Voltaire et la science des Lumières L`œuvre liréraire

Voltaire)et)la)science)des)Lumières
!"#$%&'()*+,&-*&'('.()"-/012(31)*04$'(5'(61).-*&'(712.(8*'2(/122$'79(:$"12()"-*;'(1$(4$"12()'(5,.'7.'<(
=1&/'('7.(5'(&'/122->.&'(4$"*)('7.()'(3)$7(*))$7.&'(,/&*%-*2(5'()-()*+,&-.$&'(=&-2?-*7'<()"-$.'$&(4$*('7.(
-$@1$&5"A$*('2/1&'()'(3)$7(.&-5$*.('.()'(3)$7(/122$(B()",.&-2C'&9(D(3&'$%'<()'(/-.-)1C$'(*;3&*;,(5'()-(
E&'2/A(F-012-)(!*8&-&G(/1;3.'(HIJ(%1)$;'7<(512.(H()$*(712.('20K&';'2.(/127-/&,7(L(-$/$2(-$.&'(
-$.'$&(2'(5*7317'<(2'(7'&-*.M/'(4$'(5"$2(7'$)(%1)$;'(4$*()$*('7.(5,5*,9(61).-*&'('7.(-(,C-)';'2.(
*2%'2.,()-(NC$&'(5'()"O(*2.'))'/.$')(P(1$(5'()",/&*%-*2('2C-C,(5-27()'7(/1;8-.7(31)*04$'7(5'(712(
.';37<(NC$&'(4$"*2/-&2'&12.(-3&K7()$*(5'7(3'&7122-)*.,7(-$77*(5*%'&7'7(4$'(6*/.1&(Q$C1<(R;*)'(S1)-<(
T'&.&-25(U$77'))<(V'-2MW-$)(X-&.&'(1$(F1-;(YA1;7ZG9([1*27(/122$('7.('2(&'%-2/A'()'(&-331&.(5'(
61).-*&'(B()-(7/*'2/'(5'7(!$;*K&'79(X*(/A-/$2(7-*.(4$"*)('7.()"-$.'$&(5'(!"#$%$&('.(4$"*)(-(5,='25$(-%'/(
-&5'$&()'7(%-)'$&7(5'(.1),&-2/'('.(5'()*8'&.,<(12(7-*.(;1*27(4$"*)(-(,/&*.(3)$7*'$&7(.&-*.,7(7/*'20N4$'7<(
512.()'(3)$7(/,)K8&'('7.()'7('()*&#+,-$&-("-./%(0,0./%&-$&-1&2+0#9(Y'()*%&'(-(/12.&*8$,(5"$2'(;-2*K&'(
5,.'&;*2-2.'(B(-//&,5*.'&()-(3AG7*4$'(5'(F'\.12('2(E&-2/'('.(7$&()'(/1202'2.('$&13,'2(](-//1&5*2C(
.1(^9(Q9(T-&8'&<(O(*.(\-7(12'(1=(-(7;-))(2$;8'&(1=(3$8)*7A'5(\1&Z7(\A*/A(/12.&*8$.'5(7*C2*N/-2.)G(.1(
.A'(-//'3.-2/'(-25(-513012(1=(F'\.12*-2(.A'1&G(*2(E&-2/'(P9(61).-*&'(-(,/&*.(/'(.'_.'(-)1&7(4$"*)(
,.-*.()"-;*('.()"-;-2.(5'()-(=';;'(4$*(-()'(3)$7(/1;3.,(5-27(7-(%*'<(`-8&*'))'(a;*)*'(!'(b122')*'&(5'(
T&'.'$*)<(;-&4$*7'(5$(YAc.')'.<(3)$7(/122$'(71$7()'(21;(5'([;'(5$(YAc.')'.(1$(5"R;*)*'(5$(
YAc.')'.<(=';;'(5'(C,2*'('.(-$.'$&(5'()-(7'$)'(.&-5$/012('2(=&-2?-*7(d1$(3)$7('_-/.';'2.($2'(
-5-3.-012e(5'7(3/%(0,0./%"&-1"+45"(%,-35%#6%.%"-7"+/&*"86"(5'(F'\.129([-*7(7*()'7(73,/*-)*7.'7(
7"-//1&5'2.(B(&'/122->.&'(4$'()'(&-331&.(5'(61).-*&'(B()-(3AG7*4$'(=$.(.&K7(='&0)'<(*)7(712.(71$%'2.(
'2/)*27(B(5,212/'&(712(&-331&.(-$_(7/*'2/'7(5'()-(%*'('.(5'()-(.'&&'<(1f(*)(-$&-*.(=-*.(3&'$%'(
5"-%'$C)';'2.<(7*212(5"187/$&-207;'9(g"$2(31*2.(5'(%$'(7/*'20N4$'<(51*.M12(5K7()1&7(/127*5,&'&(
61).-*&'(/1;;'($2(-$.'$&(,/)-*&,(1$(&,.&1C&-5'(h(
L’expérience+anglaise+de+Voltaire+:+la+découverte+de+Newton
61).-*&'(7"'7.(=-*.(&';-&4$'&(.&K7(@'$2'(7$&()-(7/K2'(3-&*7*'22'(3-&(7'7(.-)'2.7(5'(31K.'9(X-(.&-C,5*'(
i5*3'(/122$.($2(%*=(7$//K7('2(JjJk(-)1&7(4$"*)(,.-*.(cC,(5'(Hl(-279([-*7(712(*&12*'('.(712(*271)'2/'(
)$*(-m&K&'2.()"*2*;*0,(5'(/'&.-*27(C&-257(7'*C2'$&7<(WA*)*33'(5"n&),-27<(U,C'2.(5'(E&-2/'(4$*()'(N.(
';8-70))'&('.<(7$&.1$.<(5$(/A'%-)*'&(5'(U1A-2MYA-81.(4$*()'(N.(&177'&(3-&(7'7()-4$-*7(31$&($2'(
&,3)*4$'(7-&/-704$'9(['2-/,(5"$2(7'/125(7,@1$&(B()-(T-70))'<(61).-*&'(3&,=,&-('2(JjHo(7"'_*)'&(B(
!125&'79(Y'(7,@1$&()12512*'2(-(@1$,($2(&p)'(5,.'&;*2-2.(5-27(7-(/-&&*K&'(](61).-*&'(4$*(-%-*.(4$*+,()-(
E&-2/'('2(.-2.(4$'(31K.'(G('7.(&'%'2$<(.&1*7(-27(3)$7(.-&5<('2(4$-)*.,(5'(3A*)1713A'9
R2(=&-2/A*77-2.()-([-2/A'<(61).-*&'(-(5,/1$%'&.($2(A1&*q12(*2.'))'/.$')(&-5*/-)';'2.(5*r,&'2.(5'(
/')$*(5-27()'4$')(*)(-%-*.(,.,(,)'%,9(X/A,;-04$';'2.<(*)(-%-*.(&'?$('2(E&-2/'($2'(,5$/-012(=125,'(
7$&()'7(3&*2/*3'7(5'()-(3A*)1713A*'(5'(U'2,(g'7/-&.'7<(4$"12(3'$.(&,5$*&'(-$(&-012-)*7;'(s(.1$.'(
/122-*77-2/'(5,&*%'(5'()-(&-*712('.(5'7(*5,'7(*22,'7<()-(7'27*8*)*.,(,.-2.(*2/-3-8)'(5"-33&,A'25'&(
)"'77'2/'(5'7(/A17'7(s('.(-$_(/12/'30127(3AG7*4$'7('_317,'7(5-27()'7(35%#6%.&,-$&-("-3/%(0,0./%&<(
512.()'7(31*2.7('77'20')7(712.()'7(7$*%-2.7(]
M.A'(*5'20N/-012(1=(;-+'&(\*.A('_.'27*12(L
M.A'(5*702/012(1=(.A&''(5*r'&'2.(Z*257(1=(;-+'&(L
M.A'(&'@'/012(1=(.A'(21012(1=(%1*5(1&(%-/$$;(L
M.A'(%1&.'_(.A'1&G('_3)-*2*2C(.A'(=1&;-012(1=(.A'(3)-2'.-&G(7G7.';(L

M-(.A'1&G(1=(/*&/$)-&(;1012(8-7'5(12(.A'(21012(1=(/'2.&*=$C-)(=1&/'9
D3&K7(-%1*&(,.,(&'@'.,7<()'7(3&*2/*3'7(5'()-(3A*)1713A*'(5'(g'7/-&.'7(=$&'2.(*2.,C&,7(B()"'27'*C2';'2.(
7/1)-*&'('.($2*%'&7*.-*&'(=&-2?-*7(B()-(N2(5$(t6uu'(7*K/)'9([-*7(B(5*&'(%&-*<(7*(g'7/-&.'7(-(=1&;$),($2'(
*2.,&'77-2.'(-33&1/A'(5$(3&*2/*3'(5"*2'&0'(&'3&*7'(3-&(F'\.12<(7-(3AG7*4$'(&')'%-*.(;1*27(5"$2'(
-33&1/A'(7/*'20N4$'(4$'(5"$2'(-33&1/A'(73,/$)-0%'('.(;,.-3AG7*4$'9(YA&*70-2(Q$GC'27()"-%-*.(
/)-*&';'2.(3'&?$('2(21.-2.(O(.A-.(.A'(35%#6%.&,<(.A1$CA(%'&G(3'&7$-7*%'<(\-7(*2(71;'(&'73'/.7(-(
&1;-2/'(&-.A'&(.A-2(-(7'&*1$7(7/*'20N/(\1&ZJv
!1&7(5'(712('_*)(B(!125&'7<()'(@'$2'(61).-*&'(5,/1$%&*.(5'$_(7G7.K;'7(4$*(12.(3&1=125,;'2.(
81$)'%'&7,(7-(&'3&,7'2.-012(5$(;125'9(!'(3&';*'&('7.()'(7G7.K;'(5'(V1A2(!1/Z'<(4$'(61).-*&'(-(
-33&,/*,(5-27(7'7(5*;'27*12(,3*7.,;1)1C*4$'('.(31)*04$'9(g"$2(31*2.(5'(%$'(,3*7.,;1)1C*4$'<(
)"',,"9-0#-:4*"#-4#$&5,+"#$%#;(5'(!1/Z'(/125-;2'()'(&-012-)*7;'(5'(g'7/-&.'7('.(5,='25(
)"';3*&*7;'<(317*012(/127*7.-2.(B(5*&'(4$"*)(2"'7.(3-7(5"*5,'(*22,'('.(4$'(.1$.'(/122-*77-2/'(5,&*%'(
5'()"'_3,&*'2/'9(g"$2(31*2.(5'(%$'(31)*04$'<(!1/Z'(@$70N'(*2(A*7(.\1(.&'-0'7(<#-!%=%(->0=&5#&*&#+()'7(
*270.$0127(*77$'7(5'()-(`)1&*1$7(U'%1)$012(5'(Jokk('.(5$(T*))(1=(U*CA.7(5'(Jokw9(61).-*&'(='&-(7*'22'7(
/'7(5'$_(317*0127(L(*)(&,/$7'&-()'(&-012-)*7;'(/-&.,7*'2<(-x&;-2.(4$"*)(2'(7-$&-*.(G(-%1*&(5'(
/122-*77-2/'(7-27()-(;,5*-012(5'()-(7'27*8*)*.,(L('.(*)(5,='25&-(3-&(-*))'$&7()'(3&*2/*3'(5"$2'(
;12-&/A*'(/1270.$0122'))'(1f()'(31$%1*&(5$(&1*('7.(81&2,(3-&()-()1*9(
!-(7'/125'(&'2/12.&'(*2.'))'/.$'))'(=$.(3)$7(5,/*7*%'('2/1&'(](/"'7.(/'))'(5'()-(3AG7*4$'(5'(F'\.129(
61).-*&'(2'%'&(;'.(F'\.12(]()1&74$"*)('7.(-&&*%,(B(!125&'7<(/')$*M/*(,.-*.(.&K7(;-)-5'('.(61).-*&'(=$.(
-r'/.,(3-&(A*7(=$2'&-)(-.(^'7.;*27.'&(D88'G(12(l(D3&*)(JjHj9([-*7(61).-*&'(-%-*.(,.,(-//$'*))*(B(
!125&'7(5-27()'(/'&/)'(5'(Y-&1)*2'(1=(D278-/A<(\A1(\-7(.A'2(W&*2/'77(1=(^-)'79(O(Q'&'(A'(;'.(
F'\.12"7(=&*'25(-25(/12N5'2.(X-;$')(Y)-&Z'<(-25(.A&1$CA(A*;(/-;'(*2.1(/12.-/.(\*.A(1.A'&7(/)17'(
.1(F'\.12(yz{(61).-*&'(\-7(;$/A(*;3&'77'5(8G(Y)-&Z'9(Q'(7'';7(.1(A-%'(&'C-&5'5(A*;7')=(=1&(-(0;'(
-7(A*7(5*7/*3)'<(-25(A*7(*2*0-012(*2.1(.A'(\1&)5(1=(F'\.12*-2(*5'-7(3&18-8)G(/-;'(3&*;-&*)G(21.(
.A&1$CA(F'\.12"7(7/*'20N/(\1&Z(8$.(.A&1$CA(.A'()*%')G(5*7/$77*127(*2(\A*/A(.A'(3&*2/'77(5')*CA.'5<(
-25(*2(\A*/A(Y)-&Z'(3)-G'5(-(3&1;*2'2.(3-&.<(12(7$/A(.13*/7(-7(.A'(3A*)1713A*/-)(3&11=7(1=(`15"7(
'_*7.'2/'<(.A'(2-.$&'(1=(0;'(-25(73-/'(dze<(-25(.A'(3&18)';7(1=(3'&/'3012Hv9
Y'(2"'7.(3-7(5'%-2.(%1$7(4$'(@'(%-*7(&-33')'&()"-331&.(5,/*7*=(5'(F'\.12(B()-(3AG7*4$'(](-$_(G'$_(5$(
7*K/)'(5'7(!$;*K&'7<(/"'7.()"A1;;'(5'(C,2*'(4$*<('2(5,/1$%&-2.()'(3&*2/*3'(5'()"-+&-/012($2*%'&7'))'<(
-(7$($2*N'&()'7()1*7(5'()-(;,/-2*4$'(.'&&'7.&'('.(5'()-(;,/-2*4$'(/,)'7.'<('2(,.-8)*77-2.(4$"$2'(7'$)'(
J([&9(5'7(Y-&.'7(-%1*.(.&1$%K()-(;-2*'&'(5'(=-*&'(3&'25&'(7'7(/12@'/.$&'7('.(N/0127(31$&(5'7(%'&*.'q9(
R.(*)(-&&*%1*.(-(/'$_(4$*()*71*'2.(7'7(W&*2/*3'7(5'(WA*)1713A*'(4$')4$'(/A17'(5'(7';8)-8)'(4$|-(/'$_(4$*(
)*7'2.(5'7(U1;-27(4$*(3)-*7'2.('.(=12.()-(;'7;'(*;3&'77*12(4$'(5'7(A*7.1*&'7(%'&*.-8)'79(!-(
21$%'-$.K((5'7(NC$&'7(5'(7'7(3'0.'7(3-&0/$)'7('.(5'7(.1$&8*))127(G(=12.($2(C&-25(-C&';'2.9(u)(;'(
7';8)1*.()1&74$'(@'()$7(/'()*%&'(5'7(W&*2/*3'7()-(3&';*'&'(=1*7(4$'(.1$.(-))1*.()'(;*'$_(5$(;125'<('.(@'(
/&1*1*7<(4$-25(@|G(.&1$%1*7(4$')4$'(5*x/$).K<(4$'(/|'.1*.(;-(=-$.'(5'(2'(3-7(8*'2(/1;3&'25&'(7-(
3'27K'9(V'(2|-%1*7(4$'(J}(B(Jo(-279([-*7(G(-G-2.(5'3$*7(5'/1$%'&.(5'(.';37('2(.';37(5'7(/A17'7(
%*7*8)';'2.(=-$77'7<('.(5|-$.&'7(.&'7(3'$(%&-*7';8)-8)'7(@'(7$*7(=1&.(&'%'2$(5'()-(3&'1//$3-012(1$(
@|-%1*7('7.K|(dQ$GC'27<(21.'7(12(D5&*'2(T-*))'.<(!-(6*'(5'([9(g'7/-&.'7<(nR$%&'7(/1;3)K.'7<(!-(Q-G'(
JkkkMJw}~<(_9l~Ie9
H(39(II9

'.(;•;'()1*(&'25(-$77*(8*'2(/1;3.'(5'()-(/A$.'(5"$2(/1&37(4$'(5'()-(C&-%*.-012(5'7(3)-2K.'7(-$.1$&(
5$(71)'*)9(F'\.12(&,=$.'&-()-(3)$3-&.(5'7(.A,1&*'7(5'(g'7/-&.'7<(B(/1;;'2/'&(3-&()-(&,5$/012(
C,1;,.&*4$'(5'()-(;-0K&'(B()"'_.'27*12<()-(21012(5'(%1&.'_<()'(&'=$7(5$(%*5'('.()-(.A,1&*'(5$(
;1$%';'2.(/*&/$)-*&'9(F1.127(/'3'25-2.(4$'(F'\.12(7"'7.(*273*&,(5$(3A*)1713A'(=&-2?-*79(g-27()'7(
F1.'811Z7(5'(7-(@'$2'77'<(O(A'(*2*0-))G('2.'&.-*2'5(.A'(21012(1=(-(%1&.'_(7G7.';(1=(3)-2'.-&G(
;1012"9([-*7(/1;;'(Q$GCA'27<(F'\.12(7"'7.(8*'2(%*.'(&'25$(/1;3.'(4$'()-(3AG7*4$'(/-&.,7*'22'(
&')'%-*.(5$(&1;-2(3)$.p.(4$'(5'()-(7/*'2/'<('.(*)(-(;•;'(/1;317,($2(-77'q(%1)$;*2'$_(.&-*.,(31$&()-(
&,=$.'&(]()'(g'(C&-%*.-012'('.(-'4$*3125*1(€$*51&$;<(&'3&15$/'5(*2(JwoH(\*.A(R2C)*7A(.&-27)-012(*2(
•23$8)*7A'5(7/*'20N/(3-3'&7(1=(u7--/(F'\.12(d(39kwMJ}oe9
F'\.12(-('$(&-*712(/12.&'(g'7/-&.'7(]()"-r-*&'('7.(5'3$*7()12C.';37('2.'25$'9-u)(=-$.(/'3'25-2.(
;-&4$'&(5'$_(31*2.7(3-&()'74$')7(F'\.12(7",)1*C2'(5'(217(/12/'30127(7/*'20N4$'7(-/.$'))'79
W&';*K&'(5*r,&'2/'<(F'\.12(7"'7.(%*C1$&'$7';'2.(13317,(B(!'*82*q<(-$.&'('73&*.($2*%'&7')<(7$&()-(
4$'7012(5'(/'(4$'(21$7(21;;127(-$@1$&5"A$*()",2'&C*'(/*2,04$'<(\A*/A(\-7(.A'2(Z21\2(-7(%*7(%*%-(
1&(‚=1&/'(%*%'"(*2(E&'2/A9(Y'+'(4$'7012('7.(C,2,&-)';'2.(/122$'(71$7()'(21;(5'(O(%*7(%*%-(
/12.&1%'&7G(P9(b&K7(5,)*/-.(-$(7*K/)'(5'7(!$;*K&'7<()'(3&18)K;'(,.-*.(5'(5,.'&;*2'&(.A'(-;8*C$1$7(
/12/'3.(1=(.A'(=1&/'(1=(-(815G(*2(;1012(](*7(.A*7(=1&/'(12)G(.A'(;1;'2.$;(1&(*7(*.(-)71(.A'('2'&CG(1=(
.A'(;1%*2C(815G(h(O(n2(.A'(12'(7*5'(!'*82*q(-25(A*7(=1))1\'&7(;-*2.-*2'5(.A-.(.A'(‚=1&/'"(1=(;1%*2C(
815*'7(7A1$)5(8'(;'-7$&'5(8G(.A'(3&15$/.(1=(;-77(-25(%')1/*.G(74$-&'5(d;%He(L(12(.A'(1.A'&<(.A'(
Y-&.'7*-27(-25(.A'(F'\.12*-27(/12.'25'5(.A-.(*.(7A1$)5(8'(;'-7$&'5(8G(.A'(7*;3)'(3&15$/.(1=(;-77(
-25(%')1/*.G"I9((F1$7(%'&&127(4$'(/'(5,8-.(s(1$(3)$7('_-/.';'2.(/'(/12€*.(5"$2'(&-&'(%*1)'2/'(s('2.&'(
)'7(3-&07-27(5'(F'\.12('.(/'$_(5'(!'*82*q(7'(&'51$8)'&-(5"$2'(5*%'&C'2/'('2.&'(61).-*&'<(4$*(N2*&-(
3-&(3&'25&'()'(3-&0(5'(F'\.12<('.(5'([;'(5$(YAc.')'.(4$*<(3)$7(3'&73*/-/'<(5,='25&-()'7(317*0127(
5'(!'*82*q9
X'/125'(5*r,&'2/'<()'(C,2*'(5'(F'\.12(2'()"-(3-7(';3•/A,(5"-513.'&(5'7(317*0127(.&K7(,)1*C2,'7(5'(
217(%$'7(-/.$'))'79(61$7(3'27'q(8*'2(7ƒ&(B()-(/12/'3012(2'\.12*'22'(5"$2('73-/'('.(5"$2(.';37(
-871)$<(4$*(7'&-(&,=$.,'(-$(tt'(7*K/)'(3-&(R*27.'*2('.(7-(.A,1&*'(5'()-(&')-0%*.,9(Y'(2"'7.(/'3'25-2.(3-7(
/'+'(/12/'3012(4$'(@"-*(B()"'73&*.9(!-(3AG7*4$'(2'\.12*'22'(2'(/1270.$'(3-7(s(5$(;1*27(3-7(B(217((
G'$_(s($2(7G7.K;'(3$&';'2.(7/*'20N4$'(L('))'(7"-33$*'(7$&(5'7(71$8-77';'2.7(;,.-3AG7*4$'7(
73,/$)-0=79(!-(3AG7*4$'(5'(F'\.12('7.(7$73'25$'(B()"*5,'(5"$2(g*'$(/&,-.'$&9(F'\.12(3'27'(
4$"-8-25122,'7(B()-(7'$)'(=1&/'(5"-+&-/012<()'7(1&8*.'7(5'7(3)-2K.'7(/122->.&-*'2.(5'7(3'&.$&8-0127(
C&-25*77-2.'7('.(4$'()'(7G7.K;'(3)-2,.-*&'(7$8*&-*.(B(.'&;'(-(C&-%*.-012-)(/1))-37'9(!-(3'&;-2'2/'(
5$(7G7.K;'(3)-2,.-*&'(7$3317'(4$"*)(71*.(3,&*15*4$';'2.(&';*7('2(1&5&'(3-&()-(;-2$;(
';'25-.&*/';<()-(;-*2(&,3-&-.&*/'(5'(g*'$l9(g*'$(51*.(*2.'&%'2*&(3,&*15*4$';'2.(31$&(;-*2.'2*&()-(
7.-8*)*.,(5$(7G7.K;'(3)-2,.-*&'9(D$.&'(5*;'27*12(;,.-3AG7*4$'<(F'\.12(5,N2*.()"'73-/'(/1;;'()'(
?&#,05%4*-@&%<()"1&C-2'(7'271&*')(5'(g*'$9(!"'73-/'('7.(/'(3-&(4$1*(g*'$('7.(3&,7'2.('2(.1$.'(/A17'<(
/12/'3012(;,.-3AG7*4$'(.&K7(/$&*'$7'(B(217(G'$_(;-*7(4$*(&'7.'('77'20'))'(-$(7G7.K;'(5'(F'\.129(
b&1*7*K;'('_';3)'(5'(73,/$)-012<(21$7(-33&'2127(3-&($2'(21.'(5$(.&-5$/.'$&(=&-2?-*7(5'((A',,"9-
60#6&5#%#;-:4*"#-4#$&5,+"#$%#;-(5'(V1A2(!1/Z'-4$'(F'\.12(3&,.'25-*.('_3)*4$'&()'(;1G'2(3-&(
)'4$')(g*'$(-(/&,,()-(;-0K&'(&B-#%/%(0(](31$&(/&,'&()-(;-0K&'<(*)(7$x&-*.<(@$C'-*.(F'\.12<(4$'(g*'$(
&'25'(/'&.-*2'7(31&0127(5'()"'73-/'(*;3,2,.&-8)'79(n2(7-*.(5$(&'7.'(4$'()-(3'27,'(5'(F'\.12(
I(39(Hw9
l(%1*&([9(D9(Q17Z*2<(‚F'\.12<(W&1%*5'2/'(-25(.A'(•2*%'&7'(1=(X.-&7"<(V1$&2-)(=1&(.A'(Q*7.1&G(1=(D7.&121;G<(Jwjj<(
k<(39jjMJ~J

&'%•.-*.($2(/-&-/.K&'(;G704$'<(%1*&'(1//$)07.'9(R2(.'&;'7(5'(;G70/*7;'<(*)(3&•.-*.(/&,5*.(-$_(
3&13A,0'7(5$(F1$%'-$(b'7.-;'2.<(/1;;'()'(3&1$%'2.(7'7(<C,&5="80#,-4.0#-+/&350./&6%&,-0D-
@"#%&(-"#$-+/&-E.06"(9.,&-0D-?+-F0/#(3-&$'7(5'(;-2*K&'(317.A$;'('2(JjII9(X'7(&'/A'&/A'7(
-)/A*;*4$'7<()12C.';37(/-/A,'7(3-&(7'7(A,&*0'&7<(12.(,.,(&,%,),'7(5-27()-(3&';*K&'(;1*0,(5$(tt'(
7*K/)'(3-&()",/121;*7.'(V1A2([-G2-&5(„'G2'7z
E-7/*2,(3-&(712('_3,&*'2/'()12512*'22'<(61).-*&'(/1;317-(5'$_(1$%&-C'7(;-@'$&7(4$*(12.(
C&-25';'2.(/12.&*8$,(B(5*r$7'&()'7(*5,'7(-2C)-*7'7('2(R$&13'(]()'7(G&H5&,-3/%(0,0./%I4&,(1$(G&H5&,-
"#;("%,&,(5'(JjIl('.()'7('()*&#+,-60#6&5#"#+-("-./%(0,0./%&-$&-1&2+0#(5'(JjIk9(!'(3&';*'&(,/&*.(
3&,7'2.'()-(3'27,'(-2C)-*7'(71$7()-(=1&;'(5"$2'(7,&*'(5'()'+&'7(7$&()'7(4$-Z'&7<()'7(-2C)*/-27<()'7(
W&'78G.,&*'27<()'(C1$%'&2';'2.<(!1/Z'<(F'\.12<('./9(F'\.12(G('7.(3&,7'2.,(5'(;-2*K&'(.&K7(
C,2,&-)'<(7-27('2.&'&(5-27()'(5,.-*)(2*(3&,7'2.'&(3&,/*7,;'2.(/'(4$'(21$7(/122-*77127(71$7()'(21;(5'(
O()1*7(5'(F'\.12(P9(n2(2'(7-$&-*.(-77'q(*27*7.'&(7$&()"*;31&.-2/'(5'(/'+'(#$%&'<(4$*(21$&&*.(
*2.'))'/.$'))';'2.()'7(@'$2'7(3A*)1713A'7(.')7(4$'(g*5'&1.(1$(U1$77'-$9(!'7(G&H5&,-"#;("%,&,(=$&'2.(
-$77*.p.(*2.'&5*.'7('2(E&-2/'('.()'$&(-$.'$&(;'2-/,(5"';8-70))';'2.9([-*7(B(4$')4$'(/A17'(;-)A'$&(
'7.(8129(W1$&(,/A-33'&(B()"';3&*7122';'2.<(61).-*&'(7'(&'0&-(B(Y*&'G('2(YA-;3-C2'<(4$*(=-*.(
-/.$'))';'2.(3-&0'(5'()-(E&-2/'(;-*7(4$*(5,3'25-*.(-)1&7(5'()-(/1$&(5'(!1&&-*2'9(D(Y*&'G(7'(.'2-*.()'(
/Ac.'-$(5'([9('.(5'([;'(5$(YAc.')'.<(R;*)*'(@1)*'(4$*(=$.()'(C&-25(-;1$&(5'(61).-*&'9(u)(3-77-(3&K7(5'(
4$*2q'(-27(B(Y*&'G<('.(/'(=$.(7-27(51$.'()",314$'()-(3)$7(A'$&'$7'(5'(7-(%*'9(Y'(7,@1$&(@1$-($2(&p)'(
5,/*7*=(5-27()",%1)$012(5'(7-(3'27,'<(,.-2.()"1//-7*12<(7')12(u&-(n\'2(^-5'<(5'(7-(O(&,,5$/-012(
*2.'))'/.$'))'(P9(u)(7"'2(71$%*'25&-(-%'/(217.-)C*'(5-27(7'7(7)*0%5&,(](
O(F1$7(2'(/A'&/A*127(4$"B(21$7(*27.&$*&'(5-27(/'+'(5,)*/*'$7'(&'.&-*.'<(7-27(21$7(*2=1&;'&(5'(/'(4$*(
7'(3-77-*.(5-27()'(&'7.'(5$(;125'9(F1.&'(3)$7(C&-25'(-+'2012(7'(.1$&2-()12C.';37(5$(/p.,(5'(
!'*82*.q('.(5'(F'\.129([;'(5$(YAc.')'.(7|-+-/A-(5|-81&5(B(!'*82*.q<('.(5,%')133-($2'(3-&0'(5'(712(
7G7.K;'(5-27($2()*%&'(.&K7M8*'2(,/&*.<(*20.$),(u270.$0127(5'(3AG7*4$'9(R))'(2'(/A'&/A-(31*2.(B(3-&'&(
/'+'(3A*)1713A*'(5|1&2';'2.7(,.&-2C'&7](/'+'(-r,.'&*'(2|'2.&-*.(31*2.(5-27(712(/-&-/.K&'(;c)'('.(
%&-*9(!-(/)-&.,<()-(3&,/*7*12('.()|,),C-2/'<(/1;317-*'2.(712(7.G)'9(X*(@-;-*7(12(-(3$(5122'&(4$')4$'(
%&-*7';8)-2/'(-$_(*5,'7(5'(!'*82*.q<(/|'7.(5-27(/'()*%&'(4$|*)()-(=-$.(/A'&/A'&9([-*7(12(/1;;'2/'(
-$@1$&5|A$*(B(2'(3)$7(7|';8-&&-77'&(5'(/'(4$'(!'*82*.q(-(3'27,9
F,'(31$&()-(%,&*.,<('))'(-8-25122-(8*'2.p.()'7(7G7.K;'7<('.(7|-+-/A-(-$_(5,/1$%'&.'7(5$(C&-25(
F'\.129(R))'(.&-5$*7*.('2(=&-2?-*7(.1$.()'()*%&'(5'7(W&*2/*3'7(;-.A,;-04$'7L('.(5'3$*7<()1&74$|'))'('$.(
=1&0N,(7'7(/122-*77-2/'7<('))'(-@1$.-(B(/'()*%&'<(4$'(7*(3'$(5'(C'27('2.'25'2.<($2(/1;;'2.-*&'(
-)C,8&*4$'(P
[;'(5$(YAc.')'.(5*7317-*.(5"$2(/-8*2'.(5'(3AG7*4$'('.(5"$2'(&*/A'(8*8)*1.AK4$'(4$*(-(3&1N.,(B(
61).-*&'9(R2()-*77-2.(.1;8'&(5'(A-$.'$&(%-&*-8)'(5'7(8*))'7(5-27(5'()-(/*&'('.('2(;'7$&-2.()-(
3&1=125'$&(5'()"*;3-/.<('))'(3&1$%-<(/12.&'(F'\.12<()-(%,&-/*.,(5'()"*2.$*012(5'(!'*82*q<(B(7-%1*&(4$'(
)",2'&C*'(/*2,04$'('7.(=12/012(5$(/-&&,(5'()-(%*.'77'9(Y"'7.('2(7"-33$G-2.(7$&()'7(&'771$&/'7(
;-.,&*'))'7(4$"*)(.&1$%-(B(Y*&'G('.(7$&()"'_.&-1&5*2-*&'(*2.'))*C'2/'(5'([;'(5$(YAc.')'.(4$'(61).-*&'(
3$.(/1;317'&(712(%1)$;*2'$_(.&-*.,(5'7('()*&#+,-$&-("-./%(0,0./%&-$&-1&2+0#-60#+&#"#+-("-
*)+"./9,%I4&J-("-+/)05%&-$&-("-(4*%K5&J-&+-6&((&-$4-*0#$&L(Y'.(1$%&-C'(5'(%$)C-&*7-012('2&-/*2-(5-27(
)'7('73&*.7(=&-2?-*7()-(3AG7*4$'(2'\.12*'22'9
D(5*&'(%&-*<()"'2.A1$7*-7;'(5'(61).-*&'(31$&(F'\.12()$*(N.(-33&1$%'&(@$74$"-$_(3&*2/*3'7(73,/$)-0=7(
5'(/')$*M/*9(R2('_317-2.()-(.A,1&*'(5'()"'73-/'(/12?$(/1;;'(X'271&*$;(g'*('.(/'))'(5'()-(;-2$;(

';'25-.&*/';(5'(g*'$(5'702,'(B(,%*.'&()'(O(C&-%*.-012-)(/1))-37'(P(5$(7G7.K;'(3)-2,.-*&'<(*)(3&*.()'(
3-&0(5'(F'\.12(/12.&'(!'*82*qz9
X$&()-(4$'7012(5'()-(%*7(%*%-(1$(5'()",2'&C*'(/*2,04$'<(61).-*&'(-(8'-$/1$3(.'&C*%'&7,9(u)(-(5"-81&5(3&*7(
)'(3-&0(5'(!'*82*q('.(5'([;'(5$(YAc.')'.(/12.&'(F'\.12(](O()"'r'.(4$'(3&15$*.()-(=1&/'(5"$2(/1&37(
5-27($2(;1$%';'2.(dze('7.()'(3&15$*.(5'(7-(;-77'(3-&()'(/-&&,(5'(7-(%*.'77'(P(d39(Hj}<(%-&*-2.'e9(u)(-(
'27$*.'(&'=$7,(5'(7'(3&1212/'&(7$&()-(4$'7012<(&-;'2,'(B($2'(7*;3)'(/12.&1%'&7'(21;*2-)'9(u)('7.(
'2N2(&'%'2$(7$&(7'7(317*0127(*2*0-)'7(31$&(,31$7'&()'(31*2.(5'(%$'(5'(F'\.12(](O(*)(2|G(-(31*2.(5'$_(
'73K/'7(5'(=1&/'<()|$2'(;1&.'(y*9'9<(;1;'2.$;{('.()|-$.&'(%*%'(y*9'9(Z*2'0/('2'&CG{<(512.()|$2'(5*rK&'(
*2N2*;'2.(5'()|-$.&'(yz{()-(=1&/'(2|'7.(-$.&'(/A17'(4$'()'(3&15$*.(5|$2'(;-77'(3-&(7-(%*.'77'(P9
61).-*&'(2'(&'2*'&-(@-;-*7()-(3AG7*4$'(5'(F'\.12<(4$*()$*(*273*&-*.()'(3)$7(C&-25(&'73'/.9(X12(,%1)$012(
*2.'))'/.$'))'()"-;K2'&-(/'3'25-2.(B(;'+&'('2(/-$7'()'7(71$8-77';'2.7(;,.-3AG7*4$'7(5'(7-(
3AG7*4$'9(61$7(7-%'q(3'$.M•.&'(4$"'2.&'(Jjj~('.(JjjI<(61).-*&'(3&15$*&-(B()$*(7'$)(1$(3&'74$'<('2(.&1*7(
-27<($2'('2/G/)13,5*'(5'((w(%1)$;'7('.(l}~(-&0/)'7(*20.$),'()'7(M4&,80#,-,45-(A'#696(0.)$%&9(!-(
61).-*&'(E1$25-012(5'()"•2*%'&7*.,(5"n_=1&5('7.('2(.&-*2(5",5*.'&(/'+'('2/G/)13,5*'(31$&()-(3&';*K&'(
=1*7(5'3$*7()'(t6uuu'(7*K/)'9(V'(/12.&*8$'(B(/'(3&1@'.<(,.-2.('2(/A-&C'(5'(3)$7*'$&7(-&0/)'7(
3A*)1713A*4$'7('.(7/*'20N4$'79(n&(*)('7.(=&-33-2.(5'(/127.-.'&(4$'(61).-*&'(&'%*'25&-(5-27()'7(-22,'7(
Jjj~(7$&()'7(.A,;-04$'7(2'\.12*'22'7(4$"*)(-%-*.(5,='25$'7(.&'2.'(-27(-$3-&-%-2.9(g-27()"-&0/)'(
O(R73-/'(P<(*)(/&*04$'()-(21012(2'\.12*'22'(5$(X'271&*$;(g'*
O(F'\.12(&'C-&5'()"'73-/'(/1;;'()'(7'271&*$;(5'(g*'$9(V"-*(/&$('2.'25&'(/'(C&-25(;1.(-$.&'=1*7<(/-&(
@",.-*7(@'$2'L(B(3&,7'2.(@'(2'()"'2.'257(3-7(3)$7(4$'(7'7('_3)*/-0127(5'()"D31/-)G37'9(!"'73-/'(
7'271&*$;(5'(g*'$<()"1&C-2'(*2.,&*'$&(5'(g*'$L(@'(;"G(3'&57('.()$*(-$77*9
( u)(/&$.<(-$(&-331&.(5'(!1/Z'<(4$"12(31$%-*.('_3)*4$'&()-(/&,-012<('2(7$3317-2.(4$'(g*'$(3-&(
$2(-/.'(5'(7-(%1)12.,('.(5'(712(31$%1*&<(-%-*.(&'25$()"'73-/'(*;3,2,.&-8)'9(u)('7.(.&*7.'(4$"$2(C,2*'(.')(
4$'(F'\.12(-*.(5*.(5'7(/A17'7(7*(*2*2.'))*C*8)'7(P9
V"-*(,C-)';'2.(,5*.,()"-&0/)'(O(g'()-(N2(5$(;125'(5'7(M4&,80#,-,45-(A'#696(0.)$%&(P(1f(61).-*&'('_-).'(
)-(3AG7*4$'(5'(F'\.12(.1$.('2(/125-;2-2.(712(;G70/*7;'9
O(T177$'.('.(F'\.12(12.(/1;;'2.,(.1$7(5'$_()|D31/-)G37'L(;-*7(B(.1$.(3&'25&'<()'7(5,/)-;-0127(
,)14$'2.'7(5'()|$2<('.()'7(7$8)*;'7(5,/1$%'&.'7(5'()|-$.&'<()'$&(12.(=-*.(3)$7(5|A122'$&(4$'()'$&7(
/1;;'2.-*&'79
D@1$.127(B()|-&0/)'(D31/-)G37'<(4$'(5'$_(C&-257(A1;;'7<(;-*7(5|$2'(C&-25'$&(=1&.(5*r,&'2.'<(12.(
/1;;'2.,()|D31/-)G37'(5-27()'(5*_M7'30K;'(7*K/)'9(!|$2('7.(F'\.12<(B(4$*($2'(3-&'*))'(,.$5'(2'(
/12%'2-*.(C$K&'L()|-$.&'('7.(T177$'.<(B(4$*(/'+'('2.&'3&*7'(/12%'2-*.(5-%-2.-C'9(!|$2('.()|-$.&'(
5122K&'2.(8'-$/1$3(5'(3&*7'(B()'$&7('22';*7(3-&()'$&7(/1;;'2.-*&'7L('.<(/1;;'(12()|-(5,@B(5*.<()'(
3&';*'&(/1271)-()-(&-/'(A$;-*2'(5'()-(7$3,&*1&*.,(4$|*)(-%-*.(7$&('))'<('.()|-$.&'(&,@1$*.(7'7('22';*7(P9
Y'7(5'$_(-&0/)'7(5'7(M4&,80#,-,45-(A'#696(0.)$%&<(R73-/'('.(E1&/'('2(3AG7*4$'<(&,%K)'2.()'(
7/'30/*7;'(5'(61).-*&'(-$.-2.(4$'(712(3&1=125(-+-/A';'2.(B()-(&-012-)*.,(7/*'20N4$'9(61).-*&'(
5*702C$'()-(3AG7*4$'(2'\.12*'22'<(*&&,=$.-8)'(5-27(7-(317*0%*.,<(5'(7'7(71$8-77';'2.7(
;,.-3AG7*4$'7<(4$*(712.(3$&';'2.(73,/$)-0=7('.(7$@'.7(/1;;'(.')7(B(•.&'(/&*04$,79(!'7()1*7(5'(
F'\.12(712.($2'(/A17'<()-(;-*2(&,3-&-.&*/'(5'(g*'$('.()'(X'271&*$;(g'*('2(712.($2'(-$.&'z
Voltaire+et+les+sciences+de+la+vie+et+de+la+terre