!
CONFERENCE'ROBERT'HERTZ'
IRENE'BELLIER'
15'JUIN'2011'
!
"#$%&! '&(()&#! &*+! ,)#&-+#)-&! .&! #&-/&#-/&! 01! 23456!
&%! 78*+&! 01! 90:8#0+8)#&! .;0%+/#878(8<)&! .&*!
)%*+)+1+)8%*! &+! .&*! 8#<0%)*0+)8%*! *8-)0(&*! =9>"?5@!
01A81#.;/1)! 01! *&)%! .&! (;"%*+)+1+! "%+&#.)*-)7()%0)#&!
.;0%+/#878(8<)&!.1!-8%+&B78#0)%!="">2@C!
,)7(DBE&! .&! (;"%*+)+1+! .;F+1.&*! G8()+)H1&*! .&! G0#)*!
=IJKL@6! &((&! 0! .EM&(877E! *0! #&-/&#-/&! *1#! H10+#&!
<#0%.*! +/$B&*!N! 0%+/#878(8<)&! 0B0O8%)*+&! &+!
<&%.&#! *+1.)&*!=IJKJPIJJI@6! Q! (0! *1)+&! .&! *0! +/$*&!
.;&+/%8(8<)&! &+! .;0%+/#878(8<)&! *8-)0(&! =IJRL@! *1#!
(&*!#0778#+*!&%+#&!(&*!S&BB&*!&+!(&*!/8BB&*!.0%*!
1%&!*8-)E+E!.;>B0O8%)&!7E#1M)&%%&!=(&*!T0)!/1%06!
U1V0%8! 8--).&%+01W@!X! 0%+/#878(8<)&! .1! 781M8)#!
0M&-!(;E+1.&!.&!(0!S0:#)H1&!.&*!E()+&*!Q!(0!S#0%Y0)*&!
=IJRLPIJJZ@!X! 0%+/#878(8<)&! .&*! )%*+)+1+)8%*!
&1#87E&%%&*!=IJJZP[\\K@!X!&%S)%!0%+/#878(8<)&!.&*!
8#<0%)*0+)8%*! )%+&#%0+)8%0(&*! &+! .&*! 7&17(&*!
01+8-/+8%&*!.&71)*! [\\\6! 0M&-! (0! #&*78%*0:)()+E!
.;1%!7#8<#0BB&!S)%0%-E!70#!(&!28%*&)(!F1#87E&%!.&!
(0!4&-/&#-/&!F42!.&![\I\!Q![\I]C!
2&*!H10+#&!<#0%.*!+/$B&*!0:8#.E*!*1--&**)M&B&%+!
.0%*! *0! -0##)$#&! *8%+! ()E*! 70#! (0! (8<)H1&! .&! *&*!
077#8-/&*! &+! #&S($+&%+! (0! 7#8<#&**)8%! &+!
(;E(0#<)**&B&%+!.;1%&!7&%*E&!H1)6!0^0%+!0:8#.E!(&*!
7#8:(EB0+)H1&*! 0%+/#878(8<)H1&*! &+! 78()+)H1&*!
.0%*! (&*! *)+10+)8%*! (8-0(&*! .&! +&##0)%*!
&+/%8<#07/)H1&*! E(8)<%E*6! 0! *1! #&7#&%.#&! -&*!
B_B&*! H1&*+)8%*! .0%*! (&*! -8%+&W+&*! .&*! *8-)E+E*!
8--).&%+0(&*! -8B7(&W&*! &+! .&*! #&(0+)8%*!
)%+&#%0+)8%0(&*C!!
9;&+/%8<#07/)&!.&*!T0)!`1%0!B&%E&!01!.E:1+!.&!*0!
-0##)$#&! M0! -8%.1)#&! &%! &SS&+! "#$%&! '&(()&#! Q!
*;)%+E#&**&#6! Q! 70#+)#! .&! [\\\6! 01W! H1&*+)8%*! .&! (0!
B8%.)0()*0+)8%6! &%! .EM&(8770%+! 1%! +&##0)%! .&!
#&-/&#-/&*!01W!30+)8%*!a%)&*!*1#!(0!-8%*+#1-+)8%!.1!
B81M&B&%+!)%+&#%0+)8%0(!.&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*C!
T0)*! -&! 70**0<&! .8)+! :&01-817! 01! (8%<! .E+81#!
H1;&((&!0!S0)+!70#!(;0%+/#878(8<)&!.1!781M8)#!&+!.&*!
)%*+)+1+)8%*6!*&*!+#0M01W!(1)!0^0%+!7&#B)*!.;0%0(^*&#!
&+! .&! -8B7#&%.#&! (&*! 7#8-&**1*! *+#1-+1#0%+! %8+#&!
B8%.&!Q!(;E-/&((&!S#0%Y0)*&!&+!&1#87E&%%&C!
F%!&SS&+6!07#$*!(;E+1.&!.;1%&!*8-)E+E!0B0O8%)&%%%&!
*0%*! -(0**&! 8b! (&! 781M8)#! .&*! -/&S*! %&! #&($M&!
.;01-1%&! 8*+&%+0+)8%6! "#$%&! '&(()&#! 0! &%+#&7#)*! Q!
(;F3>6! 01! -c1#! .&! (0! B0+#)-&! .1! 781M8)#! Q! (0!
S#0%Y0)*&6! 1%&! #&-/&#-/&! 0%+/#878(8<)H1&! *1#! (&*!
E()+&*!&+!*1#!(&*!-8%.)+)8%*!.&!(0!+#0%*S8#B0+)8%!.;1%!
)%.)M).1!&%!-/&SC!
,$*! (&*! 0%%E&*! IJJ\6! *0! #&-/&#-/&! *;81M#&! *1#! (&*!
)%*+)+1+)8%*! &1#87E&%%&*6! %8+0BB&%+! 70#! (;E+1.&!
.&*!&SS&+*!.1!B1(+)-1(+1#0()*B&!&+!.1!B1(+)()%<1)*B&!
*1#! (0! S0:#)H1&! .&! (;).&%+)+E! &1#87E&%%&6! &+! *1#! (0!
78()+)H1&! &1#87E&%%&! .&*! B)%8#)+E*6! &%! 70#+)-1()&#!
-&((&!-8%-&#%0%+!(&*!48B*C!
2&! .E7(0-&B&%+! .1! +&##0)%! .1! (8)%+0)%! 01! 7#8-/&!
8%+! .E:81-/E! *1#! .&*! 7&#*7&-+)M&*! +/E8#)H1&*! &+!
BE+/8.8(8<)H1&*! (;0B&%0%+! Q! *&*! #&-/&#-/&*! (&*!
7(1*! #E-&%+&*6! *1#! (&*! 8#<0%)*0+)8%*! )%+&#%0+)8%0(&*!
.;1%&! 70#+6! &+! *1#! (0! +#0%*S8#B0+)8%! .&*!
01+8-/+8%&*!&%!d0-+&1#*!78()+)H1&*d!.;01+#&!70#+C!
51#! +81*! -&*! +/$B&*6! *&*! #&-/&#-/&*! 8%+! +81+&*!
.8%%E!()&1!Q!(0!71:()-0+)8%!.;81M#0<&*!&+!.;1%!<#0%.!
%8B:#&! .;0#+)-(&*6! Q! .&*! -8%SE#&%-&*! &+! Q! .&*!
.)#&-+)8%*! .&! +#0M01WC! 9&! 7#8A&+! &1#87E&%! H1;&((&!
.)#)<&!0-+1&((&B&%+6!e!Scale'of'Governance':'the'UN,'
the' States' and' Indigenous' Peoples':' issues' and'
meanings' of' selfKdetermination' at' the' time'of'
globalization!f! =[\I\P[\I]@6! -8%*0-#E! 01W!
-/0%<&B&%+*!)%.1)+*!70#!(&*!%8#B&*!)%+&#%0+)8%0(&*!
M)0! (&! .EM&(877&B&%+! .&! (&1#*! 7#8<#0BB&*!
.;0-+)8%6!&+!01W! #E78%*&*!.&*! g+0+*! &+! .&*! 7&17(&*!
01+8-/+8%&*6! #&S($+&! *8%! 077#8-/&! -8B70#0+)M&! &+!
*0!M8(8%+E!.;0**8-)&#!Q!(0!#&-/&#-/&!.&*!70#+&%0)#&*!
)%/0:)+1&(*!N! +0%+! .&*! 01+8-/+8%&*! H1&! -&#+0)%*!
*&-+&1#*! .&*! 8#<0%)*0+)8%*! )%+&#%0+)8%0(&*C! F((&! 0!
+81A81#*!&1! 01**)! Q!-c1#!.&!B&++#&!&%!#&(0+)8%!(&*!
.)SSE#&%+&*!*-$%&*!.&!.E:0+!.&!-&*!7#8:(EB0+)H1&*!
.0%*!(&*!.)SSE#&%+*!1%)M&#*!()%<1)*+)H1&*!8b! &((&*!*&!
*)+1&%+C!
2;&*+! 0M&-! <#0%.! )%+E#_+! &+! 7(0)*)#! H1&! (;>G4>5! 0!
0--1&)(()!(0!-8%SE#&%-&!.;"#$%&!'&(()&#C!
!
587/)&!'(0%-/^!
«"L’ANTHROPOLOGIE,"L’INDIGENE"ET"LES"PEUPLES"AUTOCHTONES"»"
Irène"Bellier"(IIAC/LAIOS,"EHESS>CNRS)"
"
!
h&!#&B&#-)&!(;>G4>5!.&!B;0M8)#!)%M)+E&!Q!7#8%8%-&#!(0!IJ$B&!28%SE#&%-&!48:&#+!`&#+OC!2;&*+!1%!<#0%.!/8%%&1#!H1)!B;&*+!S0)+!
01H1&(! A&! M0)*! &**0^&#! .&! #E78%.#&! &%! 81M#0%+! .&M0%+! M81*! 1%! -/0%+)&#! H1)! B;8--17&! .&71)*! H1&(H1&*! 0%%E&*C! 2&(0!
-8%-&#%&! (;EB&#<&%-&! .0%*! (;&*70-&! 78()+)H1&! .&! (0! -0+E<8#)&! .&*! 7&17(&*! 01+8-/+8%&*6! 1%&! -0+E<8#)&! 0M&-! (0H1&((&!
(;0%+/#878(8<)&! S#0%Y0)*&! %;&*+! 70*! +#$*! Q! (;0)*&! 0(8#*! H1&! (;0%+/#878(8<)&! 0%<(8P*0W8%%&! .E:0+! .&71)*! (8%<+&B7*! .&*!
H1&*+)8%*!.;indigeneityC!>!70#+)#!.&!-&!B0(0)*&!Q!7#878*!.&!e!H1)!&*+!.1!()&1!f!&+!.&!*8%!#0778#+!0M&-!(0!*8-)E+E!.8B)%0%+&6!
A&!M81.#0)!7#878*&#!1%&!#ES(&W)8%!*1#!(&*!+&%*)8%*!&%+#&!e!(;)%.)<$%&!f6!7#)*!.0%*!1%!#0778#+!*)%<1(0#)*E6!&+!e!(&*!7&17(&*!f!
-8BB&! -8((&-+)S! 7(1#0()*EC! F%+#&! (;0%+/#878(8<)&6! (;)%.)<$%&! &+! (&*! 7&17(&*! 01+8-/+8%&*6! 8%! 8:*&#M&! .&*! #&(0+)8%*! .&!
7#8W)B)+E6! 71)*H1&! (;&+/%8(8<)&! *;&*+! -8%*+#1)+&! -8BB&! *-)&%-&! .&! -&*! 01+#&*P(Q!&+! H1&! (;0%+/#878(8<)&! /E#)+&! .&! *&*!
-8%%0)**0%-&*X! 8%! M8)+! 01**)! .&*! +&%*)8%*! -8BB&! -&(0! *&! 70**&! .0%*! 1%&! S0B)((&!.8%+! -&#+0)%*! B&B:#&*! -/&#-/&%+! Q!
E-/077&#! Q! (0! 7#8+&-+)8%! 70+&#%&((&6! -&! H1)! )%M)+&! Q! 781#*1)M#&! (0! #ES(&W)8%! *1#! (;01+8%8B)&! #&*7&-+)M&! .&! (;8:A&+! &+! .&*!
*1A&+*C!!
9;0%+/#878(8<)&! &*+! -8%S#8%+E&! Q! 1%! -/0%<&B&%+! .&! 70#0.)<B&! H1)! %;&*+! 70*! +81+! Q! S0)+! %81M&016! 71)*H1&! (;8%!
EM8H1&!&%!i#0%-&6!.&71)*!.EAQ!M)%<+!0%*6!1%&!.81:(&!EM8(1+)8%!-8%.1)*0%+!Q!#070+#)&#!(&*!BE+/8.&*!.&!(;0%+/#878(8<)&!M&#*!
(&!7#&B)&#!B8%.&!H1)!(;0!M1!%0j+#&6!&+!Q!*&!*0)*)#!7(&)%&B&%+!.;1%&!B0+)$#&!78()+)H1&!.8%+!.;01+#&*!.)*-)7()%&*!*&!-/0#<&0)&%+!
.;&W7(8#&#!(&*!*&%*C!!!
k1&(H1&! -/8*&! *;&*+! 7#8.1)+! H1&! (;8%! 7&#-&M0)+! .0%*! (&*! 0%%E&*! IJJ\! -8BB&! 1%! &SS&+! .&! (0! B8%.)0()*0+)8%6! 1%&!
E+07&!.&!(0!-8%*+#1-+)8%!.&*!.EB8-#0+)&*6!1%!B8B&%+!.&!(0!B)*&!Q!A81#!.&*!#0778#+*!-8(8%)01WC!2&!H1&(H1&!-/8*&!*&!7#8.1)+!
0M&-!(0!S)%!.&!(0!<1&##&!S#8).&!H1)!*8%%&!(&!<(0*!.&*!70#+)*!-8BB1%)*+&*!&+!0B8#-&!1%&!#&-8B78*)+)8%!.0%*!(&!70^*0<&!.&*!
(1++&*!*8-)0(&*C!?%!0!0SS0)#&!Q!1%&!%81M&((&!#&B)*&!&%!H1&*+)8%!.&*!S8#B&*!.&!.8B)%0+)8%6!H1)!*;0771)&!7&%.0%+!7(1*!.;1%&!
.E-&%%)&!*1#!1%!&%<0<&B&%+!.0%*!(&*!.#8)+*!.&!(;/8BB&6!(&*H1&(*!B0#H1&%+!(&*!077#8-/&*!.)7(8B0+)H1&*!.&!(;E78H1&C!!
U#&%+&! 0%*! 07#$*6! 8%! ME#)S)&! H1&! (&*! #0778#+*! .&! .8B)%0+)8%! %;8%+! 70*! .)*70#1!l! -&! H1)! %;0! #)&%! .;E+8%%0%+! l! &+!
*1#+81+!8%!8:*&#M&!.&!<#0%.*!.E7(0-&B&%+*!.0%*!(&!-/0B7!.1!781M8)#6!0M&-!(0!+#0%*S8#B0+)8%!.1!#D(&!.&!(;F+0+!70#!(&!A&1!
.&*! 78()+)H1&*! %E8():E#0(&*! &+! (0! -8%H1_+&! .&! (;)B0<)%0)#&! 70#! (&! B0#-/EC! ,&! %81M&01W! 0-+&1#*! 8%+! S0)+! 1%&! 0770#)+)8%!
#&B0#H10:(&!.0%*!(&!-/0B7!78()+)H1&6!-;&*+!-(0)#&B&%+!(&!-0*!.&*!S)#B&*!B1(+)%0+)8%0(&*!H1)!.)*78*&%+!.&!(&1#*!S8#1B*!&+!.&!
B8^&%*!.;)%S(1&%-&!-8%*EH1&%+*C!2;&*+!01**)!(&!-0*!.&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*6!pueblos'indigenas!81!indigenous'peoples!H1)!
8%+! -8BB&%-E! .0%*! (&*! 0%%E&*! IJK\! 1%&! #&-8%H1_+&! .&! (&1#! 01+8%8B)&! Q! 70#+)#! .&! (1++&*! H1)! %&! *8%+! 7(1*! *&1(&B&%+!
(8-0(&*C!9;F+0+P%0+)8%!&*+!-8%+&*+E!.&!(;)%+E#)&1#!&+!.&!(;&W+E#)&1#C!
F%!7#&%0%+!7)&.!.0%*!(0!-8BB1%01+E!)%+&#%0+)8%0(&6!&%!.EM&(8770%+!.&*!0(()0%-&*!+#0%*%0+)8%0(&*!0M&-!.)SSE#&%+*!
*&-+&1#*!0**8-)0+)S*6!&%!%E<8-)0%+!.)#&-+&B&%+!0M&-!(&*!8#<0%)*0+)8%*!8%1*)&%%&*6!(&*!(&0.&#*!.&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!8%+!
&%-(&%-/E! 1%! B81M&B&%+! H1)! 7#8.1)+! .&*! &SS&+*! .0%*! (0! <81M&#%0%-&! &+! (;077#8-/&! %8#B0+)M&! .&*! 0SS0)#&*! H1)! (&*!
-8%-&#%&%+C!5)!(&!+&#B&!.&!<81M&#%0%-&!.8)+!_+#&!*81B)*!Q!1%!0770#&)(!-#)+)H1&6!)(!%;&%!#&*+&!70*!B8)%*!H1&!-;&*+!.&!-&(0!
H1;)(!*;0<)+!(8#*H1&!(;8%!M8)+!-8BB&%+! *&! -8%*+#1)*&%+6!%8%!70*!e!(0!f!B0)*!(&*!e!H1&*+)8%*!01+8-/+8%&*!f!&+!-8BB&%+! (&*!
30+)8%*!1%)&*!^!#E78%.&%+!70#!.&*!78()+)H1&*!.&!e!main'streaming'f6!.;)%+E<#0+)8%6!.0%*!+81*!(&*!.8B0)%&*!.&*!78()+)H1&*!
71:()H1&*C!!
a%! .&*! &SS&+*! .&! (0! 7#)*&! &%! -/0#<&! .&! *8)! .0%*! (0! B81M0%-&! .&*! 7&17(&*! 01+8-/+8%&*! -8%-&#%&! (0! e!M8(8%+E! .&!
70#(&#!&%!%8B!7#87#&!f!X!.&!%&!7(1*!M8)#!(&*!0SS0)#&*!.&!(;)%.)M).16!.&!(0!S0B)((&6!.&!(0!-8BB1%01+E!#E<(E&*!70#!+&(!BE.)0+&1#6!
B0j+#&!81!70+#8%!X!1%&!M8(8%+E!.&!70#+)-)7&#!Q!(0!7#)*&!.&!.E-)*)8%6!-8BB&!&%!+EB8)<%&%+!(&*!.)*-81#*6!#0778#+*!&+!E+1.&*!
H1&!A;0%0(^*&!*1#!(0!*-$%&!.&*!30+)8%*!1%)&*C!2&(0!0!+81+&!1%&!*E#)&!.;&SS&+*!H10%+!Q!*0M8)#!-&!H1&!e!70#(&#!f6!e!70#+)-)7&#!f!
81!e!!70#+)-)7&#!Q!(0!7#)*&!.&!.E-)*)8%!f!M&1(&%+!.)#&6!&+!*1#+81+!Q!H1&(*!.)*78*)+)S*!-&(0!#&%M8)&C!T0)*!-&++&!M8(8%+E!.;_+#&!
M)*):(&*!S0)+!E-/86!M81*!(;01#&O!-8B7#)*6!Q!(;1%&!.&*!7&#*7&-+)M&*!EM8H1E&*!70#!(&*!01+&1#*!)%.)&%*!.&*!E+1.&*!*1:0(+&#%&*!&+!
-8%-&#%&!(;0SS)#B0+)8%!.&!*8)!-8BB&!*1A&+!.&!.#8)+C!!
!
Malaise'dans'la'discipline…'
a%&! *8#+&! .&! backlash' *;&*+! 7#8.1)+! .0%*! (&*! 0%%E&*! IJJ\! H1)! 7(0Y0! (&*! 0%+/#878(8<1&*! 8--).&%+01W! .&M0%+! .&*!
*)+10+)8%*!7(1*!-8B7()H1E&*!781#!7#0+)H1&#!(&!+&##0)%!%E-&**0)#&!Q!(0!-8%*+#1-+)8%!.&!(&1#*!&%H1_+&*!&+!8:A&+*!+/E8#)H1&*C!
9&*!)%.)<$%&*!*&!B)#&%+!Q!78*&#!.&*!-8%.)+)8%*!Q!(;&%+#E&6!1%&!&*7$-&!.&!.#8)+!.&!70**0<&!.&M0)+!_+#&!0)%*)!0-H1)++E&!70#!
(;0%+/#878(8<1&! *;)(!M81(0)+!#&*+&#! *1#! 7(0-&6! E+0:()#!-&*! #&(0+)8%*! .&! -8%S)0%-&! .8%+! .E7&%.! *0!-070-)+E! Q! -8B7#&%.#&! (&!
B8%.&!H1;)(!81!&((&!&%+&%.!.E-#)#&C!"(!S0((0)+!&W7()H1&#!(0!#0)*8%!.;_+#&!(Q!&+!-&!H1)!*&#0)+!S0)+C!2&(0!*&!+#0.1)+!01A81#.;/1)!70#!
.&*!.&B0%.&*!&%-8#&!7(1*!7#E-)*&*!*1#!-&!H1&!7&1+!0778#+&#!(;0%+/#878(8<1&!01!<#817&!E+1.)EC!!
9;)%.)<$%&!S0)+!.&!(0!#E*)*+0%-&!&+!(&!<E%E#)H1&!*&B:(&!077#87#)E!781#!70#(&#!.&!-&++&!#E)%*-#)7+)8%!.0%*!1%!%81M&01!
-8%+&W+&6! -8BB&! &%! +EB8)<%&%+! (&*! +)+#&*! .&! .&1W! 0#+)-(&*! &+! 81M#0<&!N! e!U/&! #&+1#%! 8S! +/&! %0+)M&!f! .&! >.0B! m17&#! &%!
[\\ZI6! nF(! #&+8#%8! .&! (8! )%.)<&%0!f! .&! 20#B&%! 50(0O0#! &+! o0(E#)&! 48:)%6! &%! [\\J[C! "(*! *&! .)*+)%<1&%+! *1#! (&! S8%.! .&! (&1#*!
7#878*)+)8%*!N! (&! 7#&B)&#! 781#! -#)+)H1&#! 1%! &**&%+)0()*B&! 7#)B)+)M)*+&! .0%*! (0! -8%*+#1-+)8%! 8%1*)&%%&! .&*! e!indigenous'
peoples'f6!(&!*&-8%.!781#!&W78*&#!(&!-/0%<&B&%+!.&!7&#*7&-+)M&!)%/E#&%+!Q!(0!#&M0(8#)*0+)8%!.&*!e!pueblos'indigenas'f!01!
GE#81!&+!(&*!7#8:($B&*!H1&!-&(0!78*&C!!
,0%*! (0! S81(E&! .&*! #ES(&W)8%*! -#)+)H1&*! .;>#A1%! >770.1#0)! *1#! (;)B78**):)()+E! .&! 70#(&#! .&! e!-1(+1#&!f! Q! (0H1&((&! )(!
7#ES$#&!(0!S8#B&!0.A&-+)ME&!e!-1(+1#&(!f6!8%!781##0)+!%&!7#&%.#&!e!)%.)<$%&!f!H1&!*81*!-&++&!S8#B&!.;0++#):1+6!781#!.)#&!70#!
&W&B7(&! e!(&*! *0M8)#*! )%.)<$%&*!f!7(1+D+! H1&! (;&**&%+)0()*&#!0M&-! 1%! *1:*+0%+)S6! .E#0%<&0%+!70#-&! H1;)(!*&! -8%*+#1)+!*1#! (&!
B8.&!H1;0!-#)+)H1E!(;0%+/#878(8<)&!-8%+&B78#0)%&6!-&(1)!.&!(0!7&#*8%%0()+E!-1(+1#&((&!-&%*E&!-0+0(^*&#!(&*!+#0)+*!.1!<#817&6!
-8BB&! 8%! .)*0)+! 01+#&S8)*! (&! i#0%Y0)*6! (;>((&B0%.6! (&! 31&#! 81! (&! ,8<8%C! T0)*! -&++&! S8#B&6! &+! -&! *)%<1()&#! H1&! %81*!
-#)+)H18%*6!#077&((&%+!(&!*+0+1+!*1:0(+&#%&!&+!7&#*8%%&(!H1)!E+0)+!0**8-)E!01W!7871(0+)8%*!)%.)<$%&*!.0%*!(&!.)*78*)+)S!.&!(0!
-8(8%)&6!-8%%1!-/&O!%81*!*81*!(&!%8B!.&!28.&!.&!(;)%.)<E%0+C!90!e!B)**)8%!-)M)()*0+#)-&!f!.&!(0!i#0%-&!.&!(;FB7)#&!0!:)&%!E+E!
0%0(^*E&6!&+!#E-&BB&%+!&%-8#&!-#)+)H1E&!(8#*!.&!(0!(8)!*1#!(&*!0778#+*!78*)+)S*!.&!(0!-8(8%)*0+)8%6!B0)*!)(!#&*+&!.&*!.8B0)%&*!
Q!#&M)*)+&#6!Q!7#878*!.&!7871(0+)8%*!H1)!&%+&%.&%+!S0)#&!#&-8%%0j+#&!%8%!*&1(&B&%+!(&1#*!.)SSE#&%-&*!-1(+1#&((&*!B0)*!(&1#*!
.#8)+*!Q!_+#&!.0%*!1%!F+0+!*&(8%!.&*!B8.0()+E*!)%-(1*)M&*6!%8%!&W-(10%+&*C!!!
40^B8%.! i)#+/6! .0%*! *8%! 81M#0<&! E-#)+! &%! IJp\6! Human' types6! &%! *8%! -/07)+#&! K! *1#! (;0%+/#878(8<)&! .0%*! (0! M)&!
B8.&#%&6!.)*0)+6!H1&!e!l’anthropologie'aujourd’hui'n’est'pas'seulement'l’étude'du'passé,'ou'des'peuples'primitifs'en'dehors'
de'l’orbite'de'la'civilisation'f!=B0!+#0.1-+)8%@C!381*6!0%+/#878(8<1&*6!&%!*8BB&*!-8%M0)%-1*6!)(!&*+!-(0)#!H1&!%81*!%&!70#(8%*!
7(1*!.&*!7&17(&*!7#)B)+)S*C!T0)*!.0%*!(;87)%)8%!71:()H1&6!.0%*!(;0-0.EB)&!81!.0%*!(&*!*-)&%-&*!.1!<81M&#%&B&%+6!-&(0!%;&*+!
70*!+81A81#*!(&!-0*C!a%!-&#+0)%!BE7#)*!&%+81#&!(;)%.)<$%&C!
a%&!7&+)+&!0%&-.8+&!B8%+#&#0!-8B:)&%!(&*!S#8%+)$#&*!.&*! *-)&%-&*!/1B0)%&*!&+!*8-)0(&*!/0:)+&%+!.;1%&!)%E<0()+E!
S8%.0B&%+0(&!(0!7&%*E&!.;1%&!.)M)*)8%!&%+#&!B8%.&!-)M)()*E!&+!B8%.&!&+/%8(8<)*EC!>!(;E78H1&!8b!A;E+1.)0)*!(&*!F%0#H1&*6!&+!
70#+)-1()$#&B&%+!(0!S8#B0+)8%!.&*!e!-/&S*!Q!(0!S#0%Y0)*&!f6!&%+#&!IJRR!&+!IJJ[6!h&0%!9&-06!<#0%.!*7E-)0()*+&!.1!T0</#&:!&%!
*8-)8(8<)&! 78()+)H1&6! B&! .&B0%.0! -&!H1&! -&(0! S0)*0)+! .;E+1.)&#! e!.&*! )%.)<$%&*! 71)**0%+*!fC! F%! +#8)*! B8+*6! )(! 78)%+0)+! 1%!
.81:(&!7#8:($B&C!!
9&!7#&B)&#!-8%-&#%&!(0!.E%8B)%0+)8%!.&*!*1A&+*!l! &+!0--&**8)#&B&%+!(&!*+0+1+!.&!(0!BE+07/8#&!l!01!#&<0#.!.&!(0!
#E-&7+)8%! .&! (;8:A&+!70#! (;0%+/#878(8<)&6! (&*!-8(($<1&*! 0^0%+! +&%.0%-&! Q!(;E78H1&! Q! -8%*).E#&#!H1&! (;0%+/#878(8<)&! .;1%&!
)%*+)+1+)8%! .1! 781M8)#! #&(&M0)+! .&! (0! *8-)8(8<)&6! *)! -&! %;&*+! .1! A81#%0()*B&C! "(*! -8B7#&%0)&%+! B0(! -8BB&%+! A&! 781M0)*!
.E(0)**&#!(&!B8%.&!0B0O8%)&%!&+!(0!*8-)E+E!B0)!/1%0!Q!7#878*!.&!(0H1&((&!A;0M0)*!E-#)+!B0!+/$*&!.8-+8#0(&C!>1W!^&1W!.&*!
0%+/#878(8<1&*6! (&*! F%0#H1&*! %;E+0)&%+! 70*! .&*! )%.)<$%&*6! -&! &%! H18)! )(*! 0M0)&%+! #0)*8%6! B0)*! -&(0! .&M0)+! 0++)#&#! B8%!
0++&%+)8%!*1#!(0!B0%)$#&!.8%+!(&*!F%0#H1&*!*&!#&7#E*&%+0)&%+!Q!&1WPB_B&*!&+!781#H18)!(&*!BE.)0!(&*!M8^0)&%+!-8BB&!1%&!
e!+#):1!f6!-&!H1&!A;0)!-#)+)H1E!&%!*8%!+&B7*C!e!,&*!)%.)<$%&*!71)**0%+*!f!).&%+)S)&!-&!<#817&!&%!70#+)-1()&#C!"(!%&!*;0<)+!70*!.&!
+81*!(&*!71)**0%+*!%)!.&!+81*!(&*!)%.)<$%&*C!
9&!*&-8%.!7#8:($B&!-8%-&#%&!(0!H1&*+)8%!.1!781M8)#C!9&!*8-)8(8<1&!S0)*0)+!0((1*)8%!Q!(;)%S(1&%-&!H1&!(&*!71)**0%+*!.&!
i#0%-&!781M0)&%+!&W&#-&#!*1#!(;0%+/#878(8<1&C!?%!7&1+!7&%*&#!Q!.)M&#*!B8^&%*!&+!A&!.)*+)%<1&#0)!.&1W!+&B7*!N!01!B8B&%+!
.&! (;&%H1_+&6! 01+81#! .&*! H1&*+)8%*! .&! -8%S).&%+)0()+E! H1)!#&%.)#&%+! )B7E#0+)M&! 1%&! %E<8-)0+)8%! H18+).)&%%&! &+!
)%.)M).1&((&!0M&-! .&*! *1A&+*! .E*)#&1W! .&! -8%+#D(&#! (&! -/&#-/&1#! X! &+! 01! B8B&%+! .&! (0! #&*+)+1+)8%6! 01+81#! .&*! H1&*+)8%*!
.;)B0<&6!-&((&!.&*!)%.)M).1*!&+!-&((&!.&!(;)%*+)+1+)8%6!.0%*!1%!81M#0<&!<#0%.!71:()-ZC!2&(0!%;0M0)+!E+E!%1((&B&%+!%E-&**0)#&6!
.0%*!(;&%H1_+&!#E0()*E&!017#$*!.&*!T0)!/1%0!H1)!%&!B;0M0)&%+!78*E!01-1%&!-8%.)+)8%6!B&!(0)**0%+!*&1(&!S0-&!Q!B&*!*81-)*!
E+/)H1&*6!B0!S8#B0+)8%!0^0%+!.;0)((&1#*!E+E!#&B0#H10:(&B&%+!*)(&%-)&1*&!*1#!-&++&!H1&*+)8%C!!T_B&!*)!(0!*-$%&!%;0M0)+!70*!
-8%-&#%E! (&! <#817&! *8-)0(! 70#+)-1()&#! .&*! F%0#H1&*6! (n&W7#&**)8%! e!.&*! )%.)<$%&*! 71)**0%+*!f! %&! 781M0)+! &%! 01-1%&! S0Y8%!
#ESE#&#!01W!)%.)<$%&*!)**1*!.&!(0!-8(8%)*0+)8%C!!
2&#+&*!(&*!+/E8#)&*!78*+-8(8%)0(&*!-8BB&%Y0)&%+!Q!*&!.EM&(877&#!.0%*!(&*!B8%.&*!)%.)&%*6!0BE#)-0)%*!&+!0S#)-0)%*6!
B0)*!&((&*!%;E+0)&%+!70*!.E:0++1&*!&%!i#0%-&C!G0#!0)((&1#*6!.0%*!(&!-8%+&W+&!B_B&!.&!-&*!-81#0%+*6!(&*!*1A&+*!.&*!E+1.&*!
0%+/#878(8<)H1&*!H1)!*&!#&-8%%0)**&%+!01A81#.;/1)!.0%*!(;&W7#&**)8%!e!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!f!%;E+0)&%+!70*!.)*+)%<1E*!.0%*!
(;&%*&B:(&!%0+)8%0(6!81!.0%*!(;&%*&B:(&!.&*!*1:0(+&#%&*!H1)!-/&#-/0)&%+!Q!-8%H1E#)#!1%&!01+8%8B)&!.&!70#8(&!-8BB&!(&!
78*&! q0^0+#)! 57)M0V! .0%*! *8%! -/07)+#&! e!Les' subalternes' peuventKelles' parler'r!fpC! 2;&*+! 1%&! H1&*+)8%! H1&! (;8%! %&! 7&1+!
EM).&BB&%+!70*!0.#&**&#!01W!F%0#H1&*6!.8%+!(;1%&!.&*!-0#0-+E#)*+)H1&*!&*+!.&!781M8)#!70#(&#!.&!+81+!&+!.;&%!+)#&#!01+8#)+EC!
a%!B81M&B&%+!-8BB&!e!(&*!)%.)<$%&*!.&!(0!4E71:()H1&!f!%;0M0)+!70*!S0)+!*8%!0770#)+)8%C!?%!%&!*&!78*0)+!70*!(0!H1&*+)8%!.&!
I!>C!m17&#6![\\Z6!e!U/&!4&+1#%!8S!+/&!30+)M&!f6!Current'Anthropology6!ppPZN!ZRJPZJ]C!
[!o0(E#)&!48:)%P>O&M&.8!&+!20#B&%!50(0O0#P58(&#!=&.*@6![\\J6!El'regreso'de'lo'indígena.'Retos,'problemas'y'perspectivas6!9)B06!21*-86!"iF>6!
2'26![J[!7C!
Z!o8)#!"#$%&!'&(()&#6!IJJZ6!L’Ena'comme'si'vous'y'étiez6!G0#)*6!F.!.1!5&1)(C!
p!"%!2C!3&(*8%!&+!9C!q#8**:&#<6!IJRR6!Marxism'and'the'Interpretation'of'Culture,!'0*)%<*+8V&!N!T0-T)((0%!F.1-0+)8%C!
(0!7(0-&!.0%*!(0!4E71:()H1&!.&*!B)%8#)+E*!7#8.1)+&*!70#!(;&B7)#&C!9;F1#87&!%;0M0)+!70*!&%-8#&!E(0:8#E!*0!-8%M&%+)8%!*1#!(0!
(1++&!-8%+#&!(&*!.)*-#)B)%0+)8%*C!?%!(;01#0!-8B7#)*6!(0!BE+07/8#&!.&!e!(;)%.)<$%&!71)**0%+!f!&*+!1%!8W^B8#&!-8%S)#B0%+!H1&!!
(;)%.)<$%&!%;&*+!70*!(&!.E+&%+&1#!.1!781M8)#C!
,1#0%+!-&*!0%%E&*6!.&*!7#8+8-8(&*!E+/)H1&*!S)#&%+!(&1#!0770#)+)8%!01!20%0.06!&%!>1*+#0()&6!.0%*!(&*!B8%.&*!0%<(8P
*0W8%*!7(1+D+!H1&!S#0%-87/8%&*6!70#-&!H1&!(&*!)%.)<$%&*!%&!M81(0)&%+!7(1*!_+#&! 7#)*!781#!.&*!8:A&+*!70**)S*!.&*+)%E*!01W!
-8((&-+)8%*! B1*E0(&*! 81! 01W! E+1.&*! 0-0.EB)H1&*C! 90! *-)&%-&! 8--).&%+0(&! E+0)+! B)*&! &%! 0--1*0+)8%6! &+! A&! %8BB&#0)!
*&1(&B&%+!)-)!9)%.0!U1/)s0)!5B)+/6!1%)M&#*)+0)#&!B08#)&!H1)!077&((&!Q!1%&!.E-8(8%)*0+)8%!.&*!BE+/8.&*!.&!(0!*-)&%-&C!58%!
()M#&6! Decolonizing' Methodologies.' Research' and' Indigenous' Peoples56! -8BB&%-&! 70#! *&*! B8+*! .;1%&! #0#&! M)8(&%-&! 781#!
%81*6! *-)&%+)S)H1&*! 8--).&%+01W!N! e!Le' mot' ‘recherche’' est' probablement' l’un' des' mots' les' plus' sales' du' vocabulaire' du'
monde'indigène'fC!G81#!&((&6!(;)B7E#)0()*B&!&+!(&!-8(8%)0()*B&!*8%+!(&*!S8#B0+)8%*!*7E-)S)H1&*!70#!(&*H1&((&*!(;?--).&%+!0!M16!
71)*!%8BBE6! (&*!-8BB1%01+E*! )%.)<$%&*! 781#! *;077#87#)&#!(&*!+&##&*6!(&*! *0M8)#*! &+!(&*! 8#<0%)*&#! .;1%&! B0%)$#&!H1;&((&!
-#)+)H1&C!!
9;)%.)<$%&!S0)+!#&+81#6!0(8#*! H1;)(!E+0)+!.&*+)%E!Q!*;E+&)%.#&! .0%*!(&*! 7#8-&**1*!.&! -)M)()*0+)8%!.8%+! 8%!-8%*+0+&! (&*!
&SS&+*! 01! 7(0%! .&*! #&()<)8%*! &+! .&*! *^*+$B&*! .;8#<0%)*0+)8%! *8-)0(&6! E-8%8B)H1&! &+! 78()+)H1&C! ,0%*! (;8778*)+)8%! &%+#&!
(;)%.)<$%&! e!! H1)! &*+! .1! ()&1!f! &+! -&(1)! H1)! %&! (;&*+! 70*6! Q! *0M8)#! (&! -8(8%)*0+&1#6! (&! B)**)8%%0)#&6! (;&W7(8#0+&1#! 81! (&!
*-)&%+)S)H1&6!*;&*+!E+0:()!1%!#0778#+!.&!S8#-&!H1)!0!781**E!Q!(0!B)*&!&%!c1M#&!.&!78()+)H1&*!.;0**)B)(0+)8%!.;1%&!#0#&!M)8(&%-&!
*)! (;8%! &%! A1<&! 70#! (&*! +EB8)<%0<&*! H1)! #&**8#+&%+! 01A81#.;/1)! .&! (0! 70#+! .&*! <E%E#0+)8%*! 7&#.1&*6! 81! .)+&*! e!M8(E&*!f6!
S8#-E&*!Q! (0! *-8(0#)*0+)8%! .0%*!.&*! )%+&#%0+*!-817E*! .&!(&1#! B)()&1!S0B)()0(6!&+! #&%.1&*!/8%+&1*&*!.&! (&1#*!8#)<)%&*C! G81#!
(;?--).&%+!l!&+!(&!*)%<1()&#!)-)!%&!#&%.!70*!A1*+)-&!Q!-&1W!H1)!8%+!.E%8%-E!01!-81#*!.&*!*)$-(&*!(0!:#1+0()+E!.&*!#0778#+*!0M&-!
(&*!)%.)<$%&*!l6!)(!%&!*;0<)**0)+!70*!*&1(&B&%+!.;E.1H1&#!(&*!&*7#)+*!81!.&!#0-/&+&#!(&*!tB&*6!(0!M)8(&%-&!E+0)+!%E-&**0)#&!781#!
-8%H1E#)#!(&*!+&##&*6!.)*78*&#!.;1%&!B0)%!.;c1M#&!-8#ME0:(&6!S8#-&#!(;077#&%+)**0<&!.&!%81M&((&*!M0(&1#*6!-8%*+#1)#&!(;F+0+C!!
2;&*+!01!.&#%)&#!H10#+!.1!.&#%)&#!*)$-(&6!Q!(;)**1&!.&!(1++&*!H1)!8%+!-8BB&%-E!:)&%!0M0%+6!&+!<#t-&!Q!(0!B8:)()*0+)8%!
-8%A8)%+&!.&!.)SSE#&%+*!*&-+&1#*!.&!(;E<()*&!&+!.&*!8#<0%)*0+)8%*!.&!.#8)+*!/1B0)%*!8--).&%+0(&*!*1#!(&*H1&(*!8%!7&1+!.)#&!
:&01-817!.&!-/8*&*6!H1&!(&*!30+)8%*!1%)&*!8%+!S)%)!70#!*;81M#)#!01W!.E(E<0+)8%*!01+8-/+8%&*6!&%-(&%-/0%+!1%&!.^%0B)H1&!
H1)!0:81+)+!Q!-&!H1&!(;8%!71)**&!01A81#.;/1)!70#(&#!.&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*C!G81#!BEB8)#&6!,&*V0/&/6!-/&S!/01.&%&*01%&&!
.&!(0!iE.E#0+)8%!.&*!*)W!%0+)8%*!)#8H18)*&*6!71)*!1%!-/&S!*7)#)+1&(!B08#)6!40+0%06!0M0)&%+!E+E!#&781**E*!.&!(0!58-)E+E!.&*!
30+)8%*6!&%!IJ[Z!&+!IJ[L6!(8#*H1;)(*!+&%+$#&%+!.&!S0)#&!M0(8)#!(&1#*!.#8)+*!.0%*!(&!-8%-&#+!.&*!%0+)8%*C!
9&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!78*&%+!*81-)!Q!(;0%+/#878(8<)&!Q!7(1*)&1#*!+)+#&*6!&((&!H1)!*0)+!-8B:)&%!B^+/)H1&*!*8%+!(&*!
&W7()-0+)8%*!(8-0(&*!81!)%.)<$%&*!*1#!(;8#)<)%&!-/+/8%)&%%&6!&((&!H1)!0!B8)%*!+/E8#)*E!*1#!(&!-8%-&7+!.&!e!7&17(&!f!H1&!*1#!
-&(1)! .;&+/%)&6! &+! H1)! %&! *;&*+! 70*! 07&#Y1! H1&! (0! M&#*)8%! /&(($%&! .&! (;01+8-/+8%)&! %&! 781M0)+! *;077()H1&#! .0%*! (&*! -0*!
-8%*).E#E*C!!28BB&%+!7&1+P8%!_+#&!01+8-/+8%&!r6!)%+&##8<&0)+!T0#-&(!,E+)&%%&LC!2;&*+!-&!H1&!A&!M0)*!&**0^&#!.&!B8%+#&#!
B0)%+&%0%+C!
!
Une'expression'globale'pour'des'réalités'diverses'
>!(;E78H1&!8b!A&!+#0M0)((0)*!0M&-!(&*!T0)!/1%06!1%&!+81+&!7&+)+&!*8-)E+E!.;>B0O8%)&!7E#1M)&%%&!#0++0-/E&!Q!(0!S0B)((&!
()%<1)*+)H1&!+1V0%8!8--).&%+0(&6!(&!+&#B&!.&!e!7&17(&!01+8-/+8%&!f!%;E+0)+!70*!&%!1*0<&C!h;1+)()*0)!.0%*!(;1%!.&!B&*!7#&B)&#*!
0#+)-(&*!&%!IJRZ6!(;&W7#&**)8%!e!<#817&!&+/%)H1&!f!781#!EM8H1&#!(&*!<E%E0(8<)&*!.&*!-8BB1%01+E*!(8-0(&*6!&+!#&B8%+&#6!70#!
1%! +#0M0)(! .;0#-/)M&*! *1#! (;/)*+8)#&! .0%*! (0! #E<)8%6! .&*! -(0%*! H1)! (&*! -8B78*&%+C! h;0M0)*! #&+#81ME! 0M&-! &1W! (&! *&%*! .&! (&1#!
01+8.E%8B)%0+)8%6! T0)! /1%0! H1)! *)<%)S)&! e!%81*6! _+#&*! /1B0)%*!f!X! 1%&! ).&%+)+E! -8((&-+)M&! &+! 1%! 78*)+)8%%&B&%+! .0%*!
(;/1B0%)+E! H1&! :)&%! .;01+#&*! <#817&*! E+0:()**&%+6! B0)*! H1&! (&*! -8(8%*! &%M)#8%%0%+! (&1#! #&S1*0)&%+C! 9;&%A&1! E+0)+! .&! (&1#!
7&#B&++#&! .&! #&7#&%.#&! -&! %8B6! :)&%! .)SSE#&%+! .&! -&(1)! H1&! (;0.B)%)*+#0+)8%! 0M0)+! &%#&<)*+#E! l! ?#&A8%&*! ! e!<#0%.&*!
8#&)((&*!f!l!&+!*1#+81+!.)SSE#&%+!.&!-&(1)!H1)!(&1#!E+0)+!.8%%E!#E<)8%0(&B&%+6!Q!*0M8)#!28+86!H1)!.E*)<%&!(&!*)%<&!/1#(&1#C!""!*&!
+#81M&!H1;)(*!8%+!1%&!8#)<)%&!-/+/8%)&%%&!B0)*!A&!M81*!S&#0)!<#t-&!.1!B^+/&!H1)!(0!#&(0+&!=El'Temblor'y'la'Luna6!>:^0^0(0!
IJJI@C!
,0%*! -&+! 0#+)-(&6! A&! *)<%0(0)! (0! #&(0+)8%! #0-)*+&! H1)! .)*+)%<10)+! (&*! T0)! /1%0! .&*! GE#1M)&%*C! 9&*! 7#&B)&#*! E+0)&%+!
e!unosindigenasu! )%.)<$%&*!f6! .&*! e!hombres' salvajes'/indios' bravosu! 7&#*8%%&*! *01M0<&*! fC! 9&*! *&-8%.*! E+0)&%+! .&*!
e!racionales'f6!.&*!e!7&#*8%%&*!.81E&*!.&!#0)*8%!f6!+&#B&!H1)!E+0)+!#E*&#ME!01W!e!Blancos'f6!(&*!'(0%-*6!)%.E7&%.0BB&%+!.&!
(0!-81(&1#!.&!(&1#!7&01C!9&*!"%.)&%*!.&!(0!S8#_+!E+0)&%+!&%!H1&(H1&!*8#+&!(&!-/0)%8%!B0%H10%+!.&!(0!-/0j%&!.&!(;EM8(1+)8%!
-8BB&! &%! +EB8)<%&! 1%&! -81#+&! .&*-#)7+)8%! H1;)(! B&! 7(0j+! .&! #077&(&#! )-)! 70#-&! H1;&((&! +EB8)<%&! .;1%! A1<&B&%+!
)%0--&7+0:(&! 01A81#.;/1)6! 70#+0<E! 70#! (&*! .)+*! e!racionales'f! H1)!&W7(8)+0)&%+! E-8%8B)H1&B&%+! (&*! T0)! /1%06! &+! H1&! (;8%!
&%+&%.!&%-8#&!E%8%-E6!Q!7#878*!.;01+#&*!7&17(&*!.&*!S8#_+*C!h&!+#0.1)*!`&#%0%.&O!H1)!E-#)M0)+!&%!IJ]]N!e!J’ajouterai'que'
ces'Indiens' avec' leurs' disques'énormes' de' 13'cm' qu’ils' portaient' dans'les' oreilles'ressemblaient'de'loin' à' de' vrais' singes'
]!9)%.0!U1/)s0)!5B)+/6!IJJJ6!Decolonizing'Methodologies.'Research'and'Indigenous'Peoples6!v&.!'88V*C!
L!T0#-&(!,&+)&%%&6![\\Z6!Comment'être'autochtone'?'Du'pur'Athénien'au'Français'raciné6!G0#)*!N!5&1)(C!
écoutant'et'piaillant.'Ce'sont'les'singes'hurleurs'rationnels'de'ces'forêts'si'l’on'me'permet'l’expression'fC!!9&!B81M&B&%+!.&!
#E-17E#0+)8%! .&*! &+/%8%^B&*! *;&*+! <E%E#0()*E6! &%! >BE#)H1&! (0+)%&! &+! .0%*! (&! B8%.&! .0%*!(0! 7E#)8.&! B_B&! .&! (0!
#&-8%%0)**0%-&!)%+&#%0+)8%0(&!-8BB&!e!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!fC!"(!+#0.1)+!H1&(H1&!-/8*&!.&!7(1*!H1;1%!-/8)W!8%8B0*+)H1&C!
?%!*0)+!-8B:)&%!(&*!B0%)$#&*!.&!%8BB&#!7$*&%+!*1#!(;).&%+)+E!.&*!*1A&+*C!k1;8%!*&!#077&((&!*&1(&B&%+!(;8#)<)%&!.1!
B8+!>BE#)H1&!l!.E#)ME!.1!7#E%8B!.1!%0M)<0+&1#!.&!2/#)*+87/&!28((8B:6!>B&#)<8!o&*71--)!l!&+!(0!#0)*8%!781#!(0H1&((&!*8%+!
%8BBE*!"%.)&%*!(&*!8--170%+*!.&!-&*!-8%+#E&*C!"(!*;0<)+!.;1%&!&##&1#!.;0.#&**&C!"(!S0((1+!-)%H!-&%+*!0%*!781#!H1&!70#M)&%%&!(0!
#E78%*&!.&*!pueblos'indigenas'.;>BE#)H1&6!S8#B1(E&!&%!IJJ[6!0M&-!(;&W7#&**)8%!Abyayala6!/E#)+E&!.&!(0!(0%<1&!V1%0!.&!
G0%0B0C!F((&!S1+!0.87+E&!Q!4)8!(8#*!.1!58BB&+!.&!(0!U&##&!&+!.1!.EM&(877&B&%+!.1#0:(&6!.0%*!(;1%!.&*!-8%+#&*!*8BB&+*!
B0%)S&*+0%+6!Q!(;8--0*)8%!.1!])$B&-&%+&%0)#&6!H1;)(!*;0<)**0)+!.;1%&!-8%H1_+&!&+!%8%!.;1%&!.E-81M&#+&C!,&71)*!(8#*!*&!
*+#1-+1#&%+!.&*!)%*+)+1+)8%*!Abyayala6!70#!&W&B7(&!1%!70#(&B&%+!81!.&*!*8BB&+*6!-8BB&!-&(1)!H1)!&1+!()&1!&%![\\J6!*1#!
e!(&*!.#8)+*!de!(0!+&##&!f6!&%!'8()M)&C!9;&W7#&**)8%!Abyayala!&*+!*1#+81+!Q!(;1*0<&!.&*!pueblos'indigenas,!*01S!781#!(0!B0)*8%!
.;E.)+)8%!EH10+8#)&%%&!S8%.E&!70#!.&*!B)**)8%%0)#&*!50(E*)&%*!&+!H1)!*&!.)*+)%<1&!70#!*&*!71:()-0+)8%*!*1#!(&*!H1&*+)8%*!
)%.)&%%&*C!
9&!+&#B&!e!)%.)&%!f!H1)!&*+!.&M&%1!.;1%!1*0<&!-8BB1%!781#!70#(&#!.&!-&*!<&%*!(Q!.0%*!-&++&!#E<)8%!.1!B8%.&6!
%;&*+! 70*! B)&1W! 0--&7+E! H1&! (&! B8+! e!)%.)<$%&!f! 81! e!01+8-/+8%&!f6! &%! +81+! -0*! 70*! 70#! +81*6! %)! .0%*! +81+&*! (&*!
-)#-8%*+0%-&*C!>1!q10+&B0(06!)(!&*+!#ES1+E!01!7#8S)+!.1!+&#B&!T0^06!*&B:(&P+P)(!B)&1W!0--&7+E!70#!(&*!<#817&*!#0++0-/E*!01W!
M)%+PH10+#&! (0%<1&*! B0^0C! F%! '8()M)&6! *)! (0! %8+)8%! .&! 7&17(&! k1)-/10P>^B0#0! 0! E+E! S8#<E&! 781#! #0**&B:(&#! (&*!
-8BB1%01+E*!0%.)%&*6!(;&W7#&**)8%!e!)%.)<$%&*6!70^*0%*!&+!8#)<)%0)#&*!f!M)*&!Q!#E1%)#!(&*!>%.)%*!&+!(&*!>B0O8%)&%*!.0%*!(&!
%81M&01!.)*78*)+)S!-8%*+)+1+)8%%&(C!>1!20%0.06!.)SSE#&%+*!7&17(&*!>BE#)%.)&%*6!"%1)+!&+!TE+)6!*&!#&-8%%0)**&%+!.0%*!(&!(0:&(!
.&! G#&B)$#&*! %0+)8%*! u! First' nationsC! T0)*! 8%! 70#(&! 01**)! .&*! aboriginal' peoples6! +0%.)*! H1;&%! >1*+#0()&! (;&W7#&**)8%!
indigenous' peoples'M)*&!.8#E%0M0%+!Q!)%-(1#&!(&*!>:8#)<$%&*!&+!(&*!)%*1(0)#&*!.1!,E+#8)+!.&!U8##&*C!F%!>BE#)H1&!(0+)%&!*&!
.EM&(877&! (0! %8+)8%! .&! e!pueblos' originarios'f! H1)! #077&((&! (;&W7#&**)8%! .&! e!7&17(&*! 7#&B)&#*!f! -8%%1&! &%! i#0%-&C! 9&*!
+&#B&*!First'peoples'*8%+!1*)+E*!781#!(;>S#)H1&!01*+#0(&6!B0)*!+81+!#E-&BB&%+!(&!<81M&#%&B&%+!01*+#0()&%!0!*1:M&%+)8%%E!(&!
7#&B)&#!-8%<#$*!.&*!First'Peoples'of'AustraliaC!
?%!%&!S&#0!70*!(&!+81#!.1!B8%.&!.&*!B8.&*!.&!%8B)%0+)8%!H1)!+EB8)<%&%+!.&*!(1++&*!.&*!*1A&+*!)%.)<$%&*! 781#!
#&.ES)%)#! (&1#*! ).&%+)+E*! -8((&-+)M&*C! ?%! 0**)*+&! Q! :&01-817! .&! +#0%*S8#B0+)8%*! .0%*! (&! -/0B7! .&*! .E*)<%0+)8%*! 781#! (0!
#&-8%%0)**0%-&! .&! *8)! .0%*! 1%! -8#7*! 78()+)H1&6! *1#! +81*! (&*! -8%+)%&%+*C! 2&(0! M0! .&! (0! #E077#87#)0+)8%! .;&+/%8%^B&*!
*)%<1()&#*!=0)%*)!01!'1#1%.)!%&!.)+P8%!7(1*!G^<BE&*!B0)*!'0+s0@!Q!(0!#&S8#B1(0+)8%!.&*!-0+E<8#)&*!&%<(8:0%+&*!S8#B1(E&*!Q!
1%&!-&#+0)%&!E78H1&!70#!(&*!-8%*+)+10%+*!781#!*)B7()S)&#!(0!-8B7(&W)+E6!81!%&!70*!.)#&!(;&+/%)-)+E!X!.1!+^7&!e!scheduled'tribes'
/' +#):1*! #E7&#+8#)E&*f! 781#! (&*! >.)M0*)*! &%! "%.&6! 81! e!7871(0+)8%*! M1(%E#0:(&*!f! 781#! .E*)<%&#! (&*! 50%! 81! '1*/B&%! 01!
'8+*s0%0C!!!
"(!&*+!70**)8%%0%+!.&!#&7(0-&#!(&*!B0%)$#&*!.&!*&!.)#&!&+!.&!.)#&!(&*!01+#&*!-8BB&!(&*!B8.&*!.;)%*-#)7+)8%!81!.&!.E%)!
(E<0(6!.0%*!(&*!+&B78#0()+E*!&+!(&*!&*70-&*!H1)!(&1#!*8%+!7#87#&*C!2;&*+!(Q!H1&!(;8%!*;07&#Y8)+!H1&!(&!*1A&+!01+8-/+8%&!%;0!#)&%!
.;1%&!EM).&%-&!&+!H1&!(;&W7#&**)8%!e!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!f!*1*-)+&!1%!-()M0<&!:)&%!.)SSE#&%+!.&!-&(1)!H1)!*;&*+!78*E!&%+#&!
e!-)M)()*E!f!&+!e!7#)B)+)S!fC!?%!M&##0!.;1%!-D+E!-&1W!H1)!%&!M8)&%+!70*!(;)%+E#_+!.;&%!.)*-1+&#!(&*!:8#%&*6!A&!.)#0)!<(8:0(&B&%+!
(&*!01+8-/+8%&*!8#<0%)*E*!H1)!8%+!1%&!-8%*-)&%-&!.1!#0778#+!)%E<0(6!H1)!0771)&%+!(&1#*!*+#0+E<)&*!*1#!(0!-8%H1_+&!.&!.#8)+*!
-)M)(*! &+! 78()+)H1&*6! H1)! *;0(()&%+! Q! .&*! 8#<0%)*0+)8%*! %8%! 01+8-/+8%&*! 781#! #&(0^&#! (&1#*! B81M&B&%+*! &+! H1)! -/&#-/&%+!
(;)%-(1*)8%! .0%*! (&! -8#7*! 78()+)H1&6! 781#!#&S8%.&#!-&(1)P(Q! 01+81#! .&*!%8+)8%*!.&! .)M&#*)+E! &+!.&! 7(1#0()*B&C! ,&!(;01+#&6!*&!
*)+1&%+! -&1W! H1)! M&1(&%+! &%! -)#-8%*-#)#&! (&*! &SS&+*! 781#! .&*! #0)*8%*! M0#)E&*! H1)! *&! -#)*+0(()*&%+! 01+81#! .&! .&1W! 78(0#)+E*!N!
(;01+8-/+8%)&!&*+!1%!B^+/&!%ES0*+&!781#!(;/1B0%)+E!H1)!&*+!(&!S#1)+!.&!B)<#0+)8%*!X!(&!-8%-&7+!%;&*+!H1;)%*+#1B&%+0(!&+!)(!*&#+!
Q!&W-(1#&C!2&++&!M)*)8%!8778*&!.&*!%0+)8%0()*B&*!=&W)*+0%+*!81!S0%+0*BE*@!H1&!(;8%!7&1+!#0++0-/&#!781#!-&#+0)%*!Q!(0!.#8)+&!
&W+#_B&C!h&!%;&%+#&#0)!70*!.0%*!-&!.E:0+!H1&!A;0)!81M&#+!0M&-!G&+&#!q&*-/)&#&!.0%*!(&!M8(1B&!.&!Social'Anthropology7C!h&!
M&1W! *&1(&B&%+! *)<%0(&#! H1&! (&! -()M0<&! %;8778*&! 70*! 01+8-/+8%&*! &+! %8%! 01+8-/+8%&*6! ?--).&%+! &+! #&*+&! .1! B8%.&C! ,&!
%8B:#&1W!A1#)*+&*6!0%+/#878(8<1&*6!*8-)8(8<1&*6!B)()+0%+*!.&*!.#8)+*!.&!(;/8BB&6!E-8(8<)*+&*!H1)!7&1M&%+!.EM&(877&#!1%&!
077#8-/&! -#)+)H1&6! &%.8**&%+! (&*! &W7#&**)8%*! e!indigenous' peoples'f! &+! e!pueblos'indigenas'f! H1)! %&! *81($M&%+! 70*! (&*!
#E0-+)8%*!H1&!e!7&17(&!01+8-/+8%&!f!*1*-)+&6!&%!!70#+)-1()&#!70#B)!(&*!>S#)-0%)*+&*C!
2&(0!%81*!)%+&##8<&!01+0%+!*1#!(0!S)W0+)8%!.&!(0!+&#B)%8(8<)&!01W!30+)8%*!1%)&*!l!781#H18)!-/8)*)#!e!01+8-/+8%&!f!
7(1+D+!H1;)%.)<$%&!&%!S#0%Y0)*!r!l!H1&!*1#!(&*!B0#<&*!.;0--&7+0:)()+E!.&*!0++#):1+*!e!01+8-/+8%&!f!81!e!)%.)<$%&!f!.0%*!(&*!
#E<)8%*!.1!B8%.&!&+!.0%*!(;0-0.EB)&C!!2&++&!+#0.1-+)8%!0!E+E!#&+&%1&!01!B)()&1!.&*!0%%E&*!IJR\6!(8#*!.&!(0!#E.0-+)8%!.&!(0!
,E-(0#0+)8%!*1#!(&*!.#8)+*!.&*!7&17(&*!01+8-/+8%&*6!781#!E-/077&#!Q!(0!*1:0(+&#%)+E!)%-8#78#E&!.0%*!(&!-8%-&7+!.;)%.)<$%&!
H1)! E+0:()**0)+! 1%&! .)*+)%-+)8%! .&! .#8)+*! &%+#&! (&*! -)+8^&%*! S#0%Y0)*6! .&! *81-/&! BE+#878()+0)%&6! &+! (&*! *1A&+*! S#0%Y0)*! .&!
(;FB7)#&C! F((&! -8##&*78%.! .0%*! (&*! (0%<1&*! 8SS)-)&((&*! .&! (;?3a! 01W! S8#B&*! 0--&7+E&*! .&! pueblos' indigenas,' indigenous'
K!,0%*!1%!%1BE#8!*7&-)0(!*1#!(&!+/&B&!wU/&!a*&*!0%.!T)*1*&*!8S!n"%.)<&%&)+^;!0%.!n>1+8-/+/8%^;x!=q1&*+!&.)+8#*N!k1&%+)%!q01**&+6!h1*+)%!
m&%#)-V!0%.!48:&#+!q)::@6!IJP[6!!T0^![\IIC!
1 / 12 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !