Étude des effets toxiques des particules en suspension dans l’air ou déposées sur le sol, suite
à l’exposition intérieure ou extérieure
Marie-Cécile CHALBOT et Ilias KAVOURAS
complexe de HAP est la somme de chaque concentration de
congénère de HAP multipliée par un facteur d’équivalence
toxique (FET) qui exprime la toxicité relative de chaque HAP
par rapport au benzo(a)pyrene, congénère de référence.
Publications de référence
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carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution, Lancet Oncol
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and Outdoor Exposures to PM2.5 and Its Components
for Groups of Cardiovascular Patients in Amsterdam and
Helsinki. In: HEI. Amsterdam, Helsinki: IRAS (Institute of Risk
Assessment Sciences); 2005:44-45.
(5) Sippula O, Rintala H, Happo M, et al. Characterization
of chemical and microbial species from size segregated
indoor and outdoor particulate sample. Aerosol Air Qual Res
2013;13(4):1212-30.
(6) Happo M, Markkanen A, Markkanen P, et al. Seasonal
variation in the toxicological properties of size-segregated
indoor and outdoor air particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro
2013;27(5):1550-61
(7) Jalava PI, Salonen RO, Pennanen AS, et al. Heterogeneities
in inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of RAW 264.7
macrophage cell line to urban air coarse, fine and ultrafine
particles from six European sampling campaigns. Inhal
Toxicol 2007;19(3):213-25.
(8) Jalava PI, Hirvonen MR, Sillanpaa M, et al. Associations of
urban air particulate composition with inflammatory and
cytotoxic responses in RAW264.7 cell line. Inhal Toxicol
2009;21 (12):994-1006.
(9) Liu E, Yan T, Birch G, et al. Pollution and health risk of
potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a
megacity of China. Environ Sci Technol 2014;(476-477):522-31.
(10) Maertens RM, Yang X, Zhu J, et al. Mutagenic and carcinogenic
hazards of settled house dust. I: Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon content and excess lifetime cancer risk from
preschool exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42(5):1747-53.
(11) Hoang KT. Dermal Exposure Assessment: A summary of EPA
approaches. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC,
EPA/600/-07/0407, 2007.
(12) Fent KW, Eisenberg J, Evans D, et al. Health Hazard Evaluation
report: Evaluation of dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in fire fighters. U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH
HETA Report No. 2010-0156-3196, 2013.
General conclusion
The health effects of particulate matter depend on
both indoor and outdoor air exposure, people spending
three-quarters of their time in indoor environment.
This note deals with the effects of toxic or carcinogenic
particles sampled simultaneously inside and outside
private homes. The first study showed that mineral
dust from soil and roads, the HAPs1 and metals emitted
by biomass burning and petroleum combustion as well
as the secondary particles (NO3 and SO4) are primarily
responsible for the cytotoxic and inflammatory effects
of particles. The second study showed that over 70 % of
the samples of dust deposited on the roads outside the
windows or floor houses induce cancer risk associated
with HAP1 exposure exceeds the acceptable level set
at 1.10-6. Both studies draw attention to the effects of
soil particles and road dust as well as particles from
incomplete combustion, major sources of atmospheric
particles which act significantly on viability and cell
function, inflammation, oxidative stress and cancer.
Resuspension of soil mineral particles and road dust is
therefore a global public health problem. The HAP1 and
metals are emitted from the incomplete combustion from
traffic, transportation, residential heating or cooking and
then settle on the floor. Soil particles of biogenic origin are
thus potentially contaminated by products originating
from anthropogenic emissions which may have an effect
on the toxic properties of the soil particles, and increase
their oxidizing power. As a result, resuspension of soil and
road dust particles is a global public health problem. These
two studies also show the influence of the outside air on
the quality of indoor air when the air exchanges between
indoors and outdoors are not controlled. Dust from soil
and roads can also be brought from the outside by the
shoes. In addition, there is a need for data to estimate
the risks associated with the activities of persons subject
to exposure to airborne particles of contaminated soils.
Lexique
(1) HAP : Hydrocarbure aromatiques polycycliques. Composés
principalement émis lors de la combustion incomplète de
l’essence, du diesel et de la biomasse.
(2) Test MTT : Étude de l’activité mitochondriale et de la viabilité
des cellules (test de cytotoxicité).
(3) PI : Propidium Iodide. Contre-colorant rouge fluorescent des
noyaux et des chromosomes des cellules. Permet de détecter
les cellules apoptotiques.
(4) Probit : Modèle de régression pour analyser les variables de
résultats binaires (dans l’article 2, le résultat peut prendre
deux variables : la probabilité du risque est supérieure ou
inférieure à la valeur 1 10-6).
(5) TEQB(a)P : Le quotient d’équivalence toxique (TEQ) d’un mélange
Milieux
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Anses • Bulletin de veille scientifique n° 26 • Santé / Environnement / Travail • Mars 2015
Qualité des milieux