anglais

HIGH SCHOOL AINOUMADY
EXECELLENCE
Class : 1er L2 A professor : Mr. DIOP
ENGLISH PRESENT
THEME
BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM
ACEDEMIC YEAR:2018 -2019
INTRODUCTION
I. ROLE OF THE QUEEN
II. PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET
III. DEPARTMENTS AND PUBLIC SERVICE
IV. PARLIAMENT
1. the House of Commons
2. House of Lords
V. JUDICIAL SYSTEM
VI. Law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland
VII. COMPONENTS OF THE POLITICAL
SYMPTOM BRITISH
1. The crown
2. Limited powers
VIII. Departments and Public Service
IX. The parliamentary system of Great Britain
1. Bipartisanship
2. The institutional framework
CONCLUSION
EXHIBITORS
MOUHAMED GUEYE
IBRAHIMA NDIAYE
MAME FATOU DIALLO
AICHA SOW
ALAIN ALIOU SAGNE

INTRODUCTION
The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a parliamentary monarchy in which the monarch is
the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government responsible to the House of
Commons. Executive power is exercised by the government on behalf of the Queen.
Legislative power is exercised by Parliament, which includes the Queen, the elected House of
Commons, and the unelected House of Lords. The members of the government are at the
same time members of one of the Houses of Parliament and the most important of them form
the cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister. This system of government, known as the
Westminster system after the name of the place where Parliament sits, is often considered the
main model of a parliamentary system. It has inspired many countries, including those of the
Commonwealth. The Constitution of the United Kingdom has the particularity of not being
codified: it includes ordinary laws and unwritten conventions but with constitutional value.
Since the 1990s, the United Kingdom has initiated a process of devolution of power in its
constituent nations: a Scottish Parliament, a National Assembly of Wales and a Northern
Ireland Assembly have been created. The United Kingdom is a multi-party state in which
there are two main parties that generally alternate in power since 1920: the Conservative Party
and the Labor Party. Minority or coalition governments are rare, the first-past-the-post voting
system tending to give strong majorities to one or other of the major parties. General elections
are held at most every five years. Since the adoption of the "Fixed-term Parliaments Act
2011", elections are held every five years on the first Thursday of May. The United Kingdom
had its first fixed-date general election in 2015. The current Queen is Elizabeth II since 1952.
Theresa May, of the Conservative Party, has been Prime Minister since July 13, 2016.
I. ROLE OF THE QUEEN
The Queen is formally a part of the United Kingdom Parliament, but her role is limited to
granting royal assent to passed bills. Today, this sanction is never denied. Royal Assent is
granted in the name of the Queen by Lords Commissioners at a ceremony at the Palace of
Westminster.
The executive power of the Queen is exercised by Her Majesty's Government (HMG).
The monarch appoints the prime minister on the basis of a strict constitutional convention: the
prime minister must be a member of the House of Commons who can form a government
with the support of the latter. In practice, it is usually the leader of the majority party. The
Prime Minister then chooses the other ministers who make up his government, by convention,
all are members of one of the two Houses of Parliament.
The government is responsible to Parliament: the adoption of a motion of censure by the
House of Commons leads to the resignation of the Prime Minister or the dissolution of
Parliament. In practice, members of Parliament from major political parties are strictly
controlled by the whips who ensure that their vote is in line with the party line. If the
government has a large majority in the House of Commons, the chances of losing votes are
very low.
II. PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET

The government is usually composed of about 100 members, but only about 20 of the most
important ministers form the Cabinet, which is a collective decision-making body. It is
chaired by the Prime Minister, who selects government and cabinet members. In fact, the
Prime Minister is the head of the executive power of the United Kingdom because he
exercises in the name of the monarch powers under the royal prerogative.
The Cabinet includes, in addition to the Prime Minister, the Secretaries of State, that is to say
the ministers responsible for an executive department (ministry). The most important are
usually:
 The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in charge of finances
 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
 Secretary of State for the Interior
 The Lord Chancellor, Secretary of State for Justice
 The secretary of state for defense
 The Cabinet usually meets once a week when Parliament is in session
III. DEPARTMENTS AND PUBLIC SERVICE
The Government comprises a number of ministries, usually called "department". They are led
by ministers, who are most often Secretaries of State and Cabinet member. Secretaries of
State may be assisted by other ministers.
The application of the decisions of a minister is the work of the Civil Service, a body of
neutral officials who remain in place regardless of the government. Each department is
administratively run by an official bearing the title of Permanent Secretary.
"Whitehall" is a metonymy often used to designate the central services of the Government,
these being for the most part located around the Palace of Whitehall.
IV. PARLIAMENT
The United Kingdom Parliament includes the monarch and two chambers: the House of
Commons and the House of Lords,
1. the House of Commons
The House of Commons does not sit in a hemicycle: the government and the opposition face
each other. The House of Commons is the lower house of Parliament. It is composed of 650
deputies (called Members of Parliament or MPs) elected by direct universal suffrage
according to the first-past-the-post system: the United Kingdom is divided into as many
constituencies as there are deputies and each constituency elects a deputy. The term of office
of the House is five years maximum. Previously, the Prime Minister had the faculty to ask the
queen a dissolution at any time but this prerogative was abolished in 2011. The Marquis of
Salisbury is the last Prime Minister to sit in the House of Lords in 1903. Since then, all prime
ministers have been members of the House of Commons. The leader of the first party other
than the parties forming the Government is the Leader of the Opposition. The House of

Commons is the chamber before which the Government is responsible. At the beginning of
each session, the House can express its confidence by voting on the Speech from the Throne.
2. House of Lords
The House of Lords has long been composed largely of noble hereditary members, life peers
and members of the Anglican clergy (the Lords Spiritual). Since the adoption of the House of
Lords Act of 1999, the House has only two types of members:
the Temporal Lords, which include appointed members (life peers but no hereditary right for
their descendants) and 92 remaining hereditary members, elected by all the titular holders
who were entitled to a hereditary siege;
The 26 Spiritual Lords representing the Church of England, State Church.
The House of Lords may exercise a twelve-month suspensive veto on House of Commons
bills. However, laws and some conventions limit this right of veto: budget laws or laws
implementing important election promises by the Government are not subject to veto. In any
case, the House of Commons may override a persistent veto by the House of Lords under
provisions of the Parliament Act of 1911.
Since 2005 and the creation of the United Kingdom Supreme Court, the House of Lords has
no longer a judicial function and the Law Lords have been abolished.
V. JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Since the United Kingdom is the union of various previously independent countries, it does
not have a unified legal system: the Treaty of Union of 1707 provides that Scotland united
with England, however, continues to possess its own right.
Since 2009, the UK Supreme Court has replaced the House of Lords Appeals Committee as
the supreme court of the land.
VI. Law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Scheme of the courts of England and Wales.
English law, which applies in England and Wales, and North Irish law, are both based on
common law, that is, they are primarily based on case law. And the previous ones.
The English and Wales court system is dominated by the Senior Courts: the Court of Appeal
of England and Wales, the High Court of Justice (Civil Matters) and the Crown Court
(Supreme Court). penal).
The United Kingdom Supreme Court is the court of last resort for England, Wales and
Northern Ireland.
Scottish law is a mixed legal system that combines common law and civil law. Sheriff's
Courts know most of the cases in the first instance. The Court of Session (civil cases) and the
High Court of Justice (criminal cases) are the highest courts in Scotland. The
VII. COMPONENTS OF THE POLITICAL SYMPTOM BRITISH
There are two of them, the Executive and the Parliament

. The Executive
The executive is dualistic, which is normal in the parliamentary system, it consists of
Government and Crown.
1. The crown
Britain is the oldest of the current European monarchies, but this monarchy has evolved over
time. The monarch has seen his powers gradually diminish. However, its functions are not
negligible.
2. Limited powers
The Queen of England has significant powers, but they are only nominally exercised. They
are the trace of powers that previously belonged fully to the Sovereign, but which with the
evolution of the regime, are exercised by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The first of
these is the appointment of the Prime Minister. This is a power important, but that has been
reduced, since the Queen can not choose the prime minister, her intervention is reduced to a
mere formality: the appointment. According to one custom, the Queen must appoint the party
leader who wins the legislative elections. It is the monarch who opens every year the sessions
of the Parliament, during a ceremony named the State Opening of Parliament at which the
Queen delivers the "speech of the Throne "which sets out the Government's program during
the year. But if this speech is read by the Sovereign, it is written by the Prime Minister.
Royal Assent is also part of royal powers. It corresponds to what we call for the promulgation
of laws. In the distant past the monarch could refuse his sanction: he thus opposed his veto.
Today, the sanction must be granted. Again, what was once an important prerogative has
become a mere formality. Finally, it is the Queen who pronounces the dissolution of the
House of Commons. Here again we are witnessing the same phenomenon. Dissolution was for
a long time an exclusive power of the King. From the moment when the dualist parliamentary
regime became monist, the right of dissolution passed from the hands of the King to those of
the Prime Minister. Today the queen is only pronounce the dissolution of the House of
Commons, but it is the Prime Minister who decides to resort to this means. However, the law
of September 15, 2011 (Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011) removes this power to the Prime
Minister. The dissolution can only be decided by the self-dissolution voted at the majority of
two-thirds of the deputies or becomes automatic in the event that the Chamber, having
officially withdrawn its confidence in a Government does not grant it to any other within the
time limit fourteen days. Certain functions The Queen exercising her functions as Head of
State for the duration of her life embodies the principle continuity of the state and especially
since it belongs to a very old dynasty. At this stability function is added a symbol function.
The Queen indeed embodies the Nation, she is which unites the different kingdoms. The
crown is an important symbol of identity British. But above all, she exercises a judiciary of
influence and persuasion that goes through her weekly meeting with the Prime Minister. By
tradition, the latter informs the Sovereign, of the course of business, and asks for his opinion.
With over sixty years of reign, the Queen Elizabeth II has extensive experience in managing
state affairs.
VIII. Departments and Public Service
The Government comprises a number of ministries, usually called "department". They are led
by ministers, who are most often Secretaries of State and Cabinet member. Secretaries of
State may be assisted by other ministers.