La phytoremédiation, ou comment soigner le sol par les plantes.

!
"!
!
La#phytoremédiation,#ou#comment#soigner#le#sol#par#les#plantes.##
#
!! ! #$%&'(&)!*+,&-)!.'/0)!%12'314!%(!*152,+6)7!8/!3,'+9!%64!:!02$4464;!<!=360!+>6/46&-+6!%64!
$05'3'514! '/%(452'6++64)! (2-$'/64! 65! $?2'0,+64)! /,(4! $44'45,/4! 9! (/6! %1?2$%$5',/! %6! +$! @($+'51! %6! /,4! 4,+4!
0(+5'3$-+64)!%1A9!-'6/!2$264B!C$!*DE5,26&1%'$5',/!4>$3F26!(5'+6!$G'/!%6!260,+,/'462!/,4!562264!*,++(164!%6!
G$H,/!%(2$-+6B!
!
I.#Le#sol#:#une#ressource#non#renouvelable.#
!C6! 4,+!645! '&*,25$/5! *,(2! +>I,&&6)! 0$2! 06+('J0'! /,(4! G,(2/'5! %64! 2644,(2064! 0$*'5$+! *,(2! /,526!
4$/51!65!/,526!$+'&6/5$5',/!K!?2L06!9!+('!+64!*+$/564!*6(36/5!*,(4462!65!G,(2/'2!/,(22'5(26!65!,ME?F/6!$(M!
N526!3'3$/5B!=!*6'/6!(/!%'M'F&6!%64!562264!%6!/,526!*+$/F56!4,/!0(+5'3$-+64)!+64!$(5264!15$/5!52,*!4F0D64)!
52,*!G'/64!O/6!*62&655$/5!*$4!+>6/2$0'/6&6/5!%64!*+$/564P)!*,++(164)!650B!OQ'?(26!"PB!C64!562264!0(+5'3$-+64!
*6(36/5!/6!*+(4!N526!0(+5'3$-+64!9!0$(464!%6!*D1/,&F/64!/$5(26+4!O12,4',/4)!1*('46&6/5!%64!2644,(2064)!
650P)!%6!260,/3624',/!O0,/452(05',/!%6!&$'4,/!,(!%6!2,(56!*$2!+>I,&&6P)!,(!6/0,26!%6!*,++(5',/B!8/3'2,/!
RRS!%64!4,+4!4,/5!5,(0D14!*$2!064!*D1/,&F/64!%'5!:!%6!%1?2$%$5',/!%64!4,+4!;B!8/!8(2,*6!06+$!26*2146/56!
*+(4!,(!&,'/4!TU!&'++',/4!%>D605$264!!V!4,'5!(/!*6(!*+(4!%6!"W!G,'4!+$!X6+?'@(6B!
!
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
Sans contrainte majeure
Gelé
Trop humide
Trop fin
Pollution chimique
Trop sec
% des sols
!
Q'?(26!"B!Y,(206/5$?6!&,/%'$+!%6!0,(3625(26!%(!4,+B!Z6(+4!""S!%6!06+('J0'!4,/5!0(+5'3$-+64!O-+$/0P!Z,(206!K!
Q=[)!"\\]B!
!
!#6!G$'-+6!5$(M!%6!2644,(2064!$00644'-+64)!0,&-'/16!9!(/6!*2644',/!02,'44$/56)!&6/$06!G,256&6/5!
+^$**2,3'4',//6&6/5!%64!?1/12$5',/4!G(5(264B!85!06!%^$(5$/5!*+(4!@(6!+$!*,*(+$5',/!%632$'5!$(?&6/562!%6!
U! 9! R! &'++'$2%4! %>'/%'3'%(4! %>'0'! U_T_)! 6/52$'/$/5! (/! $002,'446&6/5! %6! +$! %6&$/%6! %64! -64,'/4!
1+1&6/5$'2647!`+!G$(5!%,/0!21$?'2!<!
!
II.#La#pollution#des#sols#
!Z'! ,/! /6! *6(5! *$4! G$'26! ?2$/%! 0D,46! 0,/526! +^1*('46&6/5! ,(! +^12,4',/)! ,/! *6(5! *$2! 0,/526! $?'2!
0,/526! +$! *,++(5',/!%64! 4,+4B! #6++6J0'! $GG6056! +>6/46&-+6! %(! &,/%6! 3'3$/5)! %6*('4! +64! -$0512'64! 65! +64!
0D$&*'?/,/4!&'02,40,*'@(64!A(4@(^$(M!&$&&'GF264!65!%,/0!+>I,&&6B!!
!Y$2&'!+64!*2'/0'*$(M!*,++($/54)!,/!52,(36!52,'4!?2$/%64!0+$4464!K!O'P!+64!&15$(M!O*+,&-)!&620(26)!
0$%&'(&)! .'/0)7P)! O''P! %64! %12'314! %(! *152,+6! 65! %64! 214'%(4! %6! 0,&-(45',/! *2,36/$/5! %64! $05'3'514!

!
U!
!
'/%(452'6++64! 65! (2-$'/64)! O'''P! %64! 0,&*,414! 0,&&6! +>$.,56! *2,36/$/5! %64! $05'3'514! $?2'0,+64! O264564!
%>6/?2$'4PB!
#64!$?6/54!*,++($/54!4,/5!46&-+$-+64!9!06(M!2652,(314!%$/4!+>6$(!&$'4!9!+$!%'GG126/06!%6!+>6$(!O,(!
&N&6!%6!+>$'2P)!'+4!4,/5!%'GG'0'+6&6/5!1+'&'/$-+64!0$2!'+4!46!+'6/5!G,256&6/5!$(M!*$25'0(+64!%(!4,+B!
!
C64! 4,+4! *,++(14! *$2! +>I,&&6! 4,/5! /,&-26(M! 65! %'4*62414! 9! 52$3624! +6! &,/%6B! a'6/! @(6! *,(2!
+>b/',/! 8(2,*16//6)! *+(4! %6! R__! ___! 4'564! *,++(14! ,/5! %1A9! 151! '%6/5'G'14! 65)! %>$*2F4! +64! %62/'F264!
645'&$5',/4)! '+! E! 6/! $(2$'5! *2F4! %6! ")T! &'++',/! $(! 5,5$+B! C$! X6+?'@(6! 65! 4(25,(5! +$! c$++,/'6! /6! 4,/5! *$4!
1*$2?/164!*$2!06!*D1/,&F/6B!Y26/,/4!*$2!6M6&*+6!+6!4'56!CXY!9!#DN/16)!&'6(M!0,//(!4,(4!+6!/,&!#('326!
65!d'/0!K!0+$441! *$2! +$!ZY=e(8!OZ,0'151! Y(-+'@(6! %>='%6!9! +$! e($+'51!%6!+>8/3'2,//6&6/5P!%$/4!+$!+'456!%6!
4'564! +64! *+(4!*,++(14! %6! c$++,/'6)!'+! G$'5!%6*('4!U__]! +>,-A65!%>(/6! 21D$-'+'5$5',/B!85! 06!/^645!*$4! (/! 0$4!
(/'@(6!K!%6*('4!*+(4!%6!U_!$/4)!+$!ZY=e(8!$!52$'51!*+(4!%6!W_!G2'0D64!65!%10D$2?64B!
C64!&15$(M!+64!*+(4!2652,(314!4(2!+64!4'564!*,++(14!4,/5!9! 0+$4462!6/!%6(M!0$51?,2'64!K!O'P!+64!/,/!
6446/5'6+! 9! +$! 3'6)! @('! 4,/5! 5,M'@(64! $! 5264! G$'-+64! 0,/06/52$5',/! O+>$246/'0)! +6! 0$%&'(&)! +6! *+,&-! 65! +6!
&620(26P!65!06(M!6446/5'6+!9!+$!3'6!&$'4!@('!%63'6//6/5!@(>$!5264!G,256!0,/06/52$5',/!O+6!.'/0)!+6!/'0f6+)!+6!
G62!65! +6! 0('326!*$2! 6M6&*+6PB! #6556! 5,M'0'51!6&*N0D6! +64! 31?15$(M! %6! 46! %136+,**62! 0,226056&6/5! 65!
&N&6)!4'!+64!0,/06/52$5',/4!4,/5!52F4!G,2564)!$!6&*N0D62!5,(564!3'6!4(2!65!%$/4!+6!4,+B!Y,(2!+>I,&&6)!(/6!
'/5,M'0$5',/!$360!064!&15$(M!*6(!0$(462!%6!?2$36!*2,-+F&6!%6!4$/51!V!*26/,/4!+6!0$4!%(!&620(26!@('!*6(!
0$(462! %64! 52,(-+64! /6(2,+,?'@(64! O*62564! %6! &1&,'264)! &$(M! %6! 5N564)! 526&-+6&6/54)! 650P!*,(3$/5!
&N&6!$++62!A(4@(^9!+$!&,25B!
!
III.#Une#solution#:#la#phytoremédiation!
`+! 6M'456! %'GG126/564! 452$51?'64! *,(2! %1*,++(62! %64! 4,+4B! 8++64! 4,/5! 21*$25'64! 6/! %6(M! 0$51?,2'64)!
46+,/!+6(2!&,%6!%6!&'46!6/!g(326!K!O'P!C6!52$'56&6/5!%'5!:!ex#situ#»!@('!0,/4'456!9!*21+6362!+6!4,+!%(!4'56!
0,/5$&'/1! 65! 9! +('! G$'26!4(-'2!*+(4'6(24!52$'56&6/54!*,(2! 6/+6362!+64!0,/5$&'/$/54)! +$! 56226!$'/4'! 52$'516!
Origine#des#métaux#polluants#l’environnement#
Utilisation#
Métaux#polluants#
X$5562'64!65!$(5264!$**$26'+4!!
#%)!I?)!Y-)!d/)!h/)!i'!
=++'$?6!65!4,(%(26!
#%)!=4)!Y-)!d/)!h/)!Z/)!i')!#(!
Y'?&6/54!65!*6'/5(26!
j')!#%)!I?)!Y-)!d/)!h/)!Z/)!#2)!=+)!=4)!#()!Q6!
X',0'%64!O*645'0'%64)!0,/4623$56(24)!D62-'0'%64)7P!
=4)!I?)!Y-)!#()!Z/)!d/)!h/!
k62264!
=4)!Z/)!h/!
Q625'+'4$/54!
#%)!I?)!Y-)!=+)!=4)!#2)!#()!h/)!i')!d/!
Y+$45'@(64!
#%)!Z/)!Y-!
j6M5'+64!
#2)!Q6)!=+!
#,4&15'@(64!
Z/)!I?!
#$2-(2$/54!
i')!I?)!#()!Q6)!h/)!Y-)!#%!
!
Z,(206!K!Q=[!

!
R!
!
*,(3$/5! N526! 21(5'+'416! 9! +>6/%2,'5! ,l! 6++6! $! 151! *21+6316! ,(! $'++6(24!m! O''P! C6! 52$'56&6/5! :!in# situ#»!@('!
0,/4'456!9!+$'4462!+$!56226!4(2!*+$06!65!9!+$!52$'562!4('3$/5!%'GG126/54!*2,01%14!0D'&'@(64!65n,(!-',+,?'@(64B!!
C$! &15D,%6! +$! *+(4! (5'+'416! *,(2! +6! &,&6/5! 645! +6! *21+F36&6/5! %6! +$! 56226! D,24! %(! 4'56! 65! 4,/!
26&*+$06&6/5!*$2!%6!+$!/,(36++6!56226!O452$51?'6!'PB!j,(56G,'4)!06!*2,0644(4)!6/!*+(4!%>N526!0,o56(M)!/>645!
*$4!%(2$-+6!0$2!'+!/6!G$'5!@(6!%1*+$062!+6!*2,-+F&6!$'++6(24!4$/4!*,(2!$(5$/5!E!26&1%'62B!p6*('4!+64!$//164!
U___)! (/6! /,(36++6! &15D,%6! 645! %,/0! 0,/4'%1216B! 8++6! 0,/4'456! 9! *+$/562! %64! *+$/564! $G'/! %6!
%10,/5$&'/62!+6!4,+!*,++(1)!4(2!*+$06B!#6+$!4^$**6++6!%6!+$!phytoremédiation!OQ'?(26!UPB!`+!*6(5!4^$?'2!%6!K!
J C$!*DE5,6M52$05',/!K!+64!0,/5$&'/$/54!56+4!@(6!+64!&15$(M!4,/5!6M52$'54!*$2!+64!*+$/564B!
J C$! *DE5,45$-'+'4$5',/!K! +64! 0,/5$&'/$/54! O&15$++'@(64! ,(! /,/P! 4,/5! &$'/56/(4! 4(2! *+$06! *$2! %64!
*+$/564!$G'/!%>13'562!+6(2!*2,*$?$5',/B!!
J C$! *DE5,%1?2$%$5',/!K! +64! *+$/564! 52$/4G,2&6/5! +64! *,++($/54! 6/! 0,&*,414! &,'/4! 5,M'@(64)! @('!
26456/5!45,0f14!4(2!*+$06B!
J C$!*DE5,45'&(+$5',/!K!+64!*+$/564!45'&(+6/5!%^$(5264!%1*,++(6(24!O0D$&*'?/,/4)!-$0512'64P!
J C$!*DE5,3,+$5'+'4$5',/!K!+64!0,/5$&'/$/54!4,/5!26/%(4!3,+$5'+64!*$2!+$!*+$/56B!
!
!
!
!
Q'?(26! UB! a6*2146/5$5',/! 40D1&$5'@(6! %64! %'GG126/54! 5E*64! %6! *DE5,26&1%'$5',/B! =%$*51! %6!
D55*KnnqqqB'/560D,*6/B0,&n-,,f4n6/3'2,/&6/5$+J2'4fJ$44644&6/5J,GJ4,'+J0,/5$&'/$5',/B!
!
La#Phytoextraction:!
C$! *DE5,6M52$05',/! 46! -$46! 4(2! +$! *2,*2'151! %6! 0625$'/64! *+$/564! 9! $00(&(+62! +64! 0,/5$&'/$/54! %64! 4,+4!
%$/4!+6(24!*$25'64!$12'6//64!OG6('++64)!5'?64)!52,/0)!650PB!C64!*+$/564!4,/5!6/4('56!210,+5164!65!-2o+164!%$/4!
%64!0D$(%'F264!&(/'64!%6!G'+5264!6&*N0D$/5!+64!*,++($/54!%6!46!26*6/%26!%$/4!+64!G(&164B!#6556!%62/'F26!
15$*6! *6(5! N526! (5'+'416! *,(2! *2,%('26! %6! +>1/62?'6! 65! *62&65! &N&6! %6! 210,+562! +64! &15$(M! $G'/! %6! +64!
260E0+62!65!+64!21(5'+'462B!

!
r!
!
p6(M!5E*64!%6!*+$/564!4,/5!(5'+'414!*,(2!+$!*DE5,6M52$05',/!K!4,'5!%64!*+$/564!$00(&(+$52'064)!4,'5!
%64!*+$/564!:!DE*62$00(&(+$52'064!;B! C64!*26&'F264!0,&*6/46/5!+6(2!G$'-+6!0$*$0'51!%>$00(&(+$5',/!*$2!
+6(2!?2$/%6!5$'++6B!C64!%6(M'F&64!4,/5!%64!*+$/564!%$/4!+64@(6++64!+$!0,/06/52$5',/!6/!&15$(M!O/'0f6+)!.'/0)!
0$%&'(&)!*+,&-)!0('326)!650BP!*6(5!N526!A(4@(^9!"___!G,'4!*+(4!1+6316!@(6!%$/4!%>$(5264!*+$/564!@('!+6(2!
4,/5! *2,0D64! 65! 06)! 4$/4! 4E&*5s&64! 3'4'-+64! %^'/5,M'0$5',/B! Y$2! 6M6&*+6)! Sebertia# acuminata)! +>$2-26! 9!
/'0f6+)!(/6!*+$/56!%6!i,(36++6!#$+1%,/'6)!@('!*6(5!0,/56/'2!A(4@(^9!UtS!%6!/'0f6+!%$/4!4,/!+$56M!O4F36P!
460!OQ'?(26!RPB!
!
!
!
Q'?(26!RB!C$56M!%6!Serbertia#acuminata)!4$!0,(+6(2!-+6(6!5(2@(,'46!645!%(6!9!4$!?2$/%6!56/6(2!6/!/'0f6+B!
OD55*Knn*'6226$+$'/*$/5.B*D,5,4D6+562B0,&n'&$?6n`____[EGrU4+Rf==P!
!
p6! &$/'F26! $2-'52$'26)! (/6! *+$/56! *,441%$/5! "S! %6! .'/0)! _)"S! %6! /'0f6+! ,(! _)_"S! %6! 0$%&'(&!
%$/4! 464! G6('++64! O$*2F4! 410D$?6P! 645! 0,/4'%1216! 0,&&6! DE*62$00(&(+$52'06B! C$! *26&'F26!
DE*62$00(&(+$5',/!%6!/'0f6+!$!151!%10,(36256)!6/!"\r]!0$2!+64!40'6/5'G'@(64!0,&&6/H$'6/5!9!4>'/51264462!
$(M!4,+4!*,++(14!*$2!%64!&15$(MB!h$'4!-'6/!$3$/5!06+$)!6/!"]tT)!+6!*D1/,&F/6!%>DE*62$00(&(+$5',/!$(!
.'/0!$3$'5!%1A9!151!,-46231!0D6.!(/6!$(526!*+$/56!K!Noccaea#caerulescens.!=(A,(2%>D(')!,/!0,//$u5!*+(4!%6!
rT_!64*F064!%6!*+$/564!DE*62$00(&(+$52'06B!#6++64J0'!4,/5!*,(2!WTS!%>6/526!6++64!%64!DE*62$00(&(+$52'06!
%6!/'0f6+B!!=05(6++6&6/5)!%$/4!+6!0$2%26!%>(/6!0,++$-,2$5',/!'/562/$5',/$+6)!%64!0D620D6(24!O%6!Q2$/06)!%(!
#$/$%$)! %>=+-$/'6)! 650P! 52$3$'++6/5! $G'/! %>$22'362! 9! 6M52$'26! +6! /'0f6+! %6! *+$/564B! C64! &6'++6(24! 214(+5$54!
0,/%('46/5! 9! (/6! 210,+56! %6! *+(4! %6! "__! f?! %6! /'0f6+! *$2! D605$26! %6! 5622$'/! 0(+5'31B! #6! /'0f6+! *,(22$'5)!
6/526! $(5264)! N526! 21(5'+'41! *,(2! +$! G$-2'0$5',/! %6! -$5562'64B! #6556! '&*,25$/56! %'3624'51!
%>DE*62$00(&(+$5',/!$(!/'0f6+!0,v/0'%6!$360!+6!/,&-26!'&*,25$/5!%6!4'564!?1,?2$*D'@(64!6/2'0D'4!6/!06!
&15$+)!/,5$&&6/5!%$/4!+64!21?',/4!&1%'5622$/16//64!65!6/!i,(36++6!#$+1%,/'6B!h$'4!+>,/!2652,(36!$(44'!
%64!*+$/564!DE*62$00(&(+$52'064!*,(2!%>$(5264!&15$(M!56+4!@(6!+6!.'/0)!+6!0$%&'(&!,(!+>$246/'0B!
!
La#phytostabilisation#:!
C$! 560D/'@(6! %6! *DE5,6M52$05',/! 645! $05(6++6&6/5! $**+'0$-+6! 9! %64!4,+4! *6(! 9! &,E6//6&6/5!
*,++(14)!,2!+$!&$A6(26!*$25'6!%64!4,+4!*,++(14!*2146/56!%64!5$(M!%6!*,++(5',/!6M52N&6&6/5!'&*,25$/54)!@('!
$(2$'6/5! -64,'/! %^(/6! 6M52$05',/! 52F4! +,/?(6B! I6(26(46&6/5)! '+! 6M'456! ! (/6! $+562/$5'36!K! +$!
*DE5,45$-'+'4$5',/B!
#6556!560D/'@(6!$!*,(2!-(5!%6!2656/'2!+64!0,/5$&'/$/54!65!%6!*$262!9!+6(2!*,56/5'6++6!*2,*$?$5',/B!
C64! 0,/5$&'/$/54! 4,/5! 2656/(4! *$2! +64! 2$0'/64! %64! *+$/564B! C6! *6(*+'62! 645! $'/4'! (5'+'41! %6*('4! *+(4'6(24!
$//164!%$/4!+6!0$%26!%6!260D620D64!4(2!+$!*DE5,45$-'+'4$5',/B!!

!
T!
!
!
La#phytodégradation#:!
8++6!$!*,(2!,-A605'G!%6!52$/4G,2&62!0625$'/4!0,/5$&'/$/54!%(!4,+!6/!0,&*,414!&,'/4!5,M'@(64!9!
+>'/512'6(2!%6!+$!*+$/56B!`0'!$(44'!+6!*6(*+'62!645!$(!06/526!%6!*+(4'6(24!260D620D64B!
!
C6!*6(*+'62)!G(5(2!$056(2!&$A6(2!%6!+$!%1*,++(5',/!%64!4,+4!w!!
OD55*KnnqqqB*D,5,J*$E4$?6B0,&n%'4*+$E'&$?6B*D*w$+-(&xU"Uy*'%xr"tP!
!
La#phytostimulation#:#
#p$/4!06! 0$4J0')! +64! 31?15$(M! /6! 4,/5! *$4! +64! $056(24! *2'/0'*$(M)! &$'4! 6++64! $'%6/5! 06(MJ0'! 6/! +64!
/,(22'44$/5B!='/4')!+64!4(-45$/064!1&'464!*$2!+$!2$0'/6!%64!*+$/564!45'&(+6/5!%64!0D$&*'?/,/4!65n,(!%64!
-$0512'64! %(! 4,+! @('! 0,,*F26/5! $G'/! %6! %1?2$%62! %64! *,++($/54! /,/J&15$++'@(64!$360)! 6/! ?1/12$+)! (/6!
*2,%(05',/!G'/$+6!%6!#[U!O?$.! 0$2-,/'@(6PB!X'6/!@(6!06556!560D/'@(6!,GG26!+$! *,44'-'+'51!%6!%1*,++(62! +64!
4,+4)!6++6!/6!214,(5!*$4!5,(4!+64!*2,-+F&64!0$2!+$!*,++(5',/!645!%1*+$016!%$/4!+>$'2!4,(4!G,2&6!%6!#[UB!
!!
La#phytovolatilisation#:!
#6556!560D/'@(6)!-$416!4(2!!+$!52$/4*'2$5',/!%64!*+$/564!3'46!9!52$/4G,2&62!+64!0,/5$&'/$/54!%64!
4,+4! 6/! %64! 0,&*,414! ?$.6(M! @('! 4,/5! 26+L0D14! %$/4! +>$5&,4*DF26B! `0'! $(44')!0,&&6! +6! 0$4! %6! +$!
*D,5,45'&(+$5',/)!06556! 560D/'@(6! ,GG26! +$! *,44'-'+'51! %6! %1*,++(62! +64! 4,+4)! &$'4! /6! 214,(5! *$4! 5,(4! +64!
*2,-+F&64!0$2!+$!*,++(5',/!645!%1*+$016!%$/4!+>$'2B!
!
IV.#Conclusion!
!p64!560D/'@(64!31?15$+64!*6(36/5!$'%62!9!%1*,++(62!+64!4,+4)!+64!560D/'@(64!%6!phytoremédiationB!
8++64!4,/5!*6(!0,o56(464)!@(6!06!4,'5!6/!1/62?'6!,(!6/!$2?6/5)!5,(5!6/!$&1+',2$/5!+6!*$E4$?6B!p6!*+(4)!+64!
*+$/564! 210,+5164! *6(36/5! N526! 3$+,2'4164! 10,/,&'@(6&6/5B! `+! /^E! $! @(6! @(6+@(64! +'&'5$5',/4! 9! 064!
560D/'@(64B!='/4')!+$!5$'++6!%6!+$!0,(0D6!%6!56226!@('!*6(5!N526!%10,/5$&'/16!645!4,(36/5!'/G12'6(26!9!T&!
%6!*2,G,/%6(2!9! 0$(46! %6! +$! 5$'++6!%64! 2$0'/64!J! 65! 6/0,26)! 06556!+'&'56!0,2264*,/%!$(!&6'++6(2!%64!0$4)!
06+('! %6! +>(5'+'4$5',/! %>$2-264B! p6! *+(4)! 9! 214(+5$54! '%6/5'@(64)! 064! 560D/'@(64! %6&$/%6/5! *+(4! %6! 56&*4!
@(6!+64!52$%'5',//6++64!560D/'@(64!*DE4'0,J0D'&'@(64B!