Conférence – Partie 1 - WebTV de l`académie de Versailles

!
!
!
!
Actes&2012&*&Troisième&journée&–&Après*midi&
Conférence – Partie 1
Edgar&Morin&
!
"!Humanités*Numériques###!$%&'(!)%*+,-./!0!1!
2,!3&45!%/.*'5/%!6!7/!5/%./!(8"!94.&':5;<!1=!>4:!&!)%:<!</'<!&?/7!7/!>48*'!&!&))/,;!,8@4.&':<./!(/!,&!
A/'&:<<&'7/#!B894.&':<5/!;5&:5!7/,4:!>4:!)%&5:>4&:5!,/<!94.&':5;<=!,/<!.&5:-%/<!)9:,*<*)9:>4/<=!
,:55;%&:%/<=!/<59;5:>4/<!/5!>4:!/,,/<C.D./<!)/%./55&:/'5!,8;?/:,=!,/!(;?/,*))/./'5!(/!,8:'5/,,:$/'7/=!
(/!,&!</'<:+:,:5;=!(/!,&!7*.)%;9/'<:*'!/5=!>4:!7*.)*%5&:5=!)%*3*'(;./'5!<&'<!(*45/=!,&!%;3,/E:?:5;=!,&!
%;3,/E:*'!<4%!,/!<&?*:%=!6!7*../'7/%!)&%!,8:'5/%%*$&5:*'=!)4:<>4/!3:'&,/./'5=!,&!A/'&:<<&'7/=!
:'5/,,/754/,,/./'5=!</!.&':3/<5/!)&%!,&!)%*+,;.&5:<&5:*'!(4!.*'(/=!(/!,&!'&54%/=!(/!,89*../=!(4!
%;/,=!(/!F:/4=!/5!(4!%/<5/=!&4G*4%(894:!'*4<!(/?*'<!),4<!>4/!G&.&:<!7*'5:'4/%!7/55/!)%*+,;.&5:<&5:*'=!
&?/7!7/5!;,;./'5!'*4?/&4!H!,8:'<5%4./'5!(/!,&!)%*+,;.&5:<&5:*'=!>4:!;5&:5!,&!%&:<*'=!(*:5!D5%/!,4:C
.D./!)%*+,;.&5:<;=!7&%!,&!%&:<*'!)/45!7*''&I5%/!(/<!,:.:5/<=!(/<!:'<433:<&'7/<=!?*:%/!(/<!
(;$;';%/<7/'7/<#!
!
B/!)%/.:/%!94.&':<./=!78/<5!7/,4:!>4:!)%&5:>4/!,894.&':5;=!>4:!&!4'/!74,54%/!*4?/%5/#!J4:<!:,!&!)%:<!4'!
</'<!),4<!)%*3*'(=!),4<!%&(:7&,!H!78/<5!7/!>4:!?&!</!7*'7/'5%/%!<4%!,894.&:'=!)*4%!</%?:%!7/!>48&!(/!
./:,,/4%!,894.&:'#!K/5!94.&':<./C,6!</!.&':3/<5/!(;G6!(&'<!,/!)&<<&$/!7;,-+%/!(/!J:7!(/!,&!
L:%&'(*,/!*M!:,!)&%,/!(8N(&.=!/5!(:5!>4/!F:/4!,8&!3&:5!(/!3&O*'!:.)&%3&:5/=!(/!3&O*'!6!7/!>48:,!)4:<</!</!
)/%3/75:*''/%=!&,*%<!.D./!>48:,!7*4%5!,/!%:<>4/!(/!</!(;$%&(/%=!(/!</!(;7*.)*</%#!K8/<5!)%/<>4/!(;G6!
)&<7&,:/'=!7/55/!:(;/!<4%!,&!'&54%/!(/!,89*../=!>48*'!'/!)/45!)&<!3:E/%!(/!3&O*'!5%-<!'/55/#!P5!&?&'5!
(/!%/?/':%!<4%!7/!59-./!(/!,894.&:'=!G/!?*4(%&:<!%&))/,/%!>4/!,/!(;?/,*))/./'5!(/<!5/.)<!
.*(/%'/<!&!(;?/,*));!(4!7Q5;!(/<!94.&':5;<!4'/!74,54%/!>48*'!)/45!&))/,/%!,&!74,54%/!<7:/'5:3:>4/=!
.&:<!>4/!)/'(&'5!4'!5/.)<!:,!R!&?&:5!*<.*</!79/S!+:/'!(/<!&45/4%<!/'5%/!,/<!(/4E#!A&))/,*'<!>4/!
J&<7&,!;5&:5!&4<<:!4'!<7:/'5:3:>4/!)%&5:>4&'5!(/<!/E);%:/'7/<=!>4/!B/:+':S!;5&:5!4'!)9:,*<*)9/=!/5!&4<<:!
4'!.&59;.&5:7:/'=!>4/!F/<7&%5/<!,4:C.D./!6!,&!3*:<!<7:/'5:3:>4/!/5!)9:,*<*)9/#!P5!,/<!(/4E!74,54%/<!
</!<*'5!(:<G*:'5/<#!!
B8/'7R7,*);(:/!(/!F:(/%*5!/5!(8N,/.+/%5!/<5!4'!.*./'5!*M!&))&%/../'5!,/!<&?*:%!/<5!%&<</.+,;=!
.&:<!/'!.D./!5/.)<!:,!/<5!7*.)&%5:./'5;=!,/<!;,;./'5<!<*'5!<;)&%;<=!:,<!'/!<*'5!),4<!;5%*:5/./'5!
,:;<#!
N4G*4%(894:!'*4<!&?*'<!&33&:%/!6!4'/!?;%:5&+,/!(:<G*'75:*'!H!5%-<!%&%/<!<*'5!,/<!)9:,*<*)9/<!>4:!
%;3,;79:<</'5!<4%!,/<!<7:/'7/<=!5%-<!%&%/<!<*'5!,/<!<7:/'5:3:>4/<!>4:!)/'</'5!>4/!,&!)9:,*<*)9:/!/<5!&45%/!
79*</!>4/!(4!+&?&%(&$/#!P5!'*4<!&?*'<!4'/!74,54%/!<7:/'5:3:>4/!>4:!&!)%*(4:5!(/<!7*''&:<<&'7/<!>4/!
)/45CD5%/!'4,,/!)9:,*<*)9:/!'8&4%&:5!)4!%D?/%=!.&:<!>4:!.&'>4/!(4!)*4?*:%!(/!%;3,;79:%!</<!
7*''&:<<&'7/<#!P,,/!)%*(4:5!,/!$%&:'=!&,*%<!>4/!,&!)9:,*<*)9:/!</%&:5!,/!.*4,:'=!.&:<!*M!,/!$%&:'!'8&%%:?/!
)&<!/5!(*'5!,/<!&:,/<!5*4%'/'5!6!?:(/#!!
!

!
!
!
!
T/!7%*:<!>484'/!(/<!5%&$;(:/<!(/!'*5%/!5/.)<=!78/<5!7/55/!(:<G*'75:*'!/'5%/!7/<!(/4E!74,54%/<!>4:!<*'5!
(/!'&54%/!&+<*,4./'5!(:33;%/'5/<=!)4:<>4/!,&!74,54%/!(/<!94.&':5;<!&!5*4G*4%<!;5;!)*%5;/!<4%!4'!
'*.+%/!,:.:5;!(/!7*''&:<<&'7/<=!>4:!)/%./55&:5!(/!,&!3&:%/!%;3,;79:%!<4%!,89*../=!<4%!,&!?:/=!<4%!,/!
.*'(/=!&,*%<!>4/!,&!74,54%/!<7:/'5:3:>4/!&77%*I5!(/<!7*''&:<<&'7/<!(/!3&O*'!/E)*'/'5:/,,/=!5*45!/'!,/<!
<;)&%&'5!(/!),4<!/'!),4<!,/<!4'/<!(/<!&45%/<#!!
!
P5!)4:<!'*4<!&?*'<!?4!<4%$:%!4'/!5%*:<:-./!74,54%/=!(&'<!,/!</'<!/59'*$%&)9:>4/=!<*7:*,*$:>4/!(4!
5/%./=!>48*'!&!)4!&))/,/%!,&!74,54%/!(/!.&<</!*4!74,54%/!.;(:&5:>4/=!>4:!/,,/C.D./!</.+,/!D5%/!4'/!
74,54%/!(/!?4,$&%:<&5:*'=!)*4%!7/%5&:'<!(/!(;$%&(&5:*'=!)*4%!(8&45%/<!(/!(:334<:*'!/5!>4:!<&'<!(*45/!
/<5!5*45!7/,&!/'!.D./!5/.)<#!!
P5!)4:<!&%%:?/!7/55/!>4&5%:-./!74,54%/=!>4:!</.+,/!?*4,*:%!5*45!/'$,*+/%!/5!>4:!/<5!7/,,/!(/!,8:'5/%'/5=!
7/,,/!(4!'4.;%:>4/!;?:(/../'5=!(*'5!G/!?&:<!/<<&R/%!(/!)&%,/%#!
!
L&:<!&?&'5!(8/'!?/':%!,6=!G/!%/?:/'<!<4%!,/!.*5!(8"!94.&':<./!1=!>4:=!/33/75:?/./'5!&!(;)&<<;!,/<!
94.&':5;<!6!,&!3:'!(4!UV222-!<:-7,/=!&!%/G*:'5!,&!)&%*,/!(/!W;%/'7/!H!!
"!T/!<4:<!9*../=!%:/'!(/!7/!>4:!/<5!94.&:'!'/!.8/<5!;5%&'$/%#!1=!5/%./<!>4:!<:$':3:/'5!>48/<5!
7*'<:(;%;!5*45!D5%/!94.&:'=!>4/,,/!>4/!<*:5!<*'!*%:$:'/=!<&!%&7/=!<*'!</E/=!/57#!F:$'/!(/!%/<)/75=!
(:$'/!(/!%/7*''&:<<&'7/=!78/<5C6C(:%/!,/!%/<)/75!(/!,8D5%/!94.&:'!>4:!?&!</!5%&(4:%/!)&%!,/<!F%*:5<!(/!
,8@*../=!,/<!F%*:5<!(/!,&!X/../=!/57#!!
!
F*'7!7/5!94.&':<./!&?&:5!>4/,>4/!79*</!(84':?/%<&,:<5/=!7*../!,/!)%*.4,$4/!'*5%/!A;?*,45:*'#!K/!
>4:!./!</.+,/!/E5%D././'5!:.)*%5&'5=!78/<5!>4/!,894.&':<./!(/?:/'5!4'!.*5!(/!),4<!/'!),4<!
%;)&'(4!H!)*4%!D5%/!94.&':<5/=!:,!3&45!7*.)%/'(%/!&45%4:=!:,!3&45!7*.)%/'(%/!,/<!&45%/<=!:,!3&45!
Y4?%/%!)*4%!,/!$/'%/!94.&:'=!7/,&!?&!</!5%&(4:%/!)&<!,8:'5/%'&5:*'&,:<./!(4!UU-!<:-7,/!(/!(:33;%/'5/<!
3&O*'<#!L&:<!7/!>48:,!R!&!(/!),4<!%/.&%>4&+,/=!78/<5!4'!?:(/!5*5&,!<4%!,894.&:'#!Z48/<5C7/!>4/!78/<5!
>48D5%/!94.&:'![!K8/<5!4'/!79*</!>48*'!'/!(:5!G&.&:<=!>4:!'8/<5!G&.&:<!/'</:$';/#!K/!'8/<5!/'</:$';!':!
(&'<!,/<!;7*,/<!)%:.&:%/<=!':!(&'<!,/<!;7*,/<!</7*'(&:%/<=!':!(&'<!,/<!4':?/%<:5;<=!/5!)*4%5&'5!78/<5!4'!
)%*+,-./!/<</'5:/,=!7/'5%&,#!!
F8&:,,/4%<!@/:(/$$/%!&!5%-<!+:/'!(:5!H!"!T&.&:<!*'!'8&!/4!&45&'5!(8:'3*%.&5:*'<!<4%!,89*../!/5!G&.&:<!
*'!&!<:!)/4!<4!7/!>4/!78/<5!1#!P5!)*4%>4*:!'/!,/!<&:5C*'!)&<![!J*4%>4*:!'/!,8/'</:$'/C5C*'!)&<![!K8/<5!
)&%7/!>4/!5*45!7/!>4:!/<5!94.&:'!</!5%*4?/!7*.)&%5:./'5;!/5!(:<)/%<;#!K/!'8/<5!)&<!</4,/./'5!,/<!
<7:/'7/<=!>48*'!&))/,,/!94.&:'/<!*4!<*7:&,/<=!>4:!/,,/<C.D./<!<*'5!7*.)&%5:./'5;/<#!V*4<!<&?/S!
5%-<!+:/'!>4/!,&!5/'(&'7/!'&54%/,,/!(/!,&!<*7:*,*$:/!/<5!(/!%;(4:%/!,8:'(:?:(4!6!4'/!<*%5/!(/!
(;5/%.:':<./!(/!.&%:*''/55/!/5!>4/!,&!5/'(&'7/!<*7:&,/!(/!,&!)<R79*,*$:/!/<5!(/!(:<<*4(%/!,&!<*7:;5;!
&4!)%*3:5!(/!,8:'(:?:(4#!!
!
!
V*4<!<&?/S!>4/!(;.*$%&)9:/=!;7*'*.:/=!<*7:*,*$:/=!7*..4':>4/'5!5%-<!)/4!*4!5%-<!.&,=!*4!)&%3*:<!
79/S!>4/,>4/<!&45/4%<!.&%$:'&4E=!)*,RC(:<7:),:'&:%/<=!.&:<!7/!'8/<5!)&<!>4/,>4/!79*</!>4:!</!5%*4?/!
%;4':!(/!3&O*'!)%*$%&..&5:>4/!/5!3*'(&./'5&,/!(&'<!,8/'</:$'/./'5#!
!

!
!
!
!
L&:<!7/!>48/<5!,894.&:'!'/!</!%;(4:5!)&<!(4!5*45!&4E!<7:/'7/<!94.&:'/<#!T/!(:%&:<!.D./!>4/!,&!
,:55;%&54%/=!,/!%*.&'!'*5&../'5=!&))*%5/!4'/!7*''&:<<&'7/!(/!,894.&:'!+/&47*4)!),4<!:'5;%/<<&'5/!
)&%3*:<!>4/!7/,,/!(/<!<7:/'7/<!94.&:'/<=!)&%7/!>48/,,/!<&:<:5!,/<!D5%/<!94.&:'<!(&'<!,/4%!<4+G/75:?:5;=!
(&'<!,/4%!?:/=!(&'<!,/4%<!)&<<:*'<=!(&'<!,/4%!.:,:/4!<*7:&,=!3&.:,:&,=!)&%3*:<!(&'<!,&!$4/%%/!7*../!79/S!
W*,<5*\!*4!T4,/<!A*.&:'<#!
]%/3=!,&!,:55;%&54%/!/<5!&4<<:!4'!.*R/'!(/!7*''&:<<&'7/!>4/!,8*'!5/'(!6!7*'<:(;%/%!&4!7*'5%&:%/!
7*../!>4/,>4/!79*</!(/!)4%/./'5!/<59;5:>4/=!/5!(/<5:';!4':>4/./'5!6!'*5%/!G*4:<<&'7/!(/!,/75/4%!
/5!(/!<)/75&5/4%=!&,*%<!>4/!(&'<!,/!3*'(=!*'!<&:5!>4/!)*4%!5&'5!(8&(*,/<7/'5<!^7*../!7/!345!.*'!7&<_=!
78/<5!6!5%&?/%<!(/<!;7%:?&:'<!7*../!F*<5*\/?<`:=!W*,<5*\=!>48*'!&!(;7*4?/%5!</<!)%*)%/<!?;%:5;<!>4:!</!
<*'5!%;?;,;/<#!P5!G8&G*45/!>4/!,&!)*;<:/!/,,/C.D./!/<5!&))%/'5:<<&$/!(/!,&!>4&,:5;!)*;5:>4/!(/!,&!?:/!
94.&:'/#!!
!
K&%!G/!7%*:<!>48*'!)/45!7*'<:(;%/%!>4/!,&!?:/!94.&:'/!/<5!)*,&%:<;/!/'5%/!,&!)%*</=!78/<5C6C(:%/!,/<!
79*</<!*+,:$&5*:%/<=!';7/<<&:%/<!)*4%!<4%?:?%/=!/5!>4/!,&!)*;<:/=!78/<5!,/!?:?%/=!78/<5!,8;)&'*4:<</./'5=!
78/<5!,&!7*..4':*'=!78/<5!,&!G*:/=!78/<5!,8&.*4%#!B&!)*;<:/!'*4<!:'?:5/!6!7/7:#!B/<!<4%%;&,:<5/<!,8&?&:/'5!
(4!%/<5/!5%-<!+:/'!7*.)%:<=!/'!(:<&'5!>4/!,&!)*;<:/!'8/<5!)&<!</4,/./'5!>4/,>4/!79*</!>4:!</!,:5!/5!>4:!
</!%;7:5/=!78/<5!>4/,>4/!79*</!>4:=!&4<<:=!</!?:5#!
!
N,*%<!G/!)/'</!>48:,!3&45!%/.),:%!7/!?:(/#!K*../'5!,/!%/.),:%![!W*45!(8&+*%(=!:,!3&45!</!%/'(%/!7*.)5/!
>4/!,&!(;3:':5:*'!(/!,894.&:'!/<5!:';?:5&+,/./'5!4'/!(;3:':5:*'!5%:,*$:>4/=!78/<5C6C(:%/!>4:!%/,-?/!
(84'/!5%:,*$:/!H!G/!(:%&:<!,8/<)-7/!94.&:'/=!,8:'(:?:(4=!/5!,&!<*7:;5;#!K/<!5%*:<!;,;./'5<!'/!<*'5!)&<!
/.+*I5;<!,/<!4'<!(&'<!,/<!&45%/<#!!
!
K/!<*'5!(/<!;,;./'5<!>4:!</!5%*4?/'5!(&'<!4'/!%/,&5:*'!:'(;79:%&+,/<=!/5!G/!(:%&:<!.D./!%;74%<:?/=!
(&'<!4'/!<*%5/!(/!+*47,/#!J*4%>4*:![!J&%7/!>48/33/75:?/./'5!,8/<)-7/=!78/<5C6C(:%/!4'!<R<5-./!(/!
%/)%*(475:*'=!)%*(4:5!(/<!:'(:?:(4<=!.&:<!)*4%!>4/!,8/<)-7/!7*'5:'4/=!:,!3&45!>4/!(/4E!:'(:?:(4<!&:/'5!
4'/!%/,&5:*'!</E4/,,/!>4:!)/%./55/!7/55/!%/)%*(475:*'#!J&%7/!>4/!,8/'</.+,/!(/<!:'(:?:(4<!(&'<!,/4%!
:'5/%&75:*'!)%*(4:</'5!,&!<*7:;5;=!.&:<!:,!3&45!>4/!,&!<*7:;5;=!&?/7!<&!74,54%/!/5!<*'!,&'$&$/=!
%;5%*&$:<</!<4%!,/<!:'(:?:(4<!)*4%!>48:,<!<8&77*.),:<</'5!/'!D5%/<!94.&:'<=!<:'*'!O&!</%&:/'5!(/<!
/'3&'5<C,*4)<=!(/<!)/5:5<!L*a$,:=!>4:!</%&:/'5!(/<!)%:.&5/<!(84'!%&'$!:'3;%:/4%#!b'!)/45!(:%/!>4/!
'*4<!<*../<!6!cdd!e!:'(:?:(4/,<=!6!cdd!e!<*7:&4E=!/5!6!cdde!+:*,*$:>4/<=!/5!'*'!)&<!ff!e!(/!,84'!/5!
,8&45%/#!P5!78/<5!O&!4'!(/<!&<)/75<!,/<!),4<!5%*4+,&'5<!/5!,/<!),4<!:.)*%5&'5<!(/!'*5%/!%;&,:5;!94.&:'/#!
g:!'*4<!?*R*'<!7/5!&<)/75C,6=!?*R*'<!,8&<)/75!>48*'!)/45!(:%/!+:*,*$:>4/=!7&%!?*4<!<&?/S!5%-<!+:/'!>48:,!
R!&!4'/!(:<G*'75:*'!3*'(&./'5&,/!(&'<!'*5%/!/'</:$'/./'5!/'5%/!,/!+:*,*$:>4/!/5!,/!<*7:&,!*4!,/!
74,54%/,#!!
!
V*4<!<&?/S!>4/!,8/<)%:5!/<5!/'</:$';!/'!)<R79*,*$:/=!,/!7/%?/&4!/<5!/'</:$';!/'!+:*,*$:/#!P5!)*4%5&'5!
>4/!</%&:5!,84'!<&'<!,8&45%/![!h*4<!(/?*'<!<&?*:%!&4<<:!>4/!'*4<!<*../<!(/<!D5%/<!5*5&,/./'5!
+:*,*$:>4/<=!)4:<>4/!,/<!)&%*,/<!>4/!G/!?*4<!(:<=!,/<!(:<7*4%<=!,/<!)9:,*<*)9:/<=!5*45/<!7/<!79*</<C,6!'/!
)*4%%&:/'5!)&<!/E:<5/%!<8:,!'8R!&?&:5!)&<!<&'<!&%%D5!.*'!<R<5-./!+:*,*$:>4/=!./<!$-'/<=!.*'!7/%?/&4=!
./<!.R%:&(/<!(/!'/4%*'/<!/'!&75:*'#!2,!R!&!4'/!:'<;)&%&+:,:5;!(4!+:*,*$:>4/!/5!(4!74,54%/,#!

!
!
!
!
!
K/!>4:!/<5!&4<<:!:'5;%/<<&'5=!78/<5!4'!(/<!&<)/75<!>4:!7*../'7/!6!&77;(/%!6!,&!7*'<7:/'7/!H!78/<5!
'*5%/!%;&,:5;!&':.&,/=!+:/'!>48/,,/!<*:5!/'!.D./!5/.)<!.;5&C&':.&,/#!!
N':.&,/=!)&%7/!>4/!'*4<!<*../<!(/<!)%:.&5/<=!(/<!.&..:3-%/<=!(/<!?/%5;+%;<=!(/<!&':.&4E=!(/<!
)*,R7/,,4,&:%/<!/5!'*4<!<*../<!7*'<5:54;<!(/<!7/,,4,/<!>4:!<*'5!,/<!3:,,/<=!,/<!<Y4%<!(/<!5*45/<!
)%/.:-%/<!7/,,4,/<!>4:!<*'5!&))&%4/<!<4%!,&!W/%%/#!L&:<!4'/!(/<!79*</<!:.)*%5&'5/<!>48&!&))*%5;!,&!
%;?*,45:*'!+:*,*$:>4/!(/<!&'';/<!ciji!/5!cikd=!78/<5!(;7*4?%:%!>4/!,&!7/,,4,/!?:?&'5/!/<5!7*'<5:54;/!
(8;,;./'5<!)9R<:7*C79:.:>4/<!>4:!</!5%*4?/'5!:'5;%:/4%/./'5!(&'<!,&!'&54%/=!78/<5C6C(:%/!>48:,!'8R!&!
)&<!4'/!<4+<5&'7/!?:?&'5/=!>48:,!R!&!,&!<4+<5&'7/!)9R<:7*C79:.:>4/=!.&:<!>4:!/<5!*%$&':<;/!(/!3&O*'!
)&%5:74,:-%/./'5!7*.),/E/!(&'<!,/!?:?&'5#!!
!
K8/<5!7/55/!*%$&':<&5:*'!7*.),/E/!>4:!)%*(4:5!(/<!;./%$/'7/<=!78/<5C6C(:%/!(/<!>4&,:5;<!';/<!(/!
,8*%$&':<&5:*'!(8;,;./'5<!>4:!'8*'5!:'(:?:(4/,,/./'5!)&<!7/<!>4&,:5;<!(8&45*C%/)%*(475:*'=!(8&45*C
%;)&%&5:*'=!(/!7*''&:<<&'7/=!/57#!F*'7!'*4<!)*%5*'<!/'!'*4<!(/<!.*,;74,/<!>4:!/,,/<C.D./<!<*'5!
3*%.;/<!)&%!(/<!&5*./<=!(*'5!7/%5&:'<!<*'5!';<!(&'<!(/<!<*,/:,<!&'5;%:/4%<!&4!'Q5%/=!7*../!,/<!
&5*./<!(/!7&%+*'/#!W*45!O&!)*4%!%/?/':%!&4!3&:5!>4/!'*4<!<*../<!7*'<5:54;<!)&%!(/<!)&%5:74,/<!>4:!
<*'5!)/45CD5%/!';/<!&4!(;+45!(/!,84':?/%<#!!
!
Z48/<5C7/!>4/!O&!?/45!(:%/![!l&!?/45!(:%/!>4/!'*4<!)*%5*'<!/'!'*4<!(/!3&O*'!9*,*$%&..&5:>4/!*4!
7*../!(/<!.:7%*7*<./<!5*45/!,89:<5*:%/=!)&<!</4,/./'5!(/!,&!?:/=!.&:<!5*45/!,89:<5*:%/!(/!7/5!4':?/%<#!
2,!/<5!/'!'*4<=!+:/'!>4/!'*4<!/'!<*R*'<!5*45!6!3&:5!:'7*'<7:/'5<!m!'*4<!<*../<!(/<!/'3&'5<!(/!7/!
7*<.*<=!(/<!/'3&'5<!(/!,&!?:/#!!
!
L&:<!'*4<!'/!)*4?*'<!)&<!'*4<!%;(4:%/!6!O&=!7&%!/33/75:?/./'5=!,&!7*'<7:/'7/=!,&!74,54%/=!,&!)/'<;/=!
'*4<!(;5&79/'5!(/!7/55/!*%:$:'/#!K8;5&:5!,/!.&59;.&5:7:/'!g)/'7/%!]%*a'!>4:=!.;5&)9*%:>4/./'5=!
(:<&:5!H!"!g:!,84':?/%<!?*4,&:5!</!7*''&I5%/!,4:C.D./=!>4/!3/%&:5C:,![!1!/5!+:/'!:,!7*../'7/%&:5!)&%!<*%5:%!
4'/!<*%5/!(/!);(*'74,/!(/!,4:C.D./=!>4:!5/'(%&:5!6!<8;,*:$'/%!(/!),4<!/'!),4<!)*4%!)%/'(%/!(:<5&'7/!
/5!)4:<!>4:!6!4'!.*./'5!(*'';!</%&:5!(*5;!(/!</'<!7&)&+,/<!(/!,/!7*'<:(;%/%=!/5!&4!.*./'5!*M!7/55/!
/E5%;.:5;!';/!(/!,84':?/%<!,/!%/$&%(/=!%;4<<:5!6!,/!%/$&%(/%=!/,,/!;79*4/=!)&%7/!>48/,,/!/'!/<5!
(;5&79;/#!!
!
N!)&%5:%!(4!.*./'5!*M!'*4<!(/?/'*'<!7*'<7:/'5<=!'*4<!(/?/'*'<!(;5&79;<!(/!7/5!4':?/%<!
:'7*'<7:/'5=!>4:!)*4%5&'5!/<5!/'!'*4<=!7&%=!%&))/,*'<!,&!)9%&</!(8@;%&7,:5/=!),4<!)%*3*'(/!>48&474'/!
(/<!)9%&</<!(/!X%/4(!6!.*'!&?:<=!>4:!)&%,&'5!(/!,8D5%/!94.&:'=!(:5!(/!'*4<!H!!
"!P?/:,,;<=!:,<!(*%./'5!1#!W*45/!4'/!)&%5:/!;'*%./!(/!'*4<!3*'75:*''/!(/!3&O*'!:'7*'<7:/'5/!/5!78/<5!
6!,&!<4%3&7/!(/!'*5%/!/<)%:5!>4/!</!5%*4?/!,&!7*'<7:/'7/=!)&%5:/!(/!7/55/!%;&,:5;!94.&:'/#!N4G*4%(894:!
'*4<!7*../'O*'<!6!)%/'(%/!7*'<7:/'7/!(/!'*5%/!%/,&5:*'!&?/7!,&!'&54%/=!(/!'*5%/!%/,&5:*'!&':.&,/=!
)&%7/!>4/!78/<5!>4/,>4/!79*</!>4:!&!;5;!%/3*4,;!)&%!'*5%/!7:?:,:<&5:*'!*77:(/'5&,/#!N4!7*'5%&:%/=!
7*../!(:<&:5!F/<7&%5/<=!3*%.4,/!%/)%:</!)&%!]433*'=!)4:<!)&%!L&%E!(84'/!&45%/!3&O*'!H!"!B/!+45!(/!
,89*../=!(/!,&!<7:/'7/=!(/!,&!5/79':>4/=!/<5!(/!</!%/'(%/!.&I5%/!/5!)*<</<</4%!(/!,&!'&54%/=!,/!%*:!(/!
,&!'&54%/!7*'<:(;%;/!7*../!4'!.*'(/!(8*+G/5<!6!.&':)4,/%#!1!

!
!
!
!
!
V*:7:!>4/,>4/<!4'<!(/<!&<)/75<!(/!'*5%/!5%:':5;#!h*4<!<*../<!5%:':5&:%/<=!'*4<!'/!<*../<!)&<!>4/!
(/<!:'(:?:(4<#!L&:<!'*4<!<*../<!),/:'/./'5!(/<!:'(:?:(4<#!L&:<!6!7/!.*./'5C,6=!4'!)%*+,-./!</!
)*</!H!4'!'*4?/&4!?:(/!'*4<!&))&%&I5#!J*4%>4*:![!J&%7/!>4/!'*4<!<*../<!%;(4:5<!6!,&!7*'(:5:*'!
(8homo*sapiens=!(*5;<!(/!%&:<*'=!homo*faber,!7&)&+,/!(/!3&+%:>4/%!(/<!*45:,<!/5!)4:<!(84'/!3&O*'!
5*45/!%;7/'5/!&4!UV222-!<:-7,/=!homo*economicus=!$4:(;!)&%!<*'!:'5;%D5!)/%<*''/,#!b%!7/7:!/<5!
4':,&5;%&,=!7&%!homo*sapiens!/<5!6!,&!3*:<!homo*demens=!78/<5C6C(:%/!>4/!,&!3*,:/!'8/<5!)&<!,/!7&<!,:.:5/!
(/!7/4E!>48*'!/'3/%./!(&'<!,/<!&<:,/<#!!
!
B&!3*,:/!<4%$:5!/'!'*4<!(&'<!,/!.*:'(%/!&77-<!(/!7*,-%/!m!,&!3*,:/!</!.&':3/<5/!(&'<!7/!>4/!,/<!$%/7<!
&))/,&:/'5!,8hubris=!,&!(;./<4%/=!)&<!</4,/./'5!7/,,/!(/<!$%&'(<!7*'>4;%&'5<=!.&:<!7/,,/!(/<!
&.+:5:*'<!:'</'<;/<#!K8/<5!,/!<)/75%/!(/!,&!3*,:/#!F8&45%/!)&%5!/5!78/<5!)/45CD5%/!4'/!(/<!$%&'(/<!
(;7*4?/%5/<!>48*'5!3&:5!(/<!'/4%*C<7:/'5:<5/<!7*../!T/&'CF:(:/%!V:'7/'5!/'!X%&'7/!*4!N'5*':*!
F&.&<:*!&4E!P5&5<Cn':<=!78/<5!>4/!,8:.&$/%:/!7;%;+%&,/!&!%;?;,;!>4o:,!'8R!&!)&<!(/!%&:<*'!)4%/=!78/<5C6C
(:%/!>4/!(-<!>484'!7/'5%/!%&5:*''/,!/<5!/'!.*4?/./'5=!7*../!7/,4:!(4!.&59;.&5:7:/'=!4'!7/'5%/!
;.*5:*''/,!/<5!&4<<:!;?/:,,;!H!
,/!.&59;.&5:7:/'!&!,&!)&<<:*'!(/!,&!.&59;.&5:>4/#!A:/'!/'!'*4<!'8/<5!)4%/./'5!/5!&459/'5:>4/./'5!
%&5:*''/,=!:,!/<5!5*4G*4%<!,:;!(8;.*5:*'!/5!(/!)&<<:*'#!P5!'*4<!<&?*'<!>4/!(&'<!,/!3*'(=!7/!>4:!
/.)D79/!,&!3*,:/!/5!,/<!(;,:%/!/<5!>4/!,&!%&:<*'!<*:5!)%;</'5/!<*4<!3*%./!(/!?/:,,/4</!(&'<!,&!)&<<:*'=!
/5!>4/!(&'<!,/!3*'(=!'*4<!&?*'<!4'/!'&?:$&5:*'=!4'/!(:&,/75:>4/!5*4G*4%<!(:33:7:,/!/'5%/!%&:<*'!/5!
)&<<:*'#!P5!G/!(:%&:<!.D./!H!)&<!(/!%&:<*'!<&'<!)&<<:*'=!.&:<!)&<!(/!)&<<:*'!'*'!),4<!<&'<!%&:<*'#!
h*4<!<*../<!5*4G*4%<!$4:(;<!)&%!,&!./'&7/!(84'/!%&:<*'!$,&7;/=!*4!,&!./'&7/!(84'!(;,:%/!:?%/#!
Homo*faber*:!+:/'!<p%=!>4/,!3*%.:(&+,/!(;?/,*))/./'5!5/79':>4/!0!B/!.*'(/!/5!,89:<5*:%/!94.&:'/!,/!
.*'5%/'5!(/!),4<!/'!),4<!&4G*4%(894:#!!
!
L&:<!7/!>4:!/<5!,/!),4<!74%:/4E=!78/<5!>48&4<<:!(-<!,&!)%;9:<5*:%/=!(-<!,/<!';&'(/%5&,:/'<=!:,!R!&?&:5!7/<!
<;)4,54%/<=!(/<!.*%5<!&?/7!(/!,&!'*4%%:54%/!*4!(/<!&%./<=!*4!+:/'!/'!)*<:5:*'!3Y5&,/=!78/<5C6C(:%/!
>48:,!R!&?&:5!(/<!7%*R&'7/<!/'!4'/!?:/!&4C(/,6=!:,!R!&?&:5!,&!.R59*,*$:/!/5!,&!%/,:$:*'!/'!)4:<<&'7/#!2,!'8R!
&!)&<!(/!<*7:;5;!94.&:'/!<&'<!.R59*,*$:/=!,&!.R59*,*$:/!'8/<5!)&<!</4,/./'5!,&!.R59*,*$:/!(/<!
(:/4E=!(/<!$;':/<=!(/<!/<)%:5<###!!
!
h*4<!&?*'<!(/<!.R59*,*$:/<!&4!</:'!(/!'*<!:(;*,*$:/<=!(/!'*<!7%*R&'7/<#!B/!7*..4':<./!345!4'/!
$%&'(/!.R59*,*$:/=!/5!G/!(:%&:<!.D./!4'/!%/,:$:*'!(/!<&,45!5/%%/<5%/=!&4!7*4%<!(4!UU-!<:-7,/#!b'!)/45!
.D./!(:%/!>4/!,&!<*:C(:<&'5!<7:/'7/!(4!,:+;%&,:<./!/5!(4!';*C,:+;%&,:<./!;7*'*.:>4/=!/'!3&:5!/,,/C
.D./!/<5!4'/!:(;*,*$:/=!/5!G8&G*45/%&:!4'/!.R59*,*$:/=!(&'<!,&!./<4%/!*M!/,,/!)/'<&:5!>4/!,/!<:.),/!
G/4!(4!.&%79;!;7*'*.:>4/!&,,&:5!5%&:5/%!/5!%;<*4(%/!5*4<!,/<!)%*+,-./<!94.&:'<!/5!<*7:&4E#!!
B8homo*economicus###!.&:<!:,!R!&!;$&,/./'5!,8homo*ludens!C!@4:S:'$&!&?&:5!(;G6!%/,/?;!7/7:!:,!R!&!)&<!
.&,!(/!5/.)<=!78/<5!6!(:%/!7/55/!7&)&7:5;!(/!G*4/%=!(/!(;)/'</%=!(/!$&<):,,/%=!/5!(/!7/!>4/!q/*%$/<!
]&5&:,,/<!&))/,&:5!,&!"!7*'<4.&5:*'!1=!>4:!/<5!&45%/!79*</!>4/!,&!7*'<*..&5:*'=!>4:!'8/<5!>484'!
)%*(4:5!(/!<4)/%.&%79;#!B&!7*'<4.&5:*'=!78/<5!</!+%p,/%!<*:C.D./!(&'$/%/4</./'5=!.&:<!/'!.D./!
5/.)<!5%*4?/%!,8:'5/'<:5;#!F*'7=!'*4<!?*R*'<!>4/!,8D5%/!94.&:'!/<5!>4/,>4/!79*</!(/!7*.),/E/=!