Abstract
The future of hard X-ray astronomy relies on the development of new instruments able to
focus photons of a hundred keV. Indeed, focalization allows an important improvement in sen-
sitivity and angular resolution. Achieved by grazing incidence reflections on Wolter-I mirrors,
its use currently limited to tens of keV can be extended to higher energies thanks to a specific
coating and a large focal length. As X-ray observations are only possible above the atmosphere,
the size of the observatories, and hence their focal length, was limited by the launcher capacity.
Over the past few years, different technologies like extendible masts or formation flight have
been studied to go beyond this limit.
To gain a better understanding of these telescopes, I detail the Wolter-I mirror geometry,
their coating reflectivity, the detection in semi-conductor as well as the dynamic related to ex-
tendible masts and formation flight. These telescopes are complex optical systems, subject to
deformations during observation and need a fine metrology system to measure these deforma-
tions for image correction.
To study their performance, I developed a code reproducing the real functioning of such a
telescope. Each photon is considered individually, its path and interactions depend on the be-
havior of the telescope structure along with time. Each component of the telescope is modeled,
as well as the metrology needed for the restitution of its dynamic. The path of the photon is
computed in a three dimensional vector space, using Monte-Carlo methods to reproduce the
mirror defaults, their reflectivity and the interactions in the detector. The simulation produces
images and energy spectra, from which we can infer the angular resolution, the field of view,
the effective area and the detection efficiency.
In 2006, the Simbol-X mission was selected in the framework of the formation flight stu-
dies. This concept allows a large focal length, the telescope being distributed on two independent
spacecrafts. However, the particular dynamic of the formation flight has consequences on the
telescope performance and must be controlled. In the framework of this mission, my simulation
tool was used to study the consequence of the motion of each satellite on the telescope perfor-
mance and the influence of the metrology errors on the image reconstruction. This study led to
the attitude control specification of each spacecraft and to the metrology accuracy specification.
Considering these results, I demonstrate the feasibility of this kind of telescope.
Beyond the Simbol-X mission, I have investigated the performance optimization of a hard X-
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