Japon en mal de reconnaissance - Cérium

CÉRIUM
Le Japon en mal
de reconnaissance internationale.
Victoires militaires et paix ratées,
1895-1923
Dominic Roy
No. 005
2015|06
CAHIERS
WORKING PAPER

!"#$%&'()*(!+,-./(01&2$34(5"6%&(71(8(
9(:(
"#!$%&'(!#(!)%*!+#!,#-'((%.//%(-#!.(0#,(%0.'(%*#1!2.-0'.,#/!).*.0%.,#/!
#0!&%.3 ratées4!5678-57:;!
<').(.-!='>5(
=?/@)?!
;(<"(=$3()*(>?%('$@A<%B(<%(C"613($3"*4*&%(*3%(61<$D$E*%(%F6"3'$133$'D%(E*G$<(H@3%("I%A(
'*AA@'(A13D&%(<"(!#$3%B(6*$'(<"(,*''$%(%D(%3=$3(<GJ<<%H"43%K(L%(>M?8(N(>?:OB(<%'(=1&A%'(
"&HP%'(Q"613"$'%'(A*H*<%3D(<%'(I$AD1$&%'(H$<$D"$&%'($H6&%''$133"3D%'(%D($3)P3$"R<%'K(
!13D&%( D1*D%( "DD%3D%B( A%6%3)"3DB( S12T1( 6%$3%( N( A13I%&D$&( A%'( D&$1H6#%'( %3( *3(
A"6$D"<(61<$D$E*%( E*$( <*$("''*&%&"$D( <%( 'D"D*D()%(6*$''"3A%( D"3D( A13I1$DP(%D( *3%( 6"$F(
)*&"R<%B( 6&1A#%( )%( <G#P4PH13$%( &P4$13"<%K( 51*&( %F6<$E*%&( A%D( PA#%A( 61<$D$E*%B( $<(
3G%'D(6"'(N(&%4"&)%&(I%&'(<"(H$'%(%3(U*I&%()%(4*%&&%'()%(&%I"3A#%(H%3P%'(6"&(<%'(
I"$3A*'K( !%( '13D( 6<*DVD( PD133"HH%3D( )%'( 6*$''"3A%'( PD&"34@&%'( "*( A13=<$D( E*$(
I$%33%3D(R&$H%&(<%'("'6$&"D$13'('D&"DP4$E*%'()*(C"613K(5"&A%(E*G$<'('13D($3E*$%D'()%'(
$H6"AD'()%(<"(H13DP%(%3(6*$''"3A%()*(C"613B()%'(6"T'(3%*D&%'(A1HH%()%'(3"D$13'(
"<<$P%'(N(S12T1(=13D(1R'D"A<%'(N(<"(6<%$3%(%F6<1$D"D$13()%'(I$AD1$&%'K(/W<"3D(H%3"A%'(
H$<$D"$&%'( %D( H"3U*I&%'( )$6<1H"D$E*%'B( A%&D"$3'( 6"T'( %*&16P%3'( %D( <%'( +D"D'X.3$'(
&P*''$''%3D( N( A13D&%&( <%'( "HR$D$13'( $H6P&$"<%'( Q"613"$'%'B( N( &%=*'%&( <G1RD%3D$13( )*(
'D"D*D()%(6*$''"3A%(%D(N(A13D%'D%&(<"(&%A133"$''"3A%()%(<GP4"<$DP(&"A$"<%K(5"&(<%(R$"$'(
)G*3%( "3"<T'%( )*( 6&%H$%&( $H6P&$"<$'H%( Q"613"$'B( 31D&%(PD*)%( I%*D( )PH13D&%&( E*%(
<G$3D%&I%3D$13( )G*3%( D$%&A%( 6"&D$%B( 313( $H6<$E*P%( )"3'( <"( 4*%&&%B( 6%*D( 1R<$4%&( <%(
I"$3E*%*&(N(&%A13'$)P&%&(A1HH%3D($<(A1H6D%(6&1=$D%&()%('%'(D&$R*D'()%(4*%&&%K(51*&(
E*G*3(D&"$DP()%(6"$F('1$D()*&"R<%B(A%<*$XA$(3%(6%*D(6&%3)&%(3"$''"3A%('"3'(P4"&)()*(
A13D%FD%(4P3P&"<B('"3'(P4"&)()%'($3DP&WD'()%'(6&$3A$6"*F("AD%*&'($3D%&3"D$13"*F()%(
<GP61E*%K(
AB/0,%-0!
YT(D#%(%3)(1=(D#%(>?D#(!%3D*&TB(C"6"3(R%4"3("('*AA%''=*<($H6%&$"<$'D$A(61<$AT("4"$3'D(
!#$3"B( ,*''$"B( "3)( Z%&H"3TK( [&1H( >M?8( D1( >?:OB( D#%( C"6"3%'%( H$<$D"&T( =1&A%'(
"A#$%I%)( $H6&%''$I%( "3)( *3)%3$"R<%( H$<$D"&T( I$AD1&$%'K( .3=1&D*3"D%<TB( S12T1( \"'(
*3"R<%(D1(D*&3(D#%'%(D&$*H6#'($3D1("(61<$D$A"<("''%D(D#"D(A1*<)(4$I%(C"6"3(D#%(61\%&(
'D"D*'(D#%(41I%&3H%3D(\"3D%)B("'(\%<<("'("('1<$)("3)(<"'D$34(6%"A%(D#&1*4#(&%4$13"<(
#%4%H13TK( .'$34( H$<$D"&T( D#&%"D'( "3)( )$6<1H"D$A( H"3%*I%&'B( '1H%( ]*&16%"3(
3"D$13'( "3)( D#%( .3$D%)( ^D"D%'( '*AA%''=*<<T( 6&%I%3D%)( D#%( &%"<$_"D$13( 1=( C"6"3%'%(
$H6%&$"<$'D$A( "HR$D$13'B( &%=*'%)( D1( &%A143$_%( $D'( 61\%&( 'D"D*'( "3)( %H6#"'$_$34(
]*&16%"3('*6%&$1&$DT(RT(&%$3=1&A$34(&"A$"<($3%E*"<$DTK(S#&1*4#("3("3"<T'$'(1=(C"6"3`'(
>(5&1=%''%*&()%( &%<"D$13'($3D%&3"D$13"<%'("*( !1<<@4%(C%"3X)%XY&PR%*=(%D( "*D%*&B(%3D&%("*D&%'B()%(!"#
$%&"&'()# *&+"&,-'.%/# 0%# 1"2()# 345678939:# ;%<<=*# /&# $,+'&/*# 0/# >?"22+(<@/# "0"2&"&'A/B( 5&%''%'( )%(
<G.3$I%&'$DP(a"I"<B(:b>bK(

:b>89bc(
\\\KA%&$*HKA"(9(O(
=$&'D( $H6%&$"<$'D( "HR$D$13'B( D#$'( 6"6%&( "DD%H6D'( D1( '#1\( #1\( "( D#$&)( 6"&DTB( 31D(
$3I1<I%)($3( D#%( \"&B(A"3(=1&A%( D#%( I$AD1&(D1( &%A13'$)%&( #1\(D1( 6&1=$D( =&1H(#$'( \"&(
D&$R*D%'K( .<D$H"D%<TB( D#$'( 'D*)T( %H6#"'$_%'( D#%( $H61&D"3A%( 1=( D#%( 4&%"D%&( A13D%FDB(
$3A<*)$34( D#%( $3D%&%'D'( 1=( D#%( H"$3( $3D%&3"D$13"<( "AD1&'( 1=( D#%( D$H%B( D1( H"2$34( "(
6%"A%(D&%"DT(<"'DK(
C.0%0.'(!
,1TB(LK(d:b>8eK(a%(C"613(%3(H"<()%(&%A133"$''"3A%($3D%&3"D$13"<%K(f$AD1$&%'(H$<$D"$&%'(
%D( 6"$F ratéesB( >M?8- >?:OK( B"@'/+( )*( BCDEFG#H(+I')-# J"2/+# K(6K( !%3D&%(
)GPD*)%'( %D( )%( &%A#%&A#%'($3D%&3"D$13"<%'B(.3$I%&'$DP()%(/13D&P"<K(

!"#$%&'()*(!+,-./(01&2$34(5"6%&(71(8(
9(g(
D(0,'+@-0.'(!
J6&@'(*3()PR*D(6%*(A13I"$3A"3D(N(S"$\"3(%D(%3(!1&P%B("*(H$<$%*()%'("33P%'(>MhbB(
S12T1(%34"4%('%'(=1&A%'("&HP%'('*&(<"('A@3%(&P4$13"<%("=$3()GT("HP<$1&%&('"(61'$D$13(
%3(PD"R<$''"3D(<%'(R"'%'()G*3%(61<$D$E*%(%F6"3'$133$'D%K(51*&('G"''*&%&()%(<"(&P*''$D%(
)*(6&1Q%DB(*3%(H1)%&3$'"D$13( H$<$D"$&%( %'D(%3D&%6&$'%B(D%&&%'D&%("*D"3D(E*%( 3"I"<%K(
L%&&$@&%B( <G%3Q%*( %'D( =13)"H%3D"<( i( $<( 'G"4$D( )G1RD%3$&( <GP4"<$DP( &"A$"<%( %D( <"(
&%A133"$''"3A%()*('D"D*D()%(6*$''"3A%(6"&(<%'("*D&%'(4&"3)%'(3"D$13'()%(<GP61E*%K(
a%'( %'61$&'( '%HR<%3D( "*( )%H%*&"3D( R$%3( =13)P'( 6*$'E*%( <%'( =1&A%'( "&HP%'(
3$66133%'( A*H*<%3D( <%'( I$AD1$&%'( $H6&%''$133"3D%'B( )G"R1&)( A13D&%( <"( !#$3%( %3(
>M?8B( 6*$'( A13D&%( <"( ,*''$%( %3( >?b8K( j&B( %3( )P6$D( )%( A%'( I$AD1$&%'( H$<$D"$&%'(
$3A13D%'D"R<%'B( S12T1( A133"kD( )PA%6D$13( %D( #*H$<$"D$13( '*&( <"( 'A@3%( )$6<1H"D$E*%K(
/WH%('"(6"&D$A$6"D$13(N(<"(5&%H$@&%(Z*%&&%(H13)$"<%("*F(AVDP'()%'(J<<$P'(3%(61*&&"(
<*$(6%&H%DD&%()G%F6<1$D%&(6<%$3%H%3D('"(I$AD1$&%K((
J*(I*()%(<G$H61&D"3A%()%'(I$AD1$&%'("AE*$'%'B($<(%'D()$==$A$<%()%(A13A%I1$&(E*%(S12T1(
3G"$D(6"'(&P*''$(N($H61'%&('%'(6&16&%'(D%&H%'()%(6"$FK(5<*'(PD133"3D(%3A1&%B(A%(3%(
'13D( 6"'( <%'( I"$3A*'( )%( >M?8( 1*( )%( >?b8( E*$( '%( '13D( 1RQ%ADP'( ="&1*A#%H%3D( "*F(
D%&H%'()%(<"(6"$F(%D(E*$()@'(<1&'(13D(D%&3$(<"(D%&H$3"$'13()%(<"(4*%&&%K(!%('13D(6<*DVD(
)%'("AD%*&'($3=<*%3D'()%(<"('A@3%($3D%&3"D$13"<%(313($H6<$E*P'()"3'(<"(4*%&&%(E*$(13D(
6&$IP(<%(C"613()%('13(1AA"'$13()%(6&1=$D%&()%('"(I$AD1$&%(H$<$D"$&%(%D()%(&%A%I1$&(<%'(
6&PA$%*F(D&$R*D'()%(4*%&&%K(a"()PA%6D$13(Q"613"$'%(%'D()13A()*%(N(<G$3D%&I%3D$13()%(
D$%&A%'( 6"&D$%'( E*$( '%( '13D( "=="$&P%'( N( R$%3( ="$&%( A1H6&%3)&%( N( S12T1( E*G*3%(
%F6<1$D"D$13( '"3'( 4W3%( d%D( %F"4P&P%e( )%( '"( I$AD1$&%( "<<"$D( "I1$&( 61*&( $3A$)%3A%( )%(
<G1'D&"A$'%&K((
J*(D&"I%&'(<%(A"'()G"3"<T'%(=1&D('*&6&%3"3D(E*%(31*'(1==&%(<%'()PR*D'(l&P*''$'m( )%(
<G$H6P&$"<$'H%( Q"613"$'B( 31*'( "I13'( 61*&( 1RQ%AD$=( )%( '1*<$43%&( *3%( A13D&"$3D%(
'1*I%3D( 3P4<$4P%( E*$( 6@'%( 61*&D"3D( <1*&)%H%3D( '*&( <%'( "HR$D$13'( $<<$H$DP%'( )*(
I"$3E*%*&K(51*&(E*G*3(D&"$DP()%(6"$F('1$D()*&"R<%B(A%<*$XA$(3%(6%*D(6&%3)&%(3"$''"3A%(
'"3'( P4"&)( )*( A13D%FD%( 4P3P&"<K( 71D"HH%3DB( <%( 6&1Q%D( )%( 6"$F( )1$D( PI$D%&(

:b>89bc(
\\\KA%&$*HKA"(( ( 9(8(
)G$3A1HH1)%&( <%'( "AD%*&'( $3D%&3"D$13"*F( %D( )1$D( '"D$'="$&%( <%( H$3$H*H( )%( <%*&'(
%F$4%3A%'K(^$(<%'()&1$D'(1*(<%'($3DP&WD'('*6&WH%'()G*3%(6"&D$%(PD&"34@&%(N(<"(4*%&&%(
'13D(R"=1*P'(1*(E*%(<"(A1HH*3"*DP($3D%&3"D$13"<%('*'6%AD%(<"(6"$F(31*I%<<%()GWD&%(
61&D%*'%( )%( H%3"A%'( 61*&( <"( 'D"R$<$DPB( "<1&'( <"( A13D%'D"D$13( 3%( D"&)%&"( 6"'( N(
'*&I%3$&K( ]3( &"$'13( )G1661'$D$13( $)P1<14$E*%( 1*( 61*&( )%'( A13'$)P&"D$13'( )G1&)&%(
H"DP&$%<(n(6"&(%F%H6<%B(<G$H61''$R$<$DP()%(Q1*$&()G*3%(&%''1*&A%(dA1HH%(<%(6PD&1<%e(
1*( )G*3( D%&&$D1$&%( n( )%'( H%HR&%'( )%( <"( A1HH*3"*DP( $3D%&3"D$13"<%( 6%*I%3D( "$3'$(
R"DD&%( &"66%<( )$6<1H"D$E*%( )%'( D%&H%'( )G*3%( 6"$F( 3P41A$P%( 6"&A%( E*G$<'( %'D$H%3D(
E*%(<G%F6<1$D"D$13()%(<"(I$AD1$&%(%D()%(<"(6"$F(6"&(<%(I"$3E*%*&(R&$H%&"$D(<%*&'()&1$D'K(
Y$%3(PI$)%HH%3DB($<(%'D('1*'X%3D%3)*(E*G$<('G"4$D($A$()%(6*$''"3A%'($3D%&3"D$13"<%'()%(
61$)'o( *3( +D"D( )%( 'D"D*&%( 3P4<$4%"R<%( "*&"$D( 6%$3%( N( $3=<*%3A%&( d'%*<e( <%( A1*&'( )%'(
A#1'%'K((
.<D$H%H%3DB(*3(&%=*'()%(<"(A1HH*3"*DP($3D%&3"D$13"<%()%(&%A133"kD&%(<"(<P4$D$H$DP(
)%(<G%3'%HR<%()%'(4"$3'()*(I"$3E*%*&(6%*D(&%61&D%&(1*($3D%&)$&%(<%'()$I$)%3)%'()%(<"(
4*%&&%K(^$(<%(I"$3E*%*&()G*3%(4*%&&%(A13I$%3D(n(%D(A%B(%3(6"&D$%(A13D&%('13(4&P(n(E*G$<(
)1$D(="$&%(6&%*I%()%(H1)P&"D$13(%D(U*I&%&(N(<"(&P$3'%&D$13()*(I"$3A*()"3'(<%(A13A%&D(
)%'( 3"D$13'( 61*&( "''*&%&( )*&"R<%H%3D( <%'( =&*$D'( )%( '"( I$AD1$&%B( $<( A13'$)@&%( %3(
&%I"3A#%( A1HH%( *3%( "R%&&"D$13( <"( 61''$R$<$DP( E*G*3%( D$%&A%( 6"&D$%( 313( $H6<$E*P%(
6*$''%( "I1$&( '13( H1D( N( )$&%( '*&( <G%3D%3D%( E*$( H%D( =$3( N( <GPD"D( )G#1'D$<$DP( %D( HWH%(
E*G%<<%(6*$''%(*<D$H%H%3D(&%Q%D%&(A%<<%XA$K(]3()G"*D&%'(D%&H%'B('G$<(%'D(")H$'(E*%(<"(
6P&%33$DP( )%( <"( 6"$F( &%61'%( '*&( <"( &P$3'%&D$13( )*( I"$3A*( "*( '%$3( )*( A13A%&D( )%'(
3"D$13'B( $<( %'D( "*''$( %''%3D$%<( E*%( <%( I"$3E*%*&( HP3"4%( '13( $H"4%( "*6&@'( )%( <"(
A1HH*3"*DP( $3D%&3"D$13"<%K( j&B( <G%F$4%3A%( )%( &%'6%AD%&( <%'( l"*D&%'m( "66"&"kD(
A1HH%(*3(1R'D"A<%(N(<G16$3$pD&%DP(%D("*()&1$D()*(I"$3E*%*&(N(6&1=$D%&(%3D$@&%H%3D(
)%( '"( I$AD1$&%K( 51*&D"3DB( )%'( %F%H6<%'( #$'D1&$E*%'( )PH13D&%3D( E*%( )"3'( <%'(
1AA"'$13'(1q(<%(I"$3E*%*&("(="$D(6%*()%(A"'()%'($3E*$PD*)%'(%D(1RQ%AD$13'(%F6&$HP%'(
6"&(<"(A1HH*3"*DP($3D%&3"D$13"<%B(<G%F6<1$D"D$13()%(<"(I$AD1$&%(%'D()%I%3*%()$==$A$<%B(
I1$&%($H61''$R<%K(Y$%3(E*G%<<%('1$D(&"&%B(*3%($3D%&I%3D$13(6"&(*3%(D$%&A%(6"&D$%B(313(