le rôle de la notion d`équilibre dans l`explication en psychologie

!!"#$%!"&!"%'"()*+)("&",-.+%+/#!"&'(0
%#!12%+3'*+)("!("20435)%)6+!
2789:;8"<=;<89">89"?@=>89"A9B@C=>=DE:;89"F=G<"HAA8>"I">H"
G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78" 8<" >;E" F=G<" M=;87" ;G"7N>8" JHG9" >K8OA>E@HP
<E=GQ" J89"@=GJ;E<89R" 3K89<"HEG9E" :;8"2R" SHG8<"EGT=:;HE<"@8<<8"
G=<E=G" JHG9" 9H" <C?=7E8" J89" 7?D;>H<E=G9" HFF8@<ET89" 8<" :;8"
U78;J" >K;<E>E98"?DH>8V8G<"8G" @8" VWV8"J=VHEG8R" 3>HAH7XJ8"
@=G9EJ?7HE<">8"L89=EG"@=VV8">K8OA7899E=G"JK;G"J?9?:;E>EL78"
8<">H"9H<E9FH@<E=G"@=VV8">KEGJE@8" JK;G8" 7??:;E>EL7H<E=G" Y" >H"
9;@@899E=G"J89"@=GJ;E<89">;E"HAAH7HE99HE<"HEG9E"@=VV8";G8"
9;E<8" J8" J?9?:;E>EL789" V=V8G<HG?9" 8<" J8" 7?<HL>E998V8G<9"
JK?:;E>EL78R" %H" <C?=7E8" J8" >H" 689<H><" H" ?<8GJ;" >8" V=J8"
JKEG<87A7?<H<E=G" H;O" 9<7;@<;789" @=DGE<ET89" ZA87@8A<E=G" 8<"
EG<8>>ED8G@8["8<"\R"%8]EG">KH"J?T8>=AA?8"8G"A9B@C=>=DE8"9=@EH>8Q"
G=<HVV8G<" AH7" >K8VA>=E" J8" >H" <C?=7E8" J89" D7HAC89R" %89"
<C?=7E89"J8">KHAA78G<E99HD8"8<"J;"@=GJE<E=GG8V8G<"78G@=GP
<78G<"GH<;78>>8V8G<">8"A7=L>XV8"J8">K?:;E>EL78"I"A7=A=9"J8"
>H" 9<HLE>E9H<E=G"J89"@=GJ;E<89R" -;HG<" I" >H" <C?=7E8"J;"J?T8P
>=AA8V8G<" 8G" D?G?7H>Q" G=;9" HT=G9" G=;9PVWV8" @=G9<HVP
V8G<" FHE<" HAA8>" I">H" G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78"A=;7" 8OA>E:;87" >H"
D8GX98"J89"9<7;@<;789"=A?7H<=E789"8<">8"AH99HD8"J89"7?D;>HP
<E=G9"A7?=A?7H<=E789"H;O"=A?7H<E=G9"A7=A78V8G<"JE<89R
+>"98"A=98"J=G@"J8;O"D7HGJ9"A7=L>XV89"8G"@8":;E"@=G@87G8"
>H"G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78"Y"^["@8":;K8OA>E:;8">H"G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78Q"
=;">8"7N>8"J8"@8"@=G@8A<"JHG9">K8OA>E@H<E=G"A9B@C=>=DE:;8"_"
8<"`["@=VV8G<" 9K8OA>E:;8">K?:;E>EL78">;EPVWV8Q" @K89<PIPJE78"
:;8>"89<">8"V=JX>8">8"A>;9"HJ?:;H<"A=;7"78GJ78"@=VA<8"JK;G"
A7=@899;9"JK?:;E>EL7H<E=GR
38"9=G<"@89"J8;O"A7=L>XV89":;8"G=;9"H>>=G9"8OHVEG87
9;@@899ET8V8G<R"aHE9"A=;7"A7?T8GE7"<=;<"VH>8G<8GJ;"8<"H;"
7E9:;8"JKHG<E@EA87"9;7">H"J8;OEXV8"AH7<E8"J8"@8<"8OA=9?Q"E>"89<"
;<E>8"J8"A7?@E987"JX9"VHEG<8GHG<" :;8"G=;9" G8"@=G@8T7=G9"
G;>>8V8G<" >K?:;E>EL78" A9B@C=>=DE:;8" I" >H" VHGEX78" JK;G8"
LH>HG@8"J8" F=7@89" 8G";G"?<H<" J8"78A=9Q" VHE9" >8"J?FEGE7=G9"
<7X9" >H7D8V8G<" AH7">H" @=VA8G9H<E=G" J;8" H;O" H@<ETE<?9" J;"
9;M8<"8G"7?A=G98"H;O"A87<;7LH<E=G9"8O<?7E8;789R"+>"9K8G9;E<"
:;8" >K?:;E>EL78" HEG9E" J?FEGE" 89<" @=VAH<EL>8" HT8@" >H" G=<E=G"
J8"9B9<XV8Q"=;T87<"8<":;KE>"TH;J7HE<"A8;<PW<78"VE8;O"AH7>87"
HT8@" %R" TR" /87<H>HGFFB" JK;G"b" ?<H<" 9<HL>8" JHG9" ;G"9B9<XV8"
=;T87<"cR"aHE9">8"<87V8"JK?:;E>EL78"AH7Hd<"@8A8GJHG<"A7?F?P
7HL>8Q" 8G" <HG<" :;KEVA>E:;HG<" >KEJ?8" J8" @=VA8G9H<E=GR"
08;>8V8G<Q"E>"FH;<"H>=79"EG9E9<87"HT8@"F=7@8"9;7">8"FHE<":;8">H"
A87<;7LH<E=G" 8O<?7E8;78" G8" 9H;7HE<" W<78" @=VA8G9?8" :;8"
AH7" J89" H@<ETE<?9" Y" H;"maximum"JK?:;E>EL78"@=7789A=GJ7H"
J=G@Q"G=G"AH9";G"?<H<"J8"78A=9"VHE9";G"maximum "JKH@<ETE<?9"
J;" 9;M8<":;E" @=VA8G987=G<Q" JK;G8"AH7<Q" >89" A87<;7LH<E=G9"
H@<;8>>89Q"VHE9"H;99EQ"JKH;<78"AH7<Q">89"A87<;7LH<E=G9"TE7<;8>P
>89" Z@8@E" 89<" 8998G<E8>Q" 8<" E>" EVA=7<8" J8" >8" 9=;>EDG87" JX9"
VHEG<8GHG<Q"8G"AH7<E@;>E87"JHG9">8"@H9"J89"9B9<XV89"=A?7HP
<=E789" J8">H"A8G9?8Q" =e">8"9;M8<" H<<8EG<" >K?:;E>EL78"JHG9" >H"
V89;78"=e"E>"89<"@HAHL>8"JKHG<E@EA87">89"A87<;7LH<E=G9"8G"98"
>89"78A7?98G<HG<"AH7"J89"=A?7H<E=G9"JE<89"H>=79"b"JE78@<89"c"
8<" J8" >89" @=VA8G987" JKHTHG@8" AH7" ;G" M8;" JK=A?7H<E=G9"
b"EGT87989"c[R
%KEVA=7<HG<Q" A=;7" >K8OA>E@H<E=G" 8G" A9B@C=>=DE8Q" GK89<"
J=G@" AH9" >K?:;E>EL78" 8G" <HG<" :;K?<H<Q" VHE9" >8" A7=@899;9"
VWV8" JK?:;E>EL7H<E=GR" %K?:;E>EL78" GK89<" :;K;G" 7?9;><H<Q"
<HGJE9":;8">8"A7=@899;9"@=VV8"<8>" A7?98G<8";G"A>;9"D7HGJ"
A=;T=E7"8OA>E@H<EFR"
&HG9"@8":;E"9;E<"G=;9"G8"G=;9"=@@;A87=G9":;8"J89"V?@HP
GE9V89"@=DGE<EF9Q" 8G"G?D>ED8HG<" >89" FH@<8;79" HFF8@<EF9" ZV=<EP
TH<E=G[Q" G=G"AH9"AH7"A7EG@EA8"VHE9" A=;7"G=;9"8G"<8GE7"I"@8"
:;8"G=;9"HT=G9"?<;JE?R
$%&'()*+,&()'+-.)Acta)psychologica,)15/)0121/)**3)20456
*&7.),(*,8'&7%()'+-.)Six)études)de)psychologie
9:+,7.;)<(-8=>4?8-%@7(,/)015AB
!+)*+C7-+%78-)'&)*,D.(-%)'8E&F(-%
(.%)E(>>()'(.)Six)études3)
G(,.78-)D>(E%,8-7H&(),D+>7.D()*+,)>(.).87-.)'()>+
I8-'+%78-)J(+-):7+C(%)*8&,),(E@(,E@(.
*.KE@8>8C7H&(.)(%)D*7.%DF8>8C7H&(.3
))!L)MN!L)<L)!O)PQRSQP)<"$TUS!SVML)002
Fondation Jean Piaget
Ce)qu'explique)la)notion)d'équilibre
+>"89<"JKHL=7J"I"G=<87":;8">K?:;E>EL78"GK89<"AH9";G"@H7H@P
<X78" 8O<7EG9X:;8" =;" 9;7HM=;<?Q" VHE9" LE8G";G8" A7=A7E?<?"
EG<7EG9X:;8" 8<"@=G9<E<;<ET8"J8">H"TE8"=7DHGE:;8"8<" V8G<H>8R"
.G"@HE>>=;Q"AH7"7HAA=7<"I"9=G"8G<=;7HD8Q"A8;<"98"<7=;T87"8G"
?<H<9"JK?:;E>EL78"9<HL>89Q"EG9<HL>89"=;"EGJEFF?78G<9"8<"@8>H"G8"
@CHGD8" 7E8G"I" 9H"GH<;78R" .G" =7DHGE9V8Q" AH7" 7HAA=7<" I" 9=G"
VE>E8;"A7?98G<8"H;"@=G<7HE78"J8"V;><EA>89"F=7V89"JK?:;E>EL78Q"
J8A;E9" @8>;E" J89" A=9<;789" M;9:;KI" >KC=V?=9<H9E9Q" 8<" @89"
F=7V89"9=G<"G?@899HE789"I"9H"TE8"Y"E>"9KHDE<"J=G@"J8"@H7H@<X789"
EG<7EG9X:;89Q" 8<">89" J?9?:;E>EL789"J;7HL>89"@=G9<E<;8G<" J89"
?<H<9"AH<C=>=DE:;89Q"=7DHGE:;89"=;"V8G<H;OR
/E8G"A>;9Q"E>"8OE9<8"JHG9">K=7DHGE9V8"J89"=7DHG89"9A?@EH;O"
JK?:;E>EL78R"+>"8G"89<"J8"VWV8"A=;7">H"TE8"V8G<H>8Q"J=G<">89"
=7DHG89" JK?:;E>EL78" 9=G<" @=G9<E<;?9" AH7" J89" V?@HGE9V89"
7?D;>H<8;79"9A?@EH;OQ"8<"@8>H"I"<=;9">89"GET8H;O"Y"J89"7?D;>HP
<E=G9" ?>?V8G<HE789" J8" >H" V=<ETH<E=G" ZL89=EG9" 8<" EG<?7W<9["
M;9:;KI">H"T=>=G<?Q"A=;7"@8":;E"89<"J8">H"TE8"HFF8@<ET8Q"8<"J89"
7?D;>H<E=G9"A87@8A<ET89"8<"98G9=7EPV=<7E@89"M;9:;KH;O"=A?7HP
<E=G9Q"A7=A78V8G<"JE<89Q" A=;7"@8":;E"89<"J8">H"TE8"@=DGE<ET8R"
(=;9"T877=G9Q" 8G"8FF8<Q":;8">8"7N>8"J89"=A?7H<E=G9"89<"JKHG<EP
@EA87">89"A87<;7LH<E=G9"V=JEfEHG<"<=;<"9B9<XV8"78A7?98G<H<EF"
8<"J8">89"@=VA8G987"D7g@8"I">H"7?T879ELE>E<?"8G<EX78":;E"@H7H@P
<?7E98"A7?@E9?V8G<">89"V?@HGE9V89"=A?7H<=E789"AH7"=AA=9E<E=G"
I">H"98VEP7?T879ELE>E<?"J89"7?D;>H<E=G9"J8"GET8H;O"HG<?7E8;79R
%H" @=G9EJ?7H<E=G" J89" A7=L>XV89" JK?:;E>EL78" 89<" J=G@"
EGJE9A8G9HL>8" H;O" 8OA>E@H<E=G9" LE=>=DE:;89" 8<" A9B@C=>=DEP
:;89R" (=;9" GKEG9E9<87=G9" AH9" 9;7" @8<<8"G?@899E<?" 8G"@8":;E"
@=G@87G8">89"<C?=7E89"J8">KHAA78G<E99HD8Q" @H7"8>>8"TH"J8"9=E"
A=;7" H;<HG<" :;8" >K=G" @H7H@<?7E98" >KHAA78G<E99HD8" @=VV8"
;G8" V=JEfE@H<E=G" J;7HL>8"ZJ=G@" ?:;E>EL7?8[" J;" @=VA=7<8P
V8G<" 8G" F=G@<E=G" J89" H@:;E9E<E=G9" J;89" I" >K8OA?7E8G@8R"
3=VV8"E>" GK89<"AH9" @87<HEGQ" JKH;<78" AH7<Q" :;8">89" V=JX>89"
H@<;8>9"J8">KHAA78G<E99HD8"9KHAA>E:;8G<"H;O"H@:;E9E<E=G9
@=DGE<ET89" 9;A?7E8;789" 8<" @=VV8" E>" 89<" ?TEJ8G<" :;8" >KHAP
A78G<E99HD8" @=G9<E<;8" 98;>8V8G<" >K;G" J89" H9A8@<9Q" AH7VE"
JKH;<789Q" J;" J?T8>=AA8V8G<Q" @K89<" J8" @8" J87GE87" J=VHEG8"
:;8"G=;9"HEV87E=G9"AH7<E7R
%H" <C?=7E8" J;" J?T8>=AA8V8G<" 89<" VH>C8;78;98V8G<"
L8H;@=;A" V=EG9" ?>HL=7?8" :;8" @8>>8" J8" >KHAA78G<E99HD8Q"
AH7@8":;K8>>8"9K89<" C8;7<?8" I" >H" JEFfE@;><?" F=GJHV8G<H>8" J8"
JE99=@E87" >89" FH@<8;79" EG<87G89" ZVH<;7H<E=G["J89" FH@<8;79"
8O<87G89"ZH@<E=G9"J;"VE>E8;[Q"VHE9"@8<<8"JEFfE@;><?"VWV8"89<"
EG9<7;@<ET8"A=;7"G=;9"@=VV8"G=;9"H>>=G9">8"T=E7R"%89"<7=E9"
FH@<8;79" @>H99E:;89" J;" J?T8>=AA8V8G<" 9=G<" >KC?7?JE<?Q" >8"
VE>E8;" ACB9E:;8" 8<" >8"VE>E8;" 9=@EH>R" aHE9" =G" GKH" MHVHE9"
=L987T?" ;G8"@=GJ;E<8"J;8"I">H"VH<;7H<E=G"A;78Q" 9HG9" ?>?P
V8G<"JK8O87@E@8Q"GE";G8"H@<E=G"J;"VE>E8;":;E"G8"98"D78FF8"9;7"
J89"9<7;@<;789"EG<87G89R"%H"9E<;H<E=G"89<">H"VWV8"8G"LE=>=DE8"Y"
E>" GK8OE9<8" AH9" J8"D?G=<BA8Q" VWV8" 8G"@;><;78"A;78Q" :;E" G8"
9KEG@H7G8"8G"J89"AC?G=<BA89"TH7E?9"Z@H7">8"D?G=<BA8"89<"@8"
:;KE>"B"H"J8"@=VV;G"I"<=;9">89"AC?G=<BA89"@=7789A=GJHG<9"
8<"G8"@=G9<E<;8"J=G@" AH9";G8"7?H>E<?"I"V8<<78"9;7">8"VWV8"
A>HG" :;8" >89" AC?G=<BA89[Q" 8<" E>" GK8OE9<8" AH9" J8" AC?G=<BA8"
:;E"G8"9=E<"78>H<EF"I";G"D?G=<BA8"Z=;"I";G"V?>HGD8"J8"D?G=P
<BA89[R"0E">K=G"<E8G<"@=VA<8"J8"@8<<8"EG<87H@<E=G"F=GJHV8G<H>8"
J89" FH@<8;79" EG<87G89" 8<"8O<87G89Q" H>=79" <=;<8" @=GJ;E<8" 89<"
;G8"assimilation)J;"J=GG?"I"J89"9@CXV89"HG<?7E8;79"ZHT8@"I"
J89"J8D7?9"JET879"J8"A7=F=GJ8;7Q"H99EVE>H<E=G"I"J89"9@CXV89"
C?7?JE<HE789["8<"<=;<8"@=GJ;E<8"89<" 8G"VWV8"<8VA9" accom>
modation)J8"@89"9@CXV89"I">H"9E<;H<E=G"H@<;8>>8R"++"8G"7?9;><8"
:;8">H"<C?=7E8"J;"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"FHE<"G?@899HE78V8G<"HAA8>"
I">H"G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78Q"A;E9:;8"<=;<8"@=GJ;E<8"<8GJ"I"H99;787"
;G"?:;E>EL78"8G<78">89"FH@<8;79"EG<87G89"8<"8O<87G89"=;"A>;9"
D?G?7H>8V8G<"8G<78">KH99EVE>H<E=G"8<">KH@@=VV=JH<E=GR
aHE9"E>"B"H"A>;9R"%8"FH@<8;7"JK?:;E>EL78"89<"I"@=G9EJ?787"8G"
7?H>E<?" @=VV8" ;G" :;H<7EXV8" FH@<8;7" 9KHM=;<HG<" H;O" <7=E9"
A7?@?J8G<9"ZJ8"VH<;7H<E=G"8<"J8"VE>E8;"ACB9E:;8"=;"9=@EH>[R
005) JLOP):SO?LR)!L)MN!L)<L)!O)PQRSQP)<"$TUS!SVML)00W
++"G8"9KB"HM=;<8" AH9" HJJE<ET8V8G<Q" A;E9:;KE>" HDE<"I"<E<78"J8"
@==7JEGH<E=G" G?@899HE78" 8G<78" J89" FH@<8;79" ?>?V8G<HE789"
J=G<" H;@;G" GK89<" E9=>HL>8R" aHE9" E>" @=G9<E<;8" ;G" :;H<7EXV8"
FH@<8;7Q" JKHL=7J" AH7@8" :;KE>" 89<" A>;9" D?G?7H>" :;8" >89" <7=E9"
A78VE879Q" 8<" 8G9;E<8" AH7@8" :;KE>" A8;<" W<78" HGH>B9?" JK;G8"
VHGEX78"78>H<ET8V8G<"H;<=G=V8R"38<<8"H;<=G=VE8"G8"9EDGEFE8"
J=G@"AH9":;KE>"9=E<"EGJ?A8GJHG<"J89)<7=E9"H;<789Q"A;E9:;KE>"B"
H"EG<87F?78G@8"@=G<EG;8Q"VHE9":;KE>"78>XT8"J8"V=J89"JKEG<87P
A7?<H<E=G"A7=A789"F=GJ?9"9;7"J89"@=G9EJ?7H<E=G9"A;78V8G<"
A7=LHLE>E9<89R" 2H7" 8O8VA>8Q" A=;7" H;<HG<" :;8" >8" J8;OEXV8"
A7EG@EA8"J8">H"<C87V=JBGHVE:;8"9KHAA>E:;8"H;O"AC?G=VXG89"
TE<H;O"Z8<"/87<H>HGFFB"H"V=G<7?":;8"@8"GK?<HE<"@=G<7HJE@<=E78"
GE"HT8@">H"G=<E=G"JK;G"9B9<XV8"=;T87<" GE" HT8@" >H" JEFF?78GP
@EH<E=G"@7=E99HG<8"J89"9<7;@<;789"=7DHGE:;89[Q"=G"G8"A=;77H"
@=G9EJ?787">KH@@7=E998V8G<" JK8G<7=AE8"GE" @=VV8";G"V?@HP
GE9V8"EGG?Q"GE"@=VV8";G8"H@:;E9E<E=G"ZACB9E:;8"=;"9;7<=;<"
9=@EH>8["Y"E>"9KHDE7H"JK;G8"F=7V8"AH7<E@;>EX78"J8"@H;9H>E<?"9<H<E9P
<E:;8" =;"A7=LHLE>E9<8Q" F=GJ?8" 9;7">KEG<87J?A8GJHG@8"VWV8"
J89" AC?G=VXG89R" 0HG9" J=;<8" >89" 8OA>E@H<E=G9" J8" @8" D8G78"
987=G<P8>>89"A>;9"H7LE<7HE789":;8"@8>>89"78>8THG<"J8">H"@H;9HP
>E<?" @>H99E:;8">EG?HE78Q" VHE9" 8>>89" 987=G<" EGJ?A8GJHG<89" J8"
>KHGH>B98"98>=G">89"<7=E9"H;<789"FH@<8;79R
.G8" D7HT8" =LM8@<E=G" J8V8;78" @8A8GJHG<" A=99EL>8R" '"
9=;<8GE7":;8" >8"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"@=G9E9<8" 8G";G8" ?:;E>EL7HP
<E=G"A7=D7899ET8"=G"98"C8;7<8"I"@8<<8"J=;L>8"JEFfE@;><?":;8"
@8"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"HAAH7Hd<"@8A8GJHG<"@=VV8";G8"9;@@89P
9E=G"JK?<H<9"G=G"9<HL>89Q"M;9:;KH;"<87V8"fEGH>Q"8<":;8"VWV8"
H;"<87V8"J89"9?7E89"D?G?<E:;89Q">89"?<H<9"9<HL>89"J8V8;78G<"
8O@8A<E=GG8>9R" )G"A=;77HE<" J=G@" 9=;<8GE7" :;8">K8OA>E@H<E=G"
AH7" >K?:;E>EL78"G8"78@=;T78" :;K;G"J=VHEG8" 8O<7WV8V8G<"
>EVE<?Q" 98" 7?J;E9HG<" 8G" FHE<" I"@8>;E" J89" 9<7;@<;789" >=DE@=P
VH<C?VH<E:;89R" 389" J87GEX789Q" ;G8" F=E9" @=G9<7;E<89Q" J8P
V8;78G<"8G"8FF8<"9<HL>89">H"TE8"J;7HG<"Y"AH7"8O8VA>8">H"9;E<8"
J89"G=VL789"8G<E879Q">89"9<7;@<;789">=DE:;89"J8"@>H9989Q"J8
78>H<E=G9"8<"J8"A7=A=9E<E=G9"G8"98"V=JEfE8G<"A>;9"@C8h">8"9;P
M8<" LE8G" :;K8>>89" A;E998G<" W<78" EG<?D7?89" 8G"J89" 9<7;@<;789"
A>;9" @=VA>8O89" _" <E7HG<" >8;79" 7H@EG89" J8" >H" TE8" V8G<H>8"8<"
9KH@C8THG<" JHG9" >H" TE8" 9=@EH>8Q" 8>>89" @=G9<E<;8G<Q" ;G8" F=E9"
?>HL=7?89Q"J89"V=JX>89"F7HAAHG<9"JK?:;E>EL78"JHG9">KCE9<=E78"
@=VV8"JHG9">8"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"EGJETEJ;8>R")G"A=;77HE<"H>=79"
9;AA=987" :;8" >H" G=<E=G" JK?:;E>EL78" @=DGE<EF" G8" 9KHAA>E:;8"
:;KI" J8" <8>9" @H9" AH7<E@;>E879" AH7" =AA=9E<E=G" I" >H" D7HGJ8"
VH998"J89"A7=@899;9"EG<8>>8@<;8>9"8G"A87A?<;8>"J?9?:;E>EL78"
ZA;E9:;8" @CH:;8" A7=L>XV8Q" <C?=7E:;8" =;" A7H<E:;8Q" VHGEP
F89<8">K8OE9<8G@8"JK;G8">H@;G8Q"@K89<PIPJE78"JK;G"J?9?:;E>EL78[R
aHE9" >K=LM8@<E=G"GK89<" 7?8>>8":;8" 9E" >K=G" 98" J=GG8" ;G8"
@87<HEG8" EG<87A7?<H<E=G" >EVE<H<ET8" J89" =A?7H<E=G9" >=DE@=P
VH<C?VH<E:;89Q"8G">89"@=G9EJ?7HG<"@=VV8"I">H"F=E9"<H7JET89"
8<" JKHAA>E@H<E=G"789<78EG<8R" ++" 8G" TH"<=;<" H;<78V8G<" 9E" >K=G"
78@=GGHd<" 8G" 8>>89" >KHL=;<E998V8G<" FEGH>" JK;G" A7=@899;9"
D?G?7H>" JK?:;E>EL7H<E=G" I" AH7<E7" J8" 9<7;@<;789" A7?>=DE:;89"
Z7?D;>H<E=G9"98G9=7EPV=<7E@89Q"A87@8A<ET89"8<"78A7?98G<H<ET89"
J8"GET8H;"A7?=A?7H<=E78[Q"VHE9"AH7<E8>>8V8G<"E9=V=7AC89"I"
>H">=DE:;8R
)7Q" E>" 8OE9<8" J8;O" EG<87A7?<H<E=G9" A9B@C=>=DE:;89" A=99EP
L>89" J89" 9<7;@<;789" >=DE@=PVH<C?VH<E:;89R" 08>=G" >H" A78P
VEX78"Z:;E"89<"JKEG9AE7H<E=G"8VAE7E9<8[Q"@89"9<7;@<;789"78>XP
T8G<"J8"@==7JEGH<E=G9" T8G;89" HA7X9" @=;A"8<" 9KHAA>E:;HG<" I"
J89"@=G<8G;9"J?@=;T87<9"EGJ?A8GJHVV8G<"JK8>>89"Y"E>"9K?>HP
L=787HE<" 8G" A78VE87" >E8;" ;G" 8G98VL>8" J8" @=GGHE99HG@89"
J;89"I">H"A87@8A<E=GQ"8<@RQ"8<"J=G<">KH@:;E9E<E=G"G8"@=VA=7P
<87HE<">K8O87@E@8"JKH;@;G8">=DE:;8"_"HA7X9":;=EQ"8<"8G"98@=GJ"
>E8;Q" EG<87TE8GJ7HE8G<" >89" @==7JEGH<E=G9" >=DE@=PVH<C?VH<EP
:;89" J8"@89" @=G<8G;9" A7?H>HL>89R" 08>=G" >H"98@=GJ8" EG<87P
A7?<H<E=G"Z:;E"89<"JKEG9AE7H<E=G"7H<E=GH>E9<8"=;"JEH>8@<E:;8[Q"
E>" 987HE<" EVA=99EL>8"J8" J?@=;T7E7"H;@;G" @=G<8G;"9HG9" ;G8"
9<7;@<;7H<E=G"@=VA=7<HG<";G"E9=V=7ACE9V8"H;"V=EG9"AH7P
<E8>"HT8@">H">=DE:;8"Y"8G"@8"@H9">89"9<7;@<;789">=DE@=PVH<C?P
00X) JLOP):SO?LR)!L)MN!L)<L)!O)PQRSQP)<"$TUS!SVML)001
VH<E:;89Q" HEG9E" :;8" >89" 9<7;@<;789" A7?>=DE:;89" 8<" A7?VHP
<C?VH<E:;89" :;E" 8G"9=G<" >89" ?LH;@C89Q" @=G9<E<;87HE8G<" J89"
EG9<7;V8G<9" JKH@:;E9E<E=G" J89" @=GGHE99HG@89" 8<" G=G" AH9"
98;>8V8G<"J89"@==7JEGH<E=G9"HA7X9"@=;AR
)G"T=E<"H>=79">89"@=G9?:;8G@89"J8"@89"J8;O"9=7<89"JKEG<87P
A7?<H<E=G9"8G"@8":;E" @=G@87G8" >8"A7=L>XV8" J8">K?:;E>EL78R"
08>=G">H"A78VEX78"EG<87A7?<H<E=G">89"9<7;@<;789">=DE:;89Q"8G"
<HG<" :;8"@==7JEGH<E=G9" <H7JET89" 8<" JK=7EDEG8" ?<7HGDX78" H;O"
A7=@899;9" F=7VH<8;79" J89" @=GGHE99HG@89Q" 8OA>E:;8G<" >8;7"
A7=A78"?:;E>EL78"Y"8G"@8"@H9">H"G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78"987HE<"J=G@"
9;L=7J=GG?8"I"@8>>8"J8"9<7;@<;78"@==7JEGH<7E@8" 8<" A87J7HE<"
9H" TH>8;7" 8OA>E@H<ET8R" 08>=G" >H" 98@=GJ8" EG<87A7?<H<E=GQ" H;"
@=G<7HE78Q">89"9<7;@<;789">=DE:;89"7?9;><87HE8G<"J8">K?:;E>EL7HP
<E=G"A7=D7899ET8"J8"9<7;@<;789"A7?>=DE:;89":;E" 8G"9=G<">89"
?LH;@C89Q"8<"@K89<"@8<<8"?:;E>EL7H<E=G"@=VV8"<8>>8":;E"8OA>EP
:;87HE<">8"AH99HD8"J89";G89"H;O"H;<789Q"J=G@">H"F=7VH<E=G"8<"
9;7<=;<">KH@CXT8V8G<"J89"9<7;@<;789">=DE@=PVH<C?VH<E:;89R
)7Q" <=;<89"G=9"78@C87@C89Q" J8A;E9"J89"HGG?89Q" =G<"HL=;<E"
I"V=G<787Q"G=G"AH9":;KE>"B"H"J8">H">=DE:;8"AH7<=;<Q"@8":;E"987HE<"
HL9;7J8"Z>89"A78VEX789"b"=A?7H<E=G9"@=G@7X<89"c"A=7<HG<"9;7"
>89" @>H9989Q" >89" 78>H<E=G9" 8<" >89" G=VL789" G8" J?L;<8G<" :;8"
T879"iPj"HG9"8<">89"=A?7H<E=G9"A7=A=9E<E=GG8>>89"=;"F=7V8>>89"
T879" ^^P^`"HG9"98;>8V8G<[Q" VHE9" :;KE>" 8OE9<8"I" <=;9" >89"
GET8H;O"J89"9<7;@<;789" :;E"?LH;@C8G<" >H">=DE:;8" 8<" :;EQ" 8G"
9K?:;E>EL7HG<" A7=D7899ET8V8G<" HL=;<E998G<" H;O" 9<7;@<;789"
>=DE@=PVH<C?VH<E:;89R" 3K89<" HEG9E" :;8" JX9" >89" 9@CXV89"
98G9=7EPV=<8;79" =G" <7=;T8" J89" A7?F=7VH<E=G9" HGG=GkHG<"
>89" @>H99EfE@H<E=G9Q" >89" VE989" 8G" 78>H<E=G" 8<" >89" EGF?78G@89"
Z<7HG9E<ETE<?Q" 8<@R["8<":;8"JX9" >H"A87@8A<E=G"=G"JE9@87G8"J89"
9<7;@<;789" 98VL>HL>89" ZJK=e" >8" 78<=;7" I" 58>VC=><h" :;E" 98"
VHGEF89<8"JHG9">8"b"G8]">==l"c"J8"/7;G87"8<"2=9<VHGQ"JHG9"
>H"b"<7HG9H@<E=G"<C8=7B"cQ"8<@R[R
(=;9" G=;9" 9=VV89" 8G<78" H;<789" A=9?Q" I" G=<78" 38G<78"
JK?AE9<?V=>=DE8"D?G?<E:;8"J8"68GXT8Q">H":;89<E=G"J8"9HT=E7
9KE>"8OE9<8"@C8h">8"9;M8<";G8"F7=G<EX78"J?fEGE8"8<"9<HL>8"8G<78"
>H" @=G9<H<H<E=G" 8<" >KEGF?78G@8" 8<" G=;9" G8" 9=VV89" MHVHE9"
AH7T8G;9"I"H<<8EGJ78";G8"@=G9<H<H<E=G"A;78Q":;E"987HE<"HG<?P
7E8;78" I"<=;<8"9<7;@<;78">=DE:;8" =;" A7?>=DE:;8R" 3K89<"HEG9E"
:;K8G" A7?98G<HG<" I" J89" 8GFHG<9" J8" JEFF?78G<9" GET8H;O"
J8;O" 7HGD?89" J8" :;H<78" M8<=G9Q" 7HGD?89" AH7H>>X>89" VHE9"
EG?DH>8V8G<" >=GD;89"8<" HT8@" =;"9HG9" <7HE<9" 78>EHG<" >89" ?>?P
V8G<9"J8">K;G8"I"@8;O"J8">KH;<78Q"=G"@=G9<H<8":;8">H"A87@8AP
<E=G" J8" >K?DH>E<?"J89" J8;O"@=>>8@<E=G9"Z8G" A7?98G<H<E=G" 7HP
AEJ8["TH7E8"98>=G">8"GET8H;"J8"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"Y"98>=G":;8">8"
9;M8<" A=99XJ8"J?MI"=;"G=G";G"9@CXV8"J8"@=7789A=GJHG@8Q"
8<"98>=G">8"J8D7?"JK?>HL=7H<E=G"J8"@8"9@CXV8Q">H"A87@8A<E=G"
89<"V=JEfE?8"D7g@8"I"J89"9=7<89"J8"b"A7?EGF?78G@89"c"HGH>=P
D;89"I"@8>>89":;KEGT=:;HE<"J?MI"58>VC=><hR"3K89<"J=G@"M;9:;8"
9;7">8"<877HEG"J8">H"A87@8A<E=G"8<"I">KEG<?7E8;7"J8"989"A7=A789"
V?@HGE9V89" :;8">8"A7=L>XV8" 98" 78<7=;T8"J8" JE9<EGD;87">8"
J=GG?" 8<" >89" ?>?V8G<9" EGF?78G<E8>9" A87V8<<HG<" J8" >KEG<87P
A7?<87"0R"
!G"L78FQ" >89" 9<7;@<;789" >=DE:;89" 9=G<"A7?fED;7?89" I" <=;9"
>89" GET8H;O" AH7" J89" 9<7;@<;789" A>;9" FHEL>89Q" VHE9" :;E" >8;7"
9=G<" AH7<E8>>8V8G<" E9=V=7AC89" 8<" :;E" 8G" @=G9<E<;8G<" >89"
?LH;@C89R"0E">K=G"JE9<EGD;8">89" 9<7;@<;789"A7=A78V8G<">=DEP
:;89"I">8;7"7?T879ELE>E<?"@=VA>X<8Q"@K89<PIPJE78"I"@8":;8">89"
=A?7H<E=G9"JE78@<89"8<"EGT87989" 98"@=VA8G98G<"8OH@<8V8G<"
8<"7?H>E98G<"HEG9E";G"?:;E>EL78"A87VHG8G<Q">8"FHE<"F=GJHV8GP
<H>" :;E" @H7H@<?7E98" H>=79" >8;7" 9E<;H<E=G" D?G?<E:;8" 89<" :;8Q"
D7g@8"I"@89" ?LH;@C89"78@=GGHE99HL>89" JX9">89"GET8H;O" ?>?P
V8G<HE789Q" >89"9<7;@<;789"7?T879EL>89"9=G<"A7?AH7?89"AH7";G"
8G98VL>8"J8"9<7;@<;789"98VEP7?T879EL>89Q"@K89<PIPJE78"98VEP
?:;E>EL7?89"8<"I"@=VA8G9H<E=G9"98;>8V8G<"HAA7=@C?89R" 389"
9<7;@<;789" 98VEP7?T879EL>89" :;E" HGG=G@8G<" >89" 9<7;@<;789"
>=DE:;89"G8"9=G<"H;<789":;8">K8G98VL>8"J89"7?<7=H@<E=G9"8<
1. Voir à ce sujet Logique et perception, vol. VI des «!Etudes
d'Épistémologie génétique!», Paris, P.U.F., chap. III.
06Y) JLOP):SO?LR)!L)MN!L)<L)!O)PQRSQP)<"$TUS!SVML)060
HG<E@EAH<E=G9"98G9=7EPV=<7E@89Q"J=G@">K8G98VL>8"J89"A7=@89P
9;9" 7?D;>H<8;79" J=G<">89" F=7V89"A7=D7899ET89" J8"@=VA8G9HP
<E=G9"H99;78G<";G8"?:;E>EL7H<E=G"D7HJ;8>>8"HL=;<E99HG<"8G"
fEG"J8"@=VA<8"I">H"7?T879ELE>E<?">=DE:;8R" 3K89<"HEG9E" :;8">89"
b"F88JLH@l9"c"=;"7?HFF?78G@89"@=G9<E<;8G<"J?MI"J89"A7=@899;9"
JK?:;E>EL7H<E=G" J=G<" >89" @=VA8G9H<E=G9" A7?FED;78G<" >H"
7?T879ELE>E<?R" %89" HG<E@EAH<E=G9" 7?9;><HG<" 8>>89PVWV89" J8"
@89" 7?<7=H@<E=G9" A7?AH78G<" J8" >8;7" @N<?" >H" V=LE>E<?" =A?7HP
<=E78"8<">K;GE=G"J89"7?<7=H@<E=G9"8<"J89"HG<E@EAH<E=G9"7?H>E98"
;G8" ?LH;@C8" J8" @8" :;8" 987=G<" >89" =A?7H<E=G9" 7?T879EL>89"
>=79:;8" >89" @=VA8G9H<E=G9" 987=G<" I" >H" F=E9" @=VA>X<89" 8<"
A87VHG8G<89R
!G"@=G@>;9E=GQ" >8"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"J89"F=G@<E=G9"@=DGEP
<ET89"89<"@H7H@<?7E9?"AH7";G8"9;@@899E=G"JK?<HA89"J=G<"98;>89"
>89" J87GEX789" ZI" AH7<E7" J8"iPj"8<" J8" ^^P^`" HG9[" VH7:;8G<"
>KH@CXT8V8G<" J89" 9<7;@<;789" =A?7H<=E789" =;">=DE:;89Q" VHE9"
J=G<"@CH@;G8Q" 8<"JX9">89" A78VEX789Q" 9K=7E8G<8"JHG9" @8<<8"
JE78@<E=GR".G"<8>"J?T8>=AA8V8G<"@=G9E9<8"J=G@"HTHG<"<=;<"8G"
;G"A7=@899;9"JK?:;E>EL7H<E=GQ" >H"JEFF?78G@8"8G<78">89"9<7;@P
<;789" A7?>=DE:;89" 8<" >=DE:;89" <8GHG<" 8998G<E8>>8V8G<" H;"
@H7H@<X78"HAA7=@C?" =;"@=VA>8<" J89" @=VA8G9H<E=G9"8G" M8;Q"
J=G@"H;"J8D7?"J8"7?T879ELE>E<?"H<<8EG<"AH7">89"9<7;@<;789Q"@H7"
>H"7?T879ELE>E<?"G8"78>XT8"AH9"JK;G8">=E"J8"<=;<"=;"7E8G"VHE9"
@=VA=7<8";G8"EGfEGE<?"J8"J8D7?9"I"AH7<E7"J89"7?D;>H<E=G9">89"
A>;9"?>?V8G<HE789R
+>"GK89<"J=G@"G;>>8V8G<"8OHD?7?"J8"AH7>87"J;"7N>8"8OA>EP
@H<EF"@8G<7H>"J8">H"G=<E=G"JK?:;E>EL78"JHG9">89":;89<E=G9"J8"
J?T8>=AA8V8G<9" J89" F=G@<E=G9" @=DGE<ET89R" aHE9" >8" A7=P
L>XV8"J8V8;78"AH7"@=G<78"8G<E87"JK8OA>E:;87">8"AH99HD8"J89"
9<7;@<;789" A8;"?:;E>EL7?89" =;"EG9<HL>89" Z98G9=7EPV=<7E@89"
8<"A87@8A<ET89["H;O" F=7V89" ?:;E>EL7?89" 9;A?7E8;789" Z=A?P
7H<E=G9">=DE:;89["8<"@K89<"@8":;E"G=;9"@=GJ;E<"VHEG<8GHG<"I"
@C87@C87"@=VV8G<"78GJ78"@=VA<8"J8">K?:;E>EL78">;EPVWV8R
Les$modèles$d'équilibre
+>" 8OE9<8" ;G" D7HGJ" G=VL78" J8" V=JX>89" JK?:;E>EL78Q" 8G"
V?@HGE:;8Q" 8G" <C87V=JBGHVE:;8Q" 8G" @CEVE8" ACB9E:;8Q" 8G"
LE=>=DE8Q" 8G"?@=G=V?<7E8Q" 8<@R" 8<" <=;9" >89" >HGDHD89" =G<" ?<?"
;<E>E9?9"I">8;7"9;M8<R" (=;9"GK8G"78<E8GJ7=G9" :;8"<7=E9Q" AH7@8"
:;KE>9"=G<"?<?"HAA>E:;?9"=;":;KE>9"9=G<"HAA>E@HL>89"I">H"A9BP
@C=>=DE8R
%8"A78VE87"H;:;8>"=G"9=GD8"89<"GH<;78>>8V8G<"@8>;E"JK;G"
?:;E>EL78" J89" F=7@89" H;" 98EG" JK;G8" 9<7;@<;78" J8" @CHVAQ"
>K?:;E>EL78" 98" J?fEGE99HG<" H>=79" AH7" ;G8"LH>HG@8"8OH@<8"J89"
F=7@89"Z9=VV8"H>D?L7E:;8V8G<"G;>>8"J89"<7HTH;O"TE7<;8>9[R"
3K89<"JHG9" @8<<8"JE78@<E=G":;8" 98"9=G<" =7E8G<?9" >89" <7HTH;O"
D89<H><E9<89"JHG9">89"J=VHEG89"J8">H"A87@8A<E=G"8<"J8">KEG<8>P
>ED8G@8R" aHE9Q" JHG9" >K?<H<" H@<;8>" J89" @=GGHE99HG@89Q"=G"9HE<"
:;K;G"<8>"V=JX>8"9=;>XT8"J?MI"J89"=LM8@<E=G9"9;7">8"<877HEG"
LE=>=DE:;8" Y" >KC=V?=9<H9E9" G8" @=VA=7<8"8G" 7?H>E<?"AH9" J8"
LH>HG@89"8OH@<89Q" VHE9" <?V=EDG8"F7?:;8VV8G<" JK8O@X9"AH7"
A7=<8@<E=GQ" 8<"@=VV8" AH7" A7?@H;<E=GQ" 8G"@H9" J8" A87<;7LHP
<E=G9R"0;7">8"<877HEG"A87@8A<EF"E>"8G"TH"a) fortiori) J8"VWV8"Y"
>KEVHD8":;8"9;DDX78G<">89"FHE<9"GK89<"AH9"@8>>8"JK;G8"LH>HG@8"
A7?@E98Q" VHE9" JK;G8" A7=<8@<E=G" @=G<78" >K8778;7R" 3K89<" HEG9E"
:;8">89"@=G9<HG@89" A87@8A<ET89":;E"J8T7HE8G<"W<78Q" AH7">8;7"
GH<;78" J8" @=G987TH<E=G"H;" <7HT879" J89" <7HG9F=7VH<E=G9Q" >8"
9EXD8"J8"b"LH>HG@89"c"7ED=;78;989Q"<?V=EDG8G<"H;"@=G<7HE78"
J8"9;7@=VA8G9H<E=G9"78VH7:;HL>89"Y"AH7"8O8VA>8">H"@=G9P
<HG@8"J89"D7HGJ8;79" ZJ=G<"G=;9"HT=G9"78A7E9">K?<;J8"D?G?P
<E:;8" HT8@" %HVL87@E87" AH7" J89" <8@CGE:;89" TH7E?89[" J=GG8"
>E8;"@C8h">89"M8;G89"8GFHG<9"I";G8"9=;9P@=G9<HG@8"9B9<?VHP
<E:;8"8G"V=B8GG8Q"@C8h">89"D7HGJ9"8<">89"HJ;><89"I";G8"9;7P
@=G9<HG@8"G=G"V=EG9"9B9<?VH<E:;8"8G"V=B8GG8"8<"G8"AH998"
AH7";G8"LH>HG@8"V=V8G<HG?V8G<"8OH@<8"Z8G"V=B8GG8[":;8"
T879">KgD8"J8"mP^n"HG9R"
0;7" >8" <877HEG" J89" F=G@<E=G9" @=DGE<ET89" 9;A?7E8;789Q"
>KEVHD8"JK;G8"LH>HG@8"J89"F=7@89"89<"8G@=78"A>;9"EGHJ?:;H<8Q
066) JLOP):SO?LR)!L)MN!L)<L)!O)PQRSQP)<"$TUS!SVML)06Z
1 / 9 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !