dandrey. Toute reproduction ou diffusion
est interdite, en dehors de la consultation ouverte sur le site patrickdandrey.com.
!
Cours&2!!
Genèse!
Chronique*de*l’invention**
"#$%!&'!(#%!)*!+,-.+/'0!&'!1/2('%%*%!)'!(/-#+32$!)4*$'!5*6/'!'%+!+2*72*/%!)2*8&'!9!
(/-#+32$!&3++-/#3/'!'+!(/-#+32$!%(-$3:*'!%'!%*((;)'$+!'+!$'!%'!/'(2*6/'$+!1#%<!=+!'$(2/'!
>#*+?3&!#72*+'/0!#6#$+!&43@1/'%%32$!)*!+'A+'!:*'!$2*%!12%%-)2$%0!&4-62&*+32$!:*'!1'*+!&*3!
#623/!>#3+!%*83/!&4-1/'*6'!)'%!/'1/-%'$+#+32$%<!"#$%!&'!(#%!)'!!"#$%&&'0!&'!1/2('%%*%!>*+0!
(2@@'! 2$! &'! %#3+0! (2@1&3:*-! '+! -+3/-! 1&*%3'*/%! #$$-'%! )*/#$+! 1#/! &43$+'/)3(+32$!
3@@-)3#+'!)'!&#!1/'@3;/'!6'/%32$!:*'!B2&3;/'!#6#3+!/3%:*-'!)#$%!&'!(#)/'!)'%!()"*+*#+,-',
)./)','012"0$3'4!12*/!>2*/$3/!)'!('++'!@#+3;/'!*$'!3$(2$C/*'!('!)36'/+3%%'@'$+!/2D#&!:*30!
1/-6*!12*/!)*/'/!+/23%!72*/%0!%'!1/2&2$C'#!)*!E!#*!FG!@#3!FHHI<!B2&3;/'!:*3!D!#6#3+!(/--!
*$'!(#*01'++',-.É)*-'!(2@12%-'!12*/!&#!(3/(2$%+#$('!'+!)2$+!3&!$4#6#3+!1#%!'*!&'!&23%3/!)'!
6'/%3>3'/!1&*%!)4*$!#(+'!2*!1/'%:*'!%*/!+/23%0!D!/')2$$#!)'*A!#*+/'%!(2@-)3'%!@J&-'%!)'!
@*%3:*'! '+! )'! )#$%'0! 83'$! )#$%! &4'%+,-+3:*'! )'%! >J+'%! /2D#&'%0! 5'+, 6712'%8, &'! FF0, 5',
9"#*":',&;#13!&'! )'/$3'/! 72*/<! =+! 1*3%0! 2$! $'! %#3+! +/21!12*/:*230! 3&! D! /3%:*#! &'! FK! *$'!
1/'@3;/'! 6'/%32$! )'! !"#$%&&'<! L'++'! (/-#+32$0! 1'*+?J+/'! 1/-@#+*/-'! 1*3%:*'! &#! 13;('!
%'@8&'! $4#623/! 1#%! -+-! #(,'6-'! )'! %'%! (3$:! #(+'%0! -+#3+! '$! +2*+! (#%! /3%:*-'! M!&'! /23!
1/-%'$+!12*6#3+?3&! &#3%%'/!1#%%'/!)'6#$+!%#!(2*/!*$'!5*6/'!#*%%3!#*)#(3'*%'!'$6'/%!&#!
)-62+32$0! :*3! N! &#! 63&&'!#*/#3+! 1'*+?J+/'! -+-! @3'*A! +2&-/-'!O! P! @23$%! :*4#*! (2$+/#3/'!
B2&3;/'!$'!%'!%23+!3@#C3$-!J+/'!1/2+-C-!'+!>#62/3%-!1#/!('!(#)/'!1/'%+3C3'*A0!7*%:*4N!>#3/'!
+#3/'! &#! 12&-@3:*'! 1/-63%38&'0! (2@@'! Q4#6#3+! -+-! &'! (#%! 12*/! %2$! <=>#;=>$%, -',
?'#+"*))'+,O!"#$%!('!(#%0!&'!(#&(*&!>*+!)-@'$+3!'+!R2*3%!STU0!%2*%!1/'%%32$!%#$%!)2*+'!)*!
1#/+3!/'&3C3'*A!:*3!'A3%+#3+!N!%#!(2*/!#*+2*/!)'!&#!/'3$'!@;/'0!3$+'/)3+!&#!13;('!#*!1*8&3(!
+2*+! '$! 1'/@'++#$+! &'(+*/'%! '+! /'1/-%'$+#+32$%! 1/36-'%! V)2$+! 3&! 1/2>3+'! &*3?@J@'! 1'*!
#1/;%!(,'W!%2$!>/;/'X<!R#!/#3%2$!)'!('++'!3$+'/)3(+32$0!%'&2$!&#!/'&#+32$!2>>3(3'&&'!)'!&#!>J+'!
)'! U'/%#3&&'%0! -+#3+! &#! Y!(2$>2/@3+-! '$+/'! ('*A! :*4*$'! 6-/3+#8&'! )-62+32$! @'+! )#$%! &'!
(,'@3$!)*!L3'&!'+!('*A!:*4*$'!6#3$'!2%+'$+#+32$!)'%!82$$'%!5*6/'%!$4'@1J(,'!1#%!)4'$!
(2@@'++/'!)'!@#*6#3%'%!Z!9!8/'>0!*$'!/')2*+#8&'!Y!/'%%'@8&#$('!)*!63('!#6'(!&#!6'/+*!Z<!!
[$! $'! /'63'$)/#! 1#%! %*/! &'%! 1-/31-+3'%! )'! &#! &*++'! 12*/! #(,'6'/0! -)*&(2/'/!'+!
/'>#3/'!72*'/!!"#$%&&',:*3!%'@8&'$+!#623/!2((*1-!&4'%1/3+!'+!*$'!1#/+!)*!&23%3/!)'!B2&3;/'!
7*%:*4N!&#!V/'X(/-#+32$!)'!&42*6/#C'!'$!(3$:!#(+'%!'+!'$!6'/%!&'!\!>-6/3'/!FHH]0!#6'(!*$!
/'+'$+3%%#$+! %*((;%! '$! 1#/+3'! 3@1*+#8&'! N! &#! (*/32%3+-! 12*/! &#! (,2%'! 3$+'/)3+'<! L'%!
(3/(2$%+#$('%!'+!('%!)-8#+%!-/*)3+%!%*/!&!^3$+'/1/-+#+32$!)*!1'*!)'!)2(*@'$+%!:*'!$2*%!
12%%-)2$%!N!('!%*7'+!$43$+-/'%%'$+!:*4N!&#!@#/C'!&421+3:*'!)*!(2$(2*/%<!=+!&'%!)-)*(+32$%!
3$('/+#3$'%! :*42$! 1/-+'$)! +3/'/! )'! %3! 1'*! )43$>2/@#+32$! >3$3%%'$+! 1#/!+/2*8&'/! 1&*%!
:*4'&&'%!$'!1'*6'$+!&4-(&#3/'/!&'!1/2('%%*%!)43$6'$+32$!'+!%*/+2*+!&43$+'/1/-+#+32$!)*!+'A+'!
)'!('++'!(2@-)3'!+'&!:*'!$2*%!&'!12%%-)2$%!'+!&'!72*2$%!)'1*3%<!BJ@'!&'!/'C3%+/'!)'!&#!
+/2*1'! +'$*! 1#/! R#! _/#$C'!'+! &#! 1/->#('! )'%! @%A#'+, 1;=>)B$'+!)'! B2&3;/'! '$! FH`K!
1'*6'$+!!J+/'!%*%1'(+-%!:*#$)!3&%!+-@23C$'$+!:*'!>*/'$+!)2$$-%!N!U'/%#3&&'%!Y!+/23%!#(+'%!
)'! !"#$%&&'! :*3! -+#3'$+! &'%! +/23%! 1/'@3'/%!Z! 2*! Y!&'%! +/23%! 1/'@3'/%! #(+'%! )'! ('++'!
(2@-)3'!Z!a! @J@'! %3! )4#*+/'%! 3$)3('%0! @3$'*/%! '+! 1#%! +2*72*/%! (2,-/'$+%! '$+/'! '*A0!
&#3%%'$+! +2*+! )'! @J@'! 1'$%'/! (2@@'! 1/28#8&'! !!!:*'! &#! 6'/%32$! 72*-'! '$! FHHI! -+#3+!
&3@3+-'! '$! '>>'+! N! +/23%!#(+'%<! =+! )2$(0! 1'$)#$+! &2$C+'@1%0! 2$! #! )-)*3+! )'! ('%! >#38&'%!
+-@23C$#C'%!:*'!('++'!6'/%32$!3$#(,'6-'!)'!!"#$%&&'!>3$3%%#3+!@#&0!1#/!&#!@#&-)3(+32$!)'!

!
K!
"#@3%0! N! &#! >3$! )'! &4#(+*'&! #(+'! TTT!<! =+! 1*3%0! (2@@'! B2&3;/'! $4#! 7#@#3%! 1&#3)-! :*'! &#!
6'/%32$!/'1/-%'$+-'!N!U'/%#3&&'%!-+#3+!('&&'!)4*$'!3$+/3C*'!3$(2@1&;+'0!2$!#!3@#C3$-!)#$%!
&#! %'(2$)'! @23+3-! )*! SS'!%3;(&'! :*'! &'%! )'*A! +-@23C$#C'%! %*%)3+%! @'$+#3'$+0! :*'! ('%!
+/23%!#(+'%!-+#3'$+!:#;++;,=;-;!&'%!#(+*'&%!#(+'%!T0!TTT!'+!TU0!1/'@3'/%!1#/!&'*/!/-)#(+32$!
%3$2$!1#/!&'*/!)3%12%3+32$!#/3+,@-+3:*'0!#*A:*'&%!&'!12;+'!#*/#3+!#72*+-!1#/!&#!%*3+'0!12*/!
#++'3$)/'!(3$:0!&4#(+'!%'(2$)!2((*1-!1#/!"2/3$'!'+!1#/!&'!(2*1&'!B#/3#$'?U#&;/'!)'6'$*!
&4'$7'*!@#+/3@2$3#&!)'!&#!(2@-)3'0!1*3%!*$!)'/$3'/!#(+'!*$!1'*!>&#C2/$'*/!'$!,2@@#C'!
V#$+3(31-X! N! &4#*+2/3%#+32$! )'! 72*'/! %#! 13;('! '$>3$! 28+'$*'<! R#! /#3%2$! )'! ('! >#*A?
+-@23C$#C'! #*/#3+! -+-! )'! >#3/'! #((/23/'! :*'! &43$#(,;6'@'$+! )*! 1/'@3'/! !"#$%&&',
'A1&3:*#3+!%2$!3$+'/)3(+32$!1#/!&'!/23<!
=$!1/2+'%+#$+!(2$+/'!*$'!$2*6'&&'!3$+'/)3(+32$!:*30!'$!FHHE0!>/#11'!*$'!6'/%32$!
/'@#$3-'! '$! (3$:! #(+'%! 3$+3+*&-'! 5.<=>;+$'%#0! )2$+! &'! ,-/2%! )-%2/@#3%! %'! $2@@#3+!
b#$*&1,'0!B2&3;/'!1&#3)'!D!#623/!12*/+#$+!#++-$*-!&#!%#+3/'!'+!&'%!'>>'+%!1/2)*3+%!1#/!&#!
)->/2:*'! )'! )-62+! 2%+'$%38&'0! (#&:*#$+! ('&&'! )4*$! ,2@@'! )4-C&3%'0! :*3! #>>*8&#3+! &'!
1/2+#C2$3%+'!-12$D@'!'$!FHHI<!B#3%!@J@'!'$!FHHE0!@J@'!-)*&(2/-0!@J@'!#%%2/+3!)'!
@#/:*'%! 63%#$+! N! @3'*A! )3%+3$C*'/! &#! >#*%%'! )-62+32$! )'! &#! 82$$'0! &'! +'@1%! )'! (/-'/!
5.<=>;+$'%#, $4-+#3+! 1#%! 6'$*!9! R2*3%! STU! #6#3+0! %'@8&'?+?3&0! #%%3%+-! &'! FH! 7*3&&'+! N! *$'!
/'1/-%'$+#+32$! 1/36-'! '+! )2$$-! %2$! #((2/)! 12*/! %#! (/-#+32$! 1*8&3:*'0! @#3%! &'! \! #2c+0!
)#+'!)'!&#!1/'@3;/'0!3&!'%+!#8%'$+!)'!b#/3%0!1#/+3!#%%3-C'/!R3&&'<!R'!1/-%3)'$+!)*!b#/&'@'$+!
R#@23C$2$0!(2@1#C$2$!)*!d#3$+?d#(/'@'$+0!3$+'/)3+!3@@-)3#+'@'$+! &#!$2*6'&&'!13;('!
'$!#11&3(#+32$!)'!&#!)-(3%32$!/2D#&'!)'!FHHI!>/#11#$+!!"#$%&&',1*3%!&4#/(,'6J:*'!)'!b#/3%!
b-/->3A'!)*/(3+!&43$+'/)3(+32$!'$!@'$#Q#$+!)4'A(2@@*$3(#+32$!:*3!6'//#3+0!)3>>*%'/#3+!2*!
@J@'!&3/#3+!('+!<=>;+$'%#!2e!(,#(*$!#6#3+!/'(2$$*!&#!13;('!)'!FHHI!@#:*3&&-'0!/'@#$3-'!
'+!-)*&(2/-'!9!
B2&3;/'!)2$$#!,3'/!&#!1/'@3;/'!/'1/-%'$+#+32$!)'!%2$!<=>;+$'%#!:*3! $4'%+!#*+/'!(,2%'!
:*'!!"#$%&&'0!:*43&!#11'&&'!1/-%'$+'@'$+!b#$*&1,'<!!
V"'%>2$+#3$'%0!R'++/'!N!R32$$'0!H!#2c+!FHHEX!
R'! /23! );%! &2/%! $'! 12*6#3+! 1&*%! /3'$! 12*/! 5.<=>;+$'%#!'+! &'! +,-.+/'! >3+! /'&.(,'! )*/#$+!
1/'%:*'!)'*A!@23%0!('1'$)#$+!:*'!B2&3;/'!V)-1/'%%3>!O!@#&#)'!O!Y!C/-63%+'!Z!OX!('%%#!)'!
72*'/! 7*%:*4#*! )-8*+! FHH`<! R'! (2*1! #6#3+! 12/+-<,f2*%! 12%%-)2$%! *$'! 5'$$#', +%#, )",
1;=3-*',-',).<=>;+$'%#4,#++/38*-'!%23+!#*!1,3&2%21,'!R#!B2+,'!R'!U#D'/0!1;/'!)4*$!#@3!
1/2(,'!)*!12;+'0! %23+!N! "2$$'#*!)'! U3%-0!:*3!#6#3+!C&2%-!5',9*+"0$2#;>'C,=&&'!'A1&3(3+'!
%(;$'! N! %(;$'! &'! (2$+'$*! )'! &#! (2@-)3'! 3$+'/)3+'<! R4'A1-/3'$('! #! )2$(! -+-! +'$+-'! )'!
/'%+3+*'/!('+!<=>;+$'%#!)'!FHHE!'$!/'1/2)*3%#$+!&'%!6'/%!)*!!"#$%&&'!-)3+-!)'!FHH]!+#$+!
:*'! &'%! &'Q2$%! %'@8&'$+! (2g$(3)'/0! '+! '$! %*8%+3+*#$+!&'! /-(3+! '$! 1/2%'! )'! &4-13%+2&3'/!
#$2$D@'!&2/%:*4'&&'%!)36'/C'$+F<![$!1'*+!'$!)-)*3/'!:*'!&'%!-62&*+32$%!'+!@2)3>3(#+32$%!
%*/6'$*'%! '$+/'! &4-12:*'! )'! b#$*&1,'! '+! ('&&'! )'! !"#$%&&'!/'%%*%(3+-! >*/'$+! +/;%!
@3$'*/'%<! "'! >#3+0! 2$! 1'*+! 1'$%'/! :*'! ('+! <=>;+$'%#, 83'$! (2@1&'+! )'! %'%! (3$:! #(+'%0!
#11/2*6-! 1#/! &'! /23! '+! #11/3%! 1#/! &#! +/2*1'! )'! B2&3;/'! $4#! 1#%! /-(&#@-! $3! %2*,#3+-!
8'#*(2*1! )'! @2)3>3(#+32$%0! %3$2$! :*'&:*'%! #)2*(3%%'@'$+%! '$(2/'0! '$+/'! %#! 8/;6'!
#11#/3+32$!'$!FHHE!'+!%#!V/'X(/-#+32$!)->3$3+36'!F`!@23%!1&*%!+#/)<!!
B#3%!:*#$+!N!/'(2$$#h+/'!#6'(!('/+3+*)'!&'!!"#$%&&'!1/'@3'/!)#$%!&'%!#(+'%!T0!TTT!'+!
TU!)'!&#!13;('!#(+*'&&'0!(4'%+!#&&'/!63+'!'$!8'%2C$'<!BJ@'!%3!$2*%!#62$%!)'%!(2$7'(+*/'%!
1&#*%38&'%!'+!@J@'!1/28#8&'%!12*/!1'$%'/!:*'!&'%!+/23%!#(+'%!)'!FHHI!(2//'%12$)#3'$+!
#*! T'/0! TTT'!'+! TU'! )4#*72*/)4,*3! 3&! %'@8&'! 1-/3&&'*A! )'! )-)*3/'! &'! +'A+'! 1/'@3'/! 1#/!
)-(#&:*'! )'! &#! 6'/%32$! )'/$3;/'<! i3$%30! )#$%! &#! 6'/%32$! #(+*'&&'0! B@'! b'/$'&&'! :*3!
#11#/#h+! #*! T'/!#(+'! $4'%+! 1#%! '$(2/'! )-%#8*%-'! #*! TU'!9! &'! /3)'#*! $'! 12*6#3+! 12*/+#$+!
+2@8'/!%#$%!%2$!/'+2*/!12*/!J+/'!-(&#3/-'<!P!&#!%(;$'!TT!)'!&4#(+'!T0!*$'!#&&*%32$!)'!"2/3$'!

!
G!
N!&#!j/2$)'!1/-1#/'!1#/!&'%!6'/%!F`F?F`K!&#!1-/31-+3'!)'!&#!)2$#+32$0!)'!&#!)-$2$(3#+32$!
)4[/C2$!1#/!k#/+*>>'!'+!)*!1#/)2$!/2D#&0!:*3!2((*1'/2$+!&'!U'!#(+'!:*42$!%*112%'!#&2/%!
3$'A3%+#$+! '+! 1#%! @J@'! 1/-6*! $3! (2$Q*!a! '+! '$(2/'0! N! &#! %(;$'! U0! 82$$'! 1#/+! )*! )-8#+!
'$+/'! [/C2$! '+! L&-#$+'! >#3+! (&#3/'@'$+! #&&*%32$! #*A! )-@J&-%! )'! B2&3;/'! #6'(! %'%!
)-+/#(+'*/%!'+!('*A!)'!%#!13;('0!:*3!$'!1'*6'$+!:*4#623/!%*363!&43$+'/)3(+32$!)'!!"#$%&&'!M
!#3$%3!!&4#((*%#+32$!)'!Y!&38'/+3$#C'!Z!:*4*$'!6'/%32$!1/'@3;/'!)'!!"#$%&&',#*/#3+!-+-!83'$!
3@1/*)'$+'! )42>>/3/! '$! 1.+*/'! #*! 1#/+3! )-62+<! T&! '%+! )2$(! 1-/3&&'*A!)'! )-)*3/'! &'! +'A+'!
1/'@3'/!1#/!)-(#&:*'!)'!&#!6'/%32$!)'/$3;/'K<!!
=$! %'$%! 3$6'/%'0! *$! &36/'! /-('$+! )'! l*&3#! b/'%+! VKmFIX! )2$$'! *$'! #(+*#&3+-!
$2*6'&&'!N!*$'!,D12+,;%'!#$(3'$$'!)'!b,3&31!n*+&'/!VF]H]X!:*4#6#3'$+!/'1/3%'!'+!-+2>>-'!
'$+/'?+'@1%! _'2/C'%! j2/'%+3'/! '+! L&#*)'! n2*/:*3! )#$%! &'*/! -)3+32$! )'%! @%A#'+,
1;=>)B$'+!)'!B2&3;/'!VKmFmXG<!L'++'!,D12+,;%'0!12*/!&#!/-%*@'/!'$!:*'&:*'%!@2+%0!>#3+!
>2$)!%*/!&'!1#%%#C'!)*!%2*%?+3+/'!5.DE>;1#*$',VFHHIX!N!('&*3!)'!5.<=>;+$'%#!VFHHE?FHH]X!
12*/!%*112%'/!*$'!@2)3>3(#+32$!/#)3(#&'!)'!&#!(2$('1+32$!)*!1'/%2$$#C'!-12$D@'!'$+/'!
&#!1/'@3;/'!6'/%32$0!12*/!#*+#$+!:*'!$2*%!1*3%%32$%!&43@#C3$'/0!'+!&'%!)'*A!%*36#$+'%<!R#!
@-+#@2/1,2%'! )'! k#/+*>>'! '$! '%(/2(0! '$! FHHE?FHH]0! $4#*/#3+! >#3+! :*'! (2*/2$$'/! *$'!
+/#$%>2/@#+32$! /#)3(#&'! )'! &#! (2$('1+32$! )*! 1'/%2$$#C'!9! )#$%! &'! 1/27'+! 1/'@3'/! )'!
B2&3;/'0! '$! FHHI0! k#/+*>>'! #*/#3+! -+-! (2$Q*! 1#/! &*3! (2@@'! *$! 6/#3! )-62+0! *$! 6/#3!
)3/'(+'*/!)'!(2$%(3'$('0!@#3%!$#+*/'&&'@'$+!>2*/8'0!>#*A!'+!63(3'*A0!1#/('!:*43&%!&'!%2$+!
+2*%! %2*%! &'*/! @#%:*'! )'! 1'+3+%! %#3$+%<! L4'%+! ('+! #((2@@2)'@'$+! :*'! )-%3C$'/#3+! &'!
:*#&3>3(#+3>! )4,D12(/3+'<! L'++'! #%%3@3&#+32$! %'/#3+! )-/36-'! )4*$'! (2$('1+32$!
%1-(3>3:*'@'$+!(,/-+3'$$'!)'!&4,D12(/3%3'!(2@@'!1-(,-!3$62&2$+#3/'0!(2$+/'!&':*'&!&'%!
)3/'(+'*/%!)'! (2$%(3'$('!@'++#3'$+! '$!C#/)'! &'*/%!1-$3+'$+%! )-62+%!+2*72*/%! @'$#(-%0!
:*#$)! 3&%! (/23'$+! 83'$! #C3/0! )'! %'! &#3%%'/! %*/1/'$)/'! @#&C/-! '*A! 1#/! &'! 1-(,-!9!
>2/@*&#+32$!@2)'/$'!)*!1,#/3%3#$3%@'!7#)3%!)-$2$(-!1#/!&4É6#$C3&'<!L'++'!%*%13(32$!%'!
%'/#3+! /'$(2$+/-'! #6'(! *$'! +/#)3+32$! (2@3:*'! '+! %#+3/3:*'! +/;%! #$(3'$$'!9! ('&&'! )'! &#!
%#+3/'!)'%!C'$%!)4ÉC&3%'0!72*3%%'*/%!'+!+/2@1'*/%!%2*%!&'*/!@#%:*'!)'!6'/+*<!R'%!)-62+%0!
:*3! %2$+! (2@@'! )'%! '((&-%3#%+3:*'%! #*! %*1'/&#+3>! '+! :*3! /#72*+'$+! '$! %3C$'%! )'! 13-+-0!
)4#%(-+3%@'!'+!)'!/3C*'*/!'$6'/%!'*A?@J@'%! '+!&'%!#*+/'%0!2>>/#3'$+!&'*/!C/3@#('!12*/!
3$(#/$'/!('%!1/J+/'%!2*!('%!&#g(%!1/2>3+'*/%!'+!72*3%%'*/%0!@#%:*-%!'$!82$%!!#1o+/'%<!b2*/!
&'%!-(/36#3$%!%#+3/3:*'%0!:*3!$'!%4'@8#//#%%'$+!1#%!)'!$*#$('%0!)-62+!%'/#3+!#3$%3!)'6'$*!
%D$2$D@'!)'!83C2+0!)'!(#C2+!'+!)2$(!)4,D12(/3+'0!%#$%!'A('1+32$!$3!$*#$('!9!+2*+!)-62+!
)'6'$#3+!*$!@#%:*'<!!
R4,D12(/3%3'!-+#3+!)'6'$*'!12*/!&'!1*8&3(!@2$)#3$!)'!B2&3;/'!&43$-63+#8&'!(2$+/'1#/+3'!)'!
&#!1/#+3:*'!%*1'/%+3+3'*%'!)'!&#!/'&3C32$0!&#!@#/:*'!@J@'!)*!Y!W;&'!)'!/'&3C32$!Y!0!('!:*3!
1'/@'++#3+!)'!)-$2$('/!&#!)-62+32$!W-&-'!(2@@'!*$!>#*%%'!)-62+32$I<!!
B2&3;/'! #*/#3+! #3$%30! 1#/! (2@@2)3+-! (2@3:*'! '+! 1'$+'! %#+3/3:*'0! #%%3@3&-0! N! +/#6'/%! &'!
1'/%2$$#C'! )'! %2$! 1/'@3'/! k#/+*>>'! #*+,'$+3:*'@'$+! )-62+0! +2*%! &'%! )-62+%! N! )'%!
,D12(/3+'%<! L4'%+! %'*&'@'$+! N! 1#/+3/! )'! &43$+'/)3(+32$! /2D#&'! :*43&! #*/#3+! (2@@'$(-! N!
(,#$+'/!&#!1#&3$2)3'!'$!)3%+3$C*#$+!2%+'$%38&'@'$+!&'%!82$%!)'%!@#*6#3%0!&'%!6/#3%!)'%!
>#*A<!=+!623&N!12*/:*23!k#/+*>>'!#*!)-1#/+!#*/#3+!-+-!*$!Y!6/#3!Z!)-62+!M!1*3%:*43&%!%2$+!
+2*%!>#*A<!R'!%2*(3!)'!)3%+3$(+32$!%*/6'$*!)*!>#3+!)'!&43$+'/)3(+32$!#*/#3+!-+-!1#/#(,'6-!
'$! FHHE! 1#/! &#! +/#$%>2/@#+32$! 'A1&3(3+'! )'! k#/+*>>'! '$! *$! 3@12%+'*/0! *$! Y!>2*/8'!
/'$2@@-!Z! 83'$! (2$$*! )'%! %'/63('%! )'! 12&3('!9! #6'(! &'! $2*6'#*! (3$:*3;@'! #(+'! )'! &#!
13;('0! &'! 1,#/3%3'$! )'6'$#3+! *$! '%(/2(! '+! &'%! 6/#3%! )-62+%! 12*6#3'$+! )2/@3/! %*/! &'*/%!
%#3$+'%!2/'3&&'%<!
L'++'!,D12+,;%'!#*)#(3'*%'!%*112%'/#3+!)4#82/)!:*4*$'!+'&&'!#*)#('!>c+!12%%38&'!
%*/!&#!%(;$'!'$!FHHI!'+!B2&3;/'!#%%'W!,#/)3!12*/!&#!+'$+'/!)'6#$+!&'!/23!)2$+!&#!@;/'!-+#3+!
$2+23/'@'$+! )-62+'<! R'! 7'*! 6#&#3+?3&! &#! (,#$)'&&'0! #&2/%! :*43&! %*>>3%#3+! )'! @'++/'!

!
I!
1/*)'@@'$+! '$! %(;$'! *$! >2*/8'! )2$+! &'! &#$C#C'! %3! 83'$! (#&:*-! %*/! ('&*3! )'%! )-62+%!
#*+,'$+3:*'%!'$!>'/#3+!/'%%2/+3/!&4,D12(/3%3'!'+!&#!@#*6#3%'!>230!%#$%!/3%:*'!12*/!&#!13;('!
$3!&4#*+'*/!)4J+/'!#((*%-%!)'!8/2(#/)'/!Y!('!:*43&!D!#!)'!1&*%!%#3$+!)#$%!&4ÉC&3%'\!Z!O!p$!
k#/+*>>'! #3C/'>3$! -+#3+! @23$%! )#$C'/'*A! '+! +2*+! #*%%3! '>>3(#('! 12*/! &#! %#+3/'! :*4*$!
k#/+*>>'!1,#/3%3'$<!"4#*+#$+!:*'0!12*/!@2$+/'/!&'%!/#6#C'%!)'!&#!6/#3'!)-62+32$!'+!%2$!
#//2C#$('!#6'*C&'0!B2&3;/'!)3%12%#3+!)-7N!)4*$!1'/%2$$#C'0!'+!$2$!)'%!@23$)/'%!9!('&*3!
)4[/C2$0! )2$+! &'! /o&'! -:*36#*+! '$! 3@12/+#$('! N! ('&*3! )'! k#/+*>>'! V@J@'! %3! &'! $2@! )*!
1'/%2$$#C'! $'! >3C*/'! 1#%! #*! +3+/'! )'! &#! (2@-)3'0! 2$! %#3+! :*'! B2&3;/'! #6#3+! (,23%3!
)43$(#/$'/!&*3?@J@'!&'!/o&'0!%3C$'!:*43&!&'!62D#3+!(2@@'!&'!1362+!(2@3:*'!)'!&#!13;('HX<!=+!
&#! /-)*(+32$! )'! ('! 1'/%2$$#C'! #*! %+#+*+! )'! >#3/'?6#&23/! )'! k#/+*>>'! $2*%! 1#/#h+! *$!
28%+#(&'! @#7'*/! N! &#! 6#&3)3+-! )'! ('++'! ,D12+,;%'<! "4#82/)! 1#/('! :*'! ('! 1'/%2$$#C'!
#++'%+'!:*'!+2*%!&'%!)-62+%!$'!%2$+!1#%!)'%!,D12(/3+'%!a!'+!)2$(!:*'!B2&3;/'!%'!)-@#/:*'!
)'! &#! +/#)3+32$! %#+3/3:*'! N! &#:*'&&'! &43$+'/1/-+#+32$! 1/212%-'! 62*)/#3+! &'! /#++#(,'/<!
=$%*3+'0!1#/('!:*'!&#!@#$3;/'!)2$+!k#/+*>>'!#8*%'![/C2$!'%+!+/#3+-'!1#/!&#!13;('0!)#$%!&'%!
1#%%#C'%! (2$%3)-/-%! 7*%+'@'$+! (2@@'! )'%! %*/636#$('%! )'! &#! 6'/%32$! )'! FHHI0! )4*$'!
@#$3;/'! 1/21/'! N! >#3/'! '$+'$)/'! (&#3/'@'$+! :*43&! %4#C3+! )4*$! >2*/8'! '+! $2$! )4*$! 6/#3!
)-62+!#8*%-!1#/!%#!1/21/'!,D12(/3%3'<!=$>3$0!1#/('!:*'!&'!(2*1&'!k#/+*>>'?[/C2$!28-3+!N!
*$!@2);&'!)/#@#+3:*'!+/#)3+32$$'&0!'>>3(#('!'+!(2@@'!Y!$#+*/'&!Z0!('&*3!)*!>2*/8'!'+!)'!
%#!)*1'!a!#&2/%!:*'!1/J+'/!N!k#/+*>>'!*$!%+#+*+!)'!1/J+/'!2*!)'!)3/'(+'*/!)'!(2$%(3'$('!
1,#/3%3'$0!#8*%-!1#/!&*3?@J@'!'+!1#/!%#!1/21/'!,D12(/3%3'0!3@1&3:*'/#3+!*$'!3$+-/32/3+-!
+2/+*/-'! )*! 1'/%2$$#C'! @23$%! #3%-@'$+! (2@1#+38&'! #6'(! &4'%1/3+! '+! &4'%+,-+3:*'! )*!
C'$/'<!!
d*/! &'! 1/'@3'/! 123$+0! [/C2$! '%+! N! &4-63)'$('! *$! )-62+! #6'*C&-0! #%%*/-@'$+0! *$!
)-62+!'A('%%3>0!)-62D-0!+D/#$$3:*'0!%c/!)'!&*3!'+!)'!%#!6'/+*!a!@#3%!,D12(/3+'0!$*&&'@'$+<!
T&!#11/'$)!)'!82$$'!>23!N!Y!$4#623/!#>>'(+32$!12*/!/3'$!Z!:*'!12*/!"3'*0!2*!)*!@23$%!12*/!
%2$!)3'*!:*3!'%+!k#/+*>>'0!'+!$'!63%'!1#/!&#!)-62+32$!#*(*$!)'%!#6#$+#C'%!:*4#112/+'!&'!
@#%:*'!)-62+!#*A!,D12(/3+'%!)'!@-+3'/!9!3&!$4,-%3+'!1#%!)4#3&&'*/%!N!>#3/'!)2$!)'!+2*+!%2$!
83'$!N!%2$!%#3$+!#@3<!=+!:*'!)3/'!)'!B@'!b'/$'&&'0!%#!@;/'0!%3$2$!:*4'&&'!'%+!*$'!1/*)'!
2$!$'!1'*+!1&*%!(2$6#3$(*'0!%3!28+*%'!%23+?'&&'!)#$%!%#!(2$63(+32$0!%#$%!:*42$!1*3%%'!&#!
%2*1Q2$$'/!)'!('++'!@#*6#3%'!>23!)'%!#$(3'$$'%!)#@'%!C#&#$+'%!:*3!>2$+!*$'!>3$!)#$%!&#!
)-62+32$0! (2@@'! [/#$+'0! >#*%%'! 1/*)'! 1#/! '>>'+! )'! &4.C'! '+! )'! &4'$63'! V6<!FKF?FImX! 2*!
83'$+o+!i/%3$2-!)#$%!5',9*+"0$2#;>',O![e!%3+*'/![/C2$!'+!%#!@;/'0!%3!&4287'+!)'!B2&3;/'!
'%+! )'! @2$+/'/! +2*%! &'%! )-62+%! (2@@'! )'%! ,D12(/3+'%!O! L2@@'$+! (2@1/'$)/'!
&4'A3%+'$('!)'!('%!)'*A!1'/%2$$#C'%!%3!&#!+,;%'!@#%:*-'!)'!B2&3;/'0!)'!%#!(2@-)3'!'+!)'!
%2$! 1*8&3(0! (4'%+! :*'! &4,D12(/3%3'! (2$%+3+*'! Y!&4*03A*$"F)'!(2$+/'1#/+3'! )'! &#! 1/#+3:*'!
%*1'/%+3+3'*%'! )'! &#! /'&3C32$!ZE!O! i6'*C&'%0! +D/#$$3:*'%0! >#$#+3:*'%0! /3)3(*&'%0! +#$+! :*'!
&42$! 6'*+!a! )'%! 83C2+%! %#$%! )2*+'0! 1#%! )'%! (#C2+%<! =+! )2$(! B2&3;/'! $4#! 1#%! (2$%+/*3+! %#!
13;('!%*/!&'!@2);&'!)'!&#!%#+3/'!#$+3(&-/3(#&'!'+!)#$%!&#!%+/3(+'!3)-2&2C3'!)'!&4,-)2$3%@'!
@2$)#3$! :*3! #%%3@3&'$+! +2*+'! )-62+32$! N! &4,D12(/3%3'<! =+! )2$(! /3'$! $4'@1J(,'! )'!
(2$%3)-/'/! :*'! &'! %(-&-/#+! :*3! &'%! #8*%'! '%+! *$! >#*A! )-62+0! )4'@8&-'0! );%! FHHI<! i3$%3!
B2&3;/'!>/#11#3+?3&!)2*8&'! (2*1!9!&'! >2*/8'!@#%:*-! '$!)-62+! 1'/@'++#3+!)4'A,38'/!%#$%!
/3%:*'0! %2*%! %2$! 3@3+#+32$! #11/2A3@#+36'0! &4,D12(/3%3'! )'%! 6/#3%! 1,#/3%3'$%0! '+! &#! )*1'!
@2$+/#3+! 1#/! %#! $#g6'+-! N! (/23/'! &'%! 83&&'6'%-'%! )'! %2$! @D%+3>3(#+'*/! &'! /3)3(*&'! )'! &#!
)-62+32$!:*#$)0!#6'*C&-'0!'&&'!+2*/$'!#*!>#$#+3%@'!2*!N!&#!@#/2++'<!
i*! )'@'*/#$+0! %3! &'! +'A+'! )'! FHH]! /'1/2)*3+! ('&*3! )'! FHHI! #6'(! *$'! ('/+#3$'!
>3)-&3+-! 12*/! &'%! 1#/+3'%! :*42$! %*112%'! )-7N! -(/3+'%! N! ('++'! 1/'@3;/'! 1-/32)'0! &4'A(;%!
3$(2$C/*! '+! &'%! #11/2A3@#+32$%! +,-2&2C3:*'%! )*! >2*/8'! 'A(&*#3'$+! :*'! &'%! %1'(+#+'*/%!
1*%%'$+!%'!+/2@1'/!%*/!%2$!(2@1+'!9!3&!'%+!8'&!'+!83'$!>3C*/-!'$!3@12%+'*/<![$!623+!@#&!
:*4*$!6/#3!)3/'(+'*/!)'!(2$%(3'$('!%'!>c+!)#$%!&'%!#$$-'%!FHHm!#((*%-!%#$%!/3/'!)*!1-(,-!

!
\!
)4#623/!+*-!*$'!1*('!Y!#6'(!+/21!)'!(2&;/'!Z!'$!>#3%#$+!%#!1/3;/'!V6<!Gm`?GFmX!9!3&!#*/#3+!1*!
(3+'/!'$!'A'@1&'!('!>#3+!13'*A!+3/-!)'!&#!R-C'$)'!)2/-'!a!@#3%!:*43&!%'!&4#++/38*.+!'+!%4'$!
6#$+.+0!(4-+#3+!&'!%3C$'!#%%*/-!:*43&!>2*/8#3+0!2*!)*!@23$%!&'!%3C$'!:*'!B2&3;/'!6'*+!$2*%!
&'!>#3/'!'$+'$)/'<!q*#$+!N!&#!8'&&'!/,-+2/3:*'!)'!k#/+*>>'!+,-2&2C3'$!#@#+'*/!'+!(#%*3%+'!
1#/!3@3+#+32$!C/3@#(3;/'!12*/!(2$6#3$(/'!=&@3/'!)'!&*3!(-)'/0!2$!#3@'/#3+!%#623/!)'!&*3!
(2@@'$+!3&!#*/#3+!#11&3:*-!N!('!(#%!)4#)*&+;/'!1#+'$+!&#!Y!%(3'$('!r!"4-+'$)/'!&'%!&3'$%!)'!
$2+/'!(2$%(3'$('!r!=+!)'!/'(+3>3'/!&'!@#&!)'!&4#(+32$!r!i6'(!&#!1*/'+-!)'!$2+/'!3$+'$+32$<!Z!
V6<!FI]m?FI]KX<!R'!C/2%%3%%'@'$+!3(3!%'/#3+!(#/3(#+*/#&!)'!&#!1#/+!)4*$!6/#3!)-62+!a!3&!'%+!
#*+2/3%-! N! *$! >#*A! :*3! )2$$'! )#$%! &4#11/2A3@#+32$! )-%3$62&+'! '+! (D$3:*'<! L'! :*3! '%+!
(2//282/-!1#/! %2$! #11-+3+! )'! C23$>/'0! )-62/'*/! )'!1'/)/3A!'+! C/#$)! 8*6'*/! )'! 63$!9!&'!
>2*/8'! >#3+! 3(3! +2@8'/! &'! @#%:*'0! $2*%! %*CC;/'! (&#3/'@'$+! &'! +'A+'! VT0! TUX<! =$>3$0! &'!
(D$3%@'! )'%! :*#+/'! 6'/%! F\KG?F\KH0! '$! /-12$%'! N! &#! >'3$+'! 3$:*3-+*)'! )4=&@3/'! %*/!
&4-&23C$'@'$+! )4[/C2$! 1'$)#$+! :*'! k#/+*>>'! 2/C#$3%'! &'%! (2$)3+32$%! )'! &'*/%! -8#+%0!
(2$%+3+*'!*$!#6'*!-63)'$+!)43@12%+*/'!9!
q*s'%+?3&!8'%23$!12*/!&*30!)*!%23$!:*'!62*%!1/'$'WO!!
Ls'%+!*$!,2@@'0!'$+/'!$2*%0!N!@'$'/!1#/!&'!$'W<!!
"'!+2*%!$2%!'$+/'+3'$%0!3&!'%+!12*/!>#3/'!C&23/'0!!
=+!7'!&s#3!@3%!#*!123$+!)'!623/!+2*+0!%#$%!/3'$!(/23/'<!VTU0!UX!
R'! 1#%%#C'! '+! %3$C*&3;/'@'$+! &'! )'/$3'/! 6'/%0! #62*#$+! (D$3:*'@'$+! *$'! @#(,3$#+32$!
(2$('/+-'0! ! >#3+! (&#3/'@'$+! '$+'$)/'! 3(3! :*'0! )#$%! &4'%1/3+! )'! k#/+*>>'0! &#! )3/'(+32$! )'!
(2$%(3'$('! )4[/C2$! 1/2(;)'! )4*$! 1&#$! @#(,3$-! 1#/! &*3! 12*/! %#+3%>#3/'! %'%! 8'%23$%! &'%!
1&*%! %2/)3)'%<! BJ@'! &'! 13/'! 1,#/3%3'$! $4#*/#3+! 7#@#3%! 1'$%-! $3! 1#/&-! #3$%3!9! 3&! #*/#3+!
+/2*6-!)'%!)-+2*/%!,D12(/3+'%<!d3!)2$(!('%!1#%%#C'%!>3C*/#3'$+!8'&!'+!83'$!)-7N!)#$%!&#!
6'/%32$!)'!FHHI0!3&%!D!%3C$#3'$+!%#$%!)-+2*/!&#!)3%+3$(+32$!'$+/'!&#!>#*%%'!@2$$#3'!'+!&#!
82$$'!:*'!1/o$'!L&-#$+'<!=+0!);%!%#!13;('!3$+'/)3+'0!B2&3;/'!$'!@'$+3/#3+!1#%!'$!-(/36#$+!
#*!/23!:*'!Y!12*/!@3'*A!(2$%'/6'/!&4'%+3@'!'+!&'!/'%1'(+!:*42$!)23+!#*A!6/#3%!)-62+%0!74'$!
#3! )3%+3$C*-! &'! 1&*%! :*'! 74#3! 1*! &'! (#/#(+;/'! :*'! 74#6#3%! N! +2*(,'/`!Z<! k#/+*>>'! $'! $2*%!
%'@8&'!)2$(!1#%!#623/!'*!)#$%!&#!1/'@3;/'!6'/%32$!)'!&#!(2@-)3'!&'%!+/#3+%!)4*$!Y!6/#3!
)-62+!Z! @#3%! )4*$! Y!6-/3+#8&'! '+! >/#$(! ,D12(/3+'!Z0! (4'%+?N?)3/'! )'! :*'&:*4*$! Y!:*3!
(2$+/'>#3+! &'! )-62+0! &4,2@@'! )'! 83'$0! '+! :*3! $'! &4'%+! 1#%!Z!9! (4'%+! &#! )->3$3+32$! )*!
)3(+32$$#3/'!)'!j*/'+3;/'!!N!&4#/+3(&'!Y!tD12(/3+'!Z<!!
p$'! +/23%3;@'! /#3%2$! '$>3$0! )42/)/'! '%+,-+3:*'0! (2//282/'! $2+/'! %'$+3@'$+<!
B2&3;/'!'$!'>>'+!$4'%+! 1#%!*$! 12;+'!%#+3/3:*'!$3!*$!(2$+'*/! 72D'*A!$3! *$!/2@#$(3'/!)'!
(2*/! 2*! 12*/! &#! (2*/<! T&! '%+! 12;+'! (2@3:*'0! )2$(! ,2@@'! )'! +,-.+/'<! R'! (#/#(+;/'! )'!
k#/+*>>'!'%+!1'*+?J+/'0!(2@@'!%#!)->/2:*'0!,-/3+-!)'!&#!+/#)3+32$!%#+3/3:*'!:*3!#%%3@3&'!
)-62+32$!'+!,D12(/3%3'!a!@#3%!(4'%+!*$'!:*'%+32$!+2*+!#*!1&*%!)'!)-(2/!'+!)'!(2%+*@'!M!
)4Y!2/$'@'$+%!Z0!#*/#3+!)3+!L2/$'3&&'<!R'!1'/%2$$#C'!:*'!B2&3;/'!(2&2/'!N!1#/+3/!)'!('++'!
1/'@3;/'! 3@#C'! 1/2(;)'! )4#82/)! )4*$'! %3+*#+32$0! %'! )->3$3+! 1#/! /#112/+! N! '&&'<! L'++'!
%3+*#+32$! :*'! &*3! 1/212%#3+! *$'! &2$C*'! (2,2/+'! )'! /-(3+%! >#(-+3'*A! 2*! )'! $#//#+32$%!
@2/#&3%-'%! '%+! +213:*'!9! (4'%+! ('&&'! )*! (2*1&'! >2/@-! 1#/! *$! >#*A! #@3! 72*#$+! &'%! 1'+3+%!
%#3$+%!#6'(!%#!63(+3@'!#6'*C&-'!1#/!('%!C/3@#('%!'+!@'$#(-'!)'!(2(*#C'0!%3!&#!+'$+#+36'!
$4-+#3+!)-72*-'!1#/!*$'!-12*%'!83'$!,2$$J+'<!R#!1'$+'!)/#@#+3:*'!N!&#:*'&&'!3$(3+#3+!('!
@2);&'!$'!>#3+!1#%!)'!)2*+'!9!'&&'!%*CC-/#3+!&#!%3+*#+32$!(2@3:*'!)*!+/2@1'*/!#8*%#$+!%#!
)*1'!'$!>&#++#$+!%'%!@#/2++'%!12*/!&*3!%2*>>&'/!%#!>'@@'!'+!%'%!83'$%<!P!(o+-!)4*$![/C2$0!
83C2+!#6'*C&-0!'&&'!3$(3+#3+!B2&3;/'!N!)3%+/38*'/!k#/+*>>'!)#$%!&'!/o&'!)4*$!>2*/8'!@#%:*-!
>2*/$3%%#$+!)'!13+#$('!)-62+'!&43$%#+3#8&'!#11-+3+!)'!%2$!C-$-/'*A!1/2+'(+'*/]<!b/J+'/!#*!
1/'@3'/! k#/+*>>'! &'! 1,#/3%3#$3%@'! )4i/$2&1,'! >#3%#$+! %'/63/! &'%! @#A3@'%! )-62+'%! )*!
@#/3#C'! N! %2$! #6#$+#C'! 83'$! (2@1/3%0! Q4#*/#3+! -+-! *+3&3%'/! )4*$'! @#$3;/'! -+/#$C'0! 1'*!
-63)'$+'0! &'! 12+'$+3'&! )/#@#+3:*'! '+! (2@3:*'! 2>>'/+! 1#/! &'! )-)2*8&'@'$+! )'!