!
"!
!
#$%&'(&)*!!"!#$%&'
ma()*+,(-./01'2'mu1-./0'2'phi34145)-0'
!
+&)*,-&.'!/!!
01!234''&!56'780&)9:3*7;<!=1!2'+)*(--(!5>),(%?0@A#?BC=0;<!!
21!0(D(EE&'&!5F&GH*;!*-!I1!@&,.3(7!56'780&)9:3*7?>),(%;!!!
!
!
J!'.D*%K)*!LM"N!
6,.3*!'.)%(3*!749$)&*4)*!O!7(33*!P477('*!
!
"M:NM8"Q:!
!
"/(4/6'70'8-((90:1(0-:;'<301'+,()1='0('3,'+/1-./0'
!
R!3S.,,(7&.'!+*!3(!9()4-&.'!+*!3S.4D)(H*!+S2'-.'&(!#.43*E!
!"/'>-3'7/'+4(->?'"/(4/6'70'8-((90:1(0-:'0('3,'+/1-./0<!!
0.33*,-&.'!T!=47&U4*!V!C:&3.7.9:&*!W<!!
6+&-&.'7!P*3(-.4)!I)(',*<!LM"L1!
!
'
$6496,++0'@'
!
"M:NM8"M:XY!O!C)$7*'-(-&.'!+*!3(!Z.4)'$*!
"M:XY8"":NM!O!François)Nicolas!8![:$.)&7*)!5%47&,(3*%*'-;!3(!%47&U4*!R!
3\.%K)*!5('-&9:&3.7.9:&U4*;!+*!]&--H*'7-*&'!^!
"":NM8"L:"Y!O!Moreno)Andreatta!8!#4)!3S&'_34*',*!+*!]&--H*'7-*&'!(4!7*&'!+*!3(!
!/1-A'B)046C'(%$)&,(&'*!!
"L:"Y8"N:MM!O!Jean3Marc)Chouvel!8!]&--H*'7-*&'<!3(!%47&U4*<!3(!%47&,.3.H&*!!
!
888!9(47*!+$Z*4'*)!888!
!
"X:NM8"Y:"Y!O!Horacio)Vaggione!8!F\.9$)(-.&)*/!+4(3&-$!*-!,.'-*'4!_.)%*3!*'!
,.%9.7&-&.'!%47&,(3*!
"Y:"Y8"`:MM!O!Antonia)Soulez!8!P*!3(!_.',-&.'!('-&8('(3a-&U4*!+*!3(!%47&U4*!
,:*E!]&--H*'7-*&'!R!3S.KZ*,-&D(-&.'!+*7!U4(3&(!/!U4*33*!9:&3.7.9:&*!+*D('-!!3*7!!
)*,:*),:*7!74)!3(!7-)4,-4)*!&'-*)'*!+4!7.'!^!
"`:"Y8"b:MM!O!Hourya)Sinaceur!!8!C:&3.7.9:&*!7('7!7a7-G%*!
"b:"Y8"Q:MM!O!P&7,477&.'!_&'(3*!
!
'
'
!
L!
'
D*1/+*1'@'
!
[:$.)&7*)!5%47&,(3*%*'-;!3(!%47&U4*!R!3\.%K)*!5('-&9:&3.7.9:&U4*;!+*!]&--H*'7-*&'!^!
5I)('c.&7!@&,.3(7<!,.%9.7&-*4)<!>),(%?6@#;!
!
d'!9()-&)(!+*!+*4e!.)&*'-(-&.'7!3.'H4*%*'-!$9).4D$*7!+('7!3*!7$%&'(&)*!+,+/5)-!/!
-:$.)&7*)!3(!%47&U4*!H(H'*!R!7*!_(&)*!R!3(!34%&G)*!+*7!%(-:$%(-&U4*7!*-!R!3S.%K)*!+*!3(!
9:&3.7.9:&*!f!
9347!4'*!%(-:$%(-&U4*!*-!4'*!9:&3.7.9:&*!9()3*'-!+*!%47&U4*<!%.&'7!*33*7!.9G)*'-!
,.%%*!34%&G)*!*-!.%K)*!9.4)!4'*!-:$.)&*!+/1-A-0::0!+*!3(!%47&U4*1!
g4S*'!*7-8&3!(3.)7!+*!,*7!.)&*'-(-&.'7!,.',*)'('-!]&--H*'7-*&'!^!
#S(H&)(&-8&3!&,&!+*!-:$.)&7*)!3(!%47&U4*!R!3(!34%&G)*!+S4'*!3.H&U4*!*-!R!3S.%K)*!+S4'*!
('-&9:&3.7.9:&*!^!
]&--H*'7-*&'!,*'-)('-!7.'!('-&9:&3.7.9:&*!74)!+*7!(,-*7!+S.)+)*!*7-:$-&U4*!+.'-!3(!
%47&U4*!_.4)'&-!3*!9()(+&H%*<!*7-8&3!9.77&K3*!+*!7Sa!)(99.)-*)!*'!+$3(&77('-!7.'!)(99.)-!R!
3(!%47&U4*!^!
>3!7S(H&)(!*'!,*--*!&'-*)D*'-&.'!'&!+*!)&D(3&7*)!5U4('-!R!3(!%47&U4*;!.4!+*!,)&-&U4*)!5R!U4.&!K.'!^;!
%(&7! +*! ,3()&_&*)! /! 3.)7U4S4'*! ('-&9:&3.7.9:&*! 7*! %h3*! +*! 3S*'-)*3(,7! +,+/5)-<! U4S*'! *7-8&3! +*!
3S.%K)*!*-!+*!3(!34%&G)*!^!
!
888!
!
#4)!3S&'_34*',*!+*!]&--H*'7-*&'!(4!7*&'!+*!3(!!/1-A'B)046C'(%$)&,(&'*!!
5=.)*'.!2'+)*(--(<!>),(%?0@A#?BC=0;!!
!
F(!9*'7$*! +*! ]&--H*'7-*&'! (8-8*33*! *4! 4'*! &'_34*',*! +('7! 3*! +$D*3.99*%*'-! +*! 3(! -)(+&-&.'!
%47&,.8-:$.)&U4*! (%$)&,(&'*!^! @.47! (33.'7! *77(a*)! +*! )$9.'+)*! R! ,*--*! U4*7-&.'! R! 9()-&)! +*!
3S('(3a7*!+*!U4*3U4*7!$,)&-7!+*7!-:$.)&,&*'7!+*!3(!%47&U4*!+.'-!3(!)$_$)*',*!R!]&--H*'7-*&'!*7-!
*e93&,&-*<! +*!0:()3*7! #**H*)!*-! 7.'! T![)(,-(-47! 67-:*-&,.8#*%&.-&,47!W! 5#**H*)<! "Jb`;! R!=&3-.'!
i(KK&--<!+.'-!3(!)$_3*e&.'!74)!3(!7-)4,-4)*!*-!3(!_.',-&.'!+*!3(!-:$.)&*!+*!3(!%47&U4*!*7-!&'_34*',$*!
R! 3(! _.&7! 9()! 3(! 9:&3.7.9:&*! +4! 3('H(H*! +*! ]&--H*'7-*&'! (&'7&! U4*! 9()! 3(! 9*),$*! +*7! &+$*7! +4!
9.7&-&D&7%*!3.H&U4*!+('7!3*7!4'&D*)7&-$7!(%$)&,(&'*7<!*'!9()-&,43&*)!+*!C)&',*-.'!*-!j(3*1!6-!7&!3(!
+$%(),:*! +*! %(-:$%(-&7(-&.'! +4! 7a7-G%*! +.+$,(9:.'&U4*! 9).9.7$*! 9()! =&3-.'! i(KK&--! 9*4-!
h-)*! ,)&-&U4$*! R! 9()-&)! +*! ,*)-(&'*7! ,(-$H.)&*7! k&--H*'7-*&'&*''*7!5])&H:-<! LMM";<! 3*7!
+$D*3.99*%*'-7!)$,*'-7!+*!3(!E0('B)046C<!*'!9()-&,43&*)!(4-.4)!+4!9()(+&H%*!-)('7_.)%(-&.''*3<!
7*%K3*'-! %*--)*! *'! $D&+*',*! 3*7! 3&%&-*7! +*! 3(! 9:&3.7.9:&*! +*! ]&--H*'7-*&'! +('7! 3(! 9)&7*! *'!
,.%9-*! +*7! )*-.%K$*7! ,.H'&-&D*! *-! 9*),*9-&D*7! +*! ,*)-(&'7! .4-&37! %(-:$%(-&U4*7! *'! ('(3a7*!
%47&,(3*1!!!!!!!
!
888!
!
]&--H*'7-*&'<!3(!%47&U4*<!3(!%47&,.3.H&*^!!
5l*('8=(),!0:.4D*3<!,.%9.7&-*4)<!4'&D*)7&-$!+*!A*&%7;!!
F(!9:&3.7.9:&*!9*4-8*33*!(D.&)!4'*!9().3*!74)!3(!%47&U4*!U4&!9*)%*--*!+\(,,$+*)!R!4'*!D$)&-$!+4!
%47&,(3!U4*!3(!%47&,.3.H&*!'\*'D&7(H*!9(7!^!
F\*e*%93*!+*!]&--H*'7-*&'!*7-!+\(4-('-!9347!&'-$)*77('-!U4\&3!-.4,:*!R!4'!'.a(4!-)G7!7*'7&K3*!+*!
3(! %47&U4*! .,,&+*'-(3*! /! 7.'! )(99.)-! R! 3(! 3.H&U4*1! d'! *77(&*)(! +\*e93.)*)! ,*7! +&__&,43-$7! *'!
-.4)'('-! (4-.4)! +4! %.-&_<! +('7! 7.'! +.4K3*! 7*'7! ,.',)*-! +\$3$%*'-! %47&,(3! *-! +*! D.3.'-$!
9)&',&9&*33*1!
888!
!
N!
!
F\.9$)(-.&)*/!+4(3&-$!*-!,.'-*'4!_.)%*3!*'!,.%9.7&-&.'!%47&,(3*!5m.)(,&.!n(HH&.'*<!
,.%9.7&-*4)<!4'&D*)7&-$!C()&7!n>>>;!
!
F(! %47&U4*! 9()(o-! 9.7*)! +*7! 9).K3G%*7! 9:&3.7.9:&U4*7! R! %h%*! 7*7! .9$)(-&.'7<! K&*'! U4*! 3*!
T!U4(7&8.KZ*-!W! +*! 3(! 9:&3.7.9:&*! 5*e9)*77&.'! +*! 0()'(9! )*9)&7*! 9()! p)('H*);! '*! 7.&-!9(7!
:.%.3.H(K3*!R! T!3S.KZ*-! +4! ,.%9.7&-*4)!W<! ,*! +*)'&*)! ,.'7-&-4('-! 4'! .KZ*-8.4-&3<! 4'*! *'-&-$!
7a%K.3&U4*! %43-&8$,:*33*! )*%93&*! +S$,)&-4)*7! %47&,(3*7! +&D*)7*71!FS!T!.KZ*-!W! U4&! ,.'-&*'-! ,*7!
$,)&-4)*7!+&D*)7*7!*7-!4'!)$7*(4!.9$)(-.&)*1!0*-!.KZ*-!'S*e&7-*!U4*!+('7!3*!,.%9.7(K3*<!3R!.q!3(!
%47&U4*!*7-!*'!-)(&'!+*!7*!_(&)*1!
P('7! %(! 9)$7*'-(-&.'<! Z*! D(&7! %*! )$_$)*)! R!! T! 9)*77&.'! $9&7-$%.3.H&U4*!W! 7&'H43&G)*! +.'-! 3*!
,.%9.7&-*4)! +.&-! _(&)*! _(,*<! 7*! %('&_*7-('-! '.'! 9(7! ,.%%*! 4'*! $3(K.)(-&.'! +*7! 9).9.7&-&.'7!
9.)-('-! 74)!! 3*! %.'+*! *'! -('-! U4S.KZ*-! +*! ,.''(&77(',*<! %(&7! 7.47! 3(! _.)%*! +S4'! *'H(H*%*'-!
+('7!3S(,-&.'1!F*!,.',*9-!+*!T!,.'-*'4!_.)%*3!W!5U4S.'!)*9)*'+!+*!p)('H*);!*7-<!9.4)!'.47<!4'*!
%('&G)*!+S(K.)+*)!3(!9)$7*',*!+('7!3Sr4D)*!*33*8%h%*!+S4'*!-:*7&7!%47&,(3*<!,S*7-8R8+&)*<!+S4'*!
(77.%9-&.'!_.)-*!U4('-!(4!%.'+*!7.'.)*!U4S*33*!9)$7*'-*!+('7!7.'!&%%('*',*1!
!
888!
!
P*!3(!_.',-&.'!('-&8('(3a-&U4*!+*!3(!%47&U4*!,:*E!]&--H*'7-*&'!R!3S.KZ*,-&D(-&.'!+*7!
U4(3&(!/!U4*33*!9:&3.7.9:&*!+*D('-!!3*7!!)*,:*),:*7!74)!3(!7-)4,-4)*!&'-*)'*!+4!7.'!^!
52'-.'&(!#.43*E<!9:&3.7.9:*<!4'&D*)7&-$!C()&7!n>>>;!
!
0*-! *e9.7$! +$D*3.99*)(! U4*3U4*7! (D(',$*7! 9)$7*'-$*7! +('7! 3*! +*)'&*)! ,:(9&-)*! +*! "/' >-3' 7/'
+4(->;' ,/(4/6' 70' 8-((90:1(0-:' 0(' 3,' +/1-./01! C()-('-! '.'! +*7! H.s-7! +*! ]&--H*'7-*&'! 9.4)! 3(!
%47&U4*!57.'!t&+$(3!,43-4)*3u!$-(&-!#,:4%(''<!+&-8&3;!%(&7!+*!7(!%$-:.+*!+*!9).Z*,-&.'!3.H&U4*!
F"GG-37/:91+0()470H<!+('7!3*!B6,A(,(/1<!Z*!7&-4*)(&!3(!%47&U4*!9()!)(99.)-!R!3(!-:G7*!,*'-)(3*!+4!
[)(&-$<!94&7!ZS*e(%&'*)(&!,*!U4*!+*D&*'-!3*!_.)%(3&7%*!+('7!7(!9:&3.7.9:&*!43-$)&*4)*!R!3S$9)*4D*!
+*! 7.'! (4-.8,)&-&U4*! *'! 9()-&,43&*)! +*7! t.KZ*-7u! 5,3*_! +*! D.s-*! +4! 7a7-G%*! +4! B6,A(,(/1;1!
A*%()U4('-! 3*7! 7.4),*7! *7-:$-&U4*7! 5%47&,(3*7! (D*,! m('73&,v;! +4! t,.'-*'4! _.)%*3u! +.'-!
p)('H*)! !_*)(! 4'*! +*7! '.-&.'7! ,*'-)(3*7! +*! 7.'! $9&7-$%.3.H&*<! !Z*! 7*)(&! *'74&-*! (%*'$*! !R!
)*9$)*)! !3S&%9.)-(',*! +*! ,*! U4*! p)('H*)! (99*33*! t3S*e,G7! +*! %(-&G)*u! R! 3(U4*33*! 7*! :*4)-*! 3*!
-)(D(&3!+*!!)(-&.'(3&7(-&.'<!-.4-!*'!%*--('-!*'!$D&+*',*!,*!U4S(!+*!9).K3$%(-&U4*!3S.KZ*-!,.%%*!
+.''$<!*'!9:&3.7.9:&*!,.%%*!*'!%47&U4*1!>3!)$743-*!+*!3(!%&7*!*'!$D&+*',*!+4!t%a-:*!+4!+.''$u!
*'!%47&U4*!5,.%%*!*'!9:&3.7.9:&*;<!!(4!+*3R!9*4-8h-)*!+4!,.'-*'4!_.)%*3!U4&!)*7-*!%(3H)$!-.4-!
-)&K4-(&)*<! '.-(%%*'-! ,:*E! p)('H*)! *'! 3*,-*4)! +*! ]&--H*'7-*&'<!+S4'*! ,.',*9-&.'!
9).9.7&-&.''(3&7-*!+*!3(!7&H'&_&,(-&.'<!4'*!+$%(),:*!(--(,:$*!9)&',&9(3*%*'-!R!3S$%*)H*',*!+*7!
U4(3&(!5.4!U4(3&-$7!7.'.)*7;!!U4&!'*!7.'-!9(7!7('7!)*Z.&'+)*!3S&+$*!!k&--H*'7-*&'&*''*!+S!t(79*,-7u!
+.'-!3(! _$,.'+&-$! 9*4-! &'-$)*77*)! 3*! ,.%9.7&-*4)! (4Z.4)+S:4&! (--*'-&_! R! 3(! 7-)4,-4)*! &'-*)'*! +4!
7.'1!
!
888!
!
C:&3.7.9:&*!7('7!7a7-G%*!5m.4)a(!#&'(,*4)<!9:&3.7.9:*!+*7!%(-:$%(-&U4*7<!
0@A#?>mC#[!;!
!
w)$74%$!R!D*'&)x!
!
!
'
'
'
!
X!
'
I/03./01'605J601'G-G3-496,5)-./01'0:'56*5,6,(-4:'70'3,'K4/6:*0'@'
!
23*77('+).!2)K.<!L:(0:760'A4++0?'8-((90:1(0-:'0('3M01()*(-./0'+/1-A,30<!$+&-&.'7!
m*)%(''<!0.33*,-&.'!T!pA62=!W!+&)&H$*!9()!C&*))*!=&,:*3<!LM"N!!
23(&'! i(+&.4<! NO,:(-5)-34145)-0' 70' 8-((90:1(0-:<! $+&-&.'7! @.47<! 0.33*,-&.'!
2'-&9:&3.7.9:&U4*<!LMMJ!
=&,:*3! i&-K.3! 5*+1;<! 8-((90:1(0-:' 0(' 301' +,()*+,(-./01<! [)('7864).98A*9)*77<!
LMMX!
p&33*78p(7-.'!p)('H*)<!N,:9,901'0('*5-1(*+4349-0<!y3&',v7&*,v<!"JbJ!
p&33*78p(7-.'8p)('H*)<!P46+01;'45*6,(-4:1;'4GK0(1<!n)&'<!,.331!=(-:*7&7<!"JJ"!
C:&3&99*!+*! F()(<! T!]&--H*'7-*&'!/! 4'*! 9:&3.7.9:&*! %47&,(3*!^!W<!+('7! 2'-.'&(!
#.43*E! 57.47! 3(! +&)*,-&.'! +*;<! ]&--H*'7-*&'! *-! 3*! 9()(+&H%*! +*! 3\()-<!Collège'
&'-*)'(-&.'(3!+*!C:&3.7.9:&*!z!A4*!P*7,()-*7!LMMN?"!8!'{!NJ<!91!X"8YY!
l*('8C:&3&99*! @()K.4e<! T!FS*e*%93()&-$! +*! 3(! 9)*4D*! %(-:$%(-&U4*! 7*3.'!
]&--H*'7-*&'!W<!D0Q/0'70'+*(,5)C1-./0'0('70'+46,30!LMMY?L! 5'{! X`;!"Y`! 91! LJY8
NMJ!
0:()3*7!#**H*)<!T![)(,-(-47!67-:*-&,.8#*%&.-&,47/!=.+*3!._!-:*!#a7-*%7!._!m4%('!
0.%%4'&,(-&.'!W<!&'! R/660:(' B)4/9)(' -:' !/1-A4349C<! *+1! l1! ]1! p)4KK7! 5247-&'<!
"Jb`;<!91!"8XM!
=(v&7! #.3.%.7<! 2'-.'&(! #.43*E<! m.)(,&.! n(HH&.'*<! P46+03S-:>46+03;' +/1-./0' 0('
5)-34145)-0<!F\m()%(--('<!LMMN!
2'-.'&(! #.43*E! 57.47! 3(! +&)*,-&.'! +*;<! 8-((90:1(0-:' 0(' 30' 5,6,7-9+0' 70' 3M,6(<!
CollèH*!&'-*)'(-&.'(3!+*!C:&3.7.9:&*!z!A4*!P*7,()-*7!LMMN?"!8!'{!NJ!
2'-.'&(! #.43*E<! "/' >-3' 7/' +4(->;' "/(4/6' 70' 8-((90:1(0-:' 0(' 3,' +/1-./0<! ,.33*,-&.'!
T!=47&U4*!V!C:&3.7.9:&*!W<!6+&-&.'7!P*3(-.4)!I)(',*<!LM"L!
#(3D(+.)! [.))$<! LC0ST-3SUK4S"/90?' <$4/6' ./,(60' Q4-V;' >3?' G:?' QA?' 9/-(?' )50;' 1/6' 701'
(0V(01' 70' 8-((90:1(0-:=?' C(H*! +*! 3(! 9()-&-&.'! )*9).+4&-*! (4! +$K4-! +*! "/' >-3' 7/'
+4(->???' |4D)*! ,.%9.7$*! R! 3S.,,(7&.'! +4! 7$%&'(&)*! .)H('&7$! R! 3(! =#m! C()&7!
'.)+<!!3S(''$*!LM"M8""1'
@&,.3(7! n&*3<! N,' +/1-./0' 0(' 3O,V-4+0?' R6*,(-4:' +/1-A,30' 0(' :*4S541-(-Q-1+0' ,/' WX0'
1-JA30;'0.33*,-&.'!T!=47&U4*?#,&*',*7!W<!>),(%8P*3(-.4)!I)(',*<!LM"N'
l(%*7! y*''*-:! ])&H:-<! EA)40:G069;' 8-((90:1(0-:' ,:7' ()0' Y-0::,' R-6A30'@'
L5-1(0+4349-A,3' !0(,SB)0+01' -:' %,6+4:C' B)046C;' "01()0(-A1;' ,:7' N49-A,3'
$41-(-Q-1+<!C:P<!=,p&33!B'&D*)7&-a<!LMM"!
!
!!
!
!
F*! 7$%&'(&)*! +,+/5)-!*7-! .)H('&7$! +('7! 3*! ,(+)*! +*7! (,-&D&-$7! +4! 0>ACmF6#! 50*'-)*!
&'-*)'(-&.'(3! +*! )*,:*),:*7! *'! 9:&3.7.9:&*<! 3*--)*7<! 7(D.&)7;! +*! 3S6@#<! *'! ,.33(K.)(-&.'! (D*,!
3S>A02=! 5B=A! #[=#<! 0@A#<! BC=0;1! ! 0*--*! 7$(',*! *7-! .)H('&7$*! *'! ,.33(K.)(-&.'! (D*,! 3*! FF0C!
5F(K.)(-.&)*!+S$-4+*7!*-!+*!)*,:*),:*7!74)!3*7!F.H&U4*7!0.'-*%9.)(&'*7!+*!3(!C:&3.7.9:&*;!+*!
3S4'&D*)7&-$!+*!C()&7!Q!*-!(D*,!3*!7.4-&*'!+S>''.D(e&.%!5http://www.innovaxiom.com;1!
!
!
1 / 4 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !