D9388.PDF

Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 1997, 16 (3), 776-783
Preliminary seromonitoring of rinderpest among
cattle raised under different husbandry systems in
Saudi Arabia
(2)
(2)
S.M. Hafez(1) M.A. Farag(1) H.S. Al-Khowaitar , K. Al-Zafar ,
A. Al-Sukayran(1), A.M. Al-Bokmy & M.A. Al-Hosary
(1)
(3)
(1) National Agriculture and Water Research Centre, P.O. Box 17285, Riyadh 11484, Saudi Arabia
(2) Department of Abattoirs, Riyadh Municipality, P.O. Box 35957, Riyadh 11498, Saudi Arabia
(3) Hajj Research Centre, Um Al-Qurah University, P.O. Box 6287, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Summary
Using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the
seromonitoring of rinderpest in Saudi Arabia, antibodies w e r e detected in 30% of
the sera of 1,018 cattle slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir during June and July 1995.
The correlation between the detection of antibodies and the origins of the
slaughtered animals w a s analysed. All the culled dairy cows had detectable
antibodies. The proportions of bulls giving serologically positive results were as
follows: 57% for animals imported from rinderpest-free countries and vaccinated
upon arrival in Saudi quarantine, 20% for native breeding animals and 17% for
five-to ten-month-old bull calves born on commercial dairy farms and then raised
on separate feedlot farms. In addition, of 105 native cattle sacrificed during the
Hajj season in M a y 1994,77% had antibodies against rinderpest virus. On the other
hand, testing of 17 groups of dairy heifers (from 1 w e e k to 24 months of age), born
to immune dams and vaccinated against rinderpest at the ages of six and ten
months, revealed the absence of detectable antibodies in the sera of some
animals which were between two and ten months of age. Results are interpreted
in relation to evaluation of the continuing vaccination programmes and their
efficacy as an element of the national programme for the control of rinderpest.
Keywords
Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - Control - Rinderpest - Saudi Arabia Seromonitoring - Vaccination.
Introduction
Saudi Arabia started to apply rinderpest control in 1965 by
using imported lyophilised cell culture vaccines (30). In 1982,
control measures were significantly improved when local
laboratory facilities were established and it became possible to
conduct diagnoses, concentrated sero-epizootiological
studies, evaluation of the current imported vaccines and
production of sufficient amounts of a potent cell culture
vaccine (Kabete O strain of attenuated rinderpest virus) ( 1 5 ) .
This was supported by the decision of the Government to
embargo the importation of cattle and buffaloes from
countries where the disease is enzootic. At that stage, the
recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO) Expert Consultation for rinderpest diagnosis, vaccine
production and quality control (7) were applied principally.
All batches of the locally produced vaccine were tested by the
producers as well as by the Animal Virus Research Institute,
Pirbright, United Kingdom (W.P. Taylor, personal
communication). In addition, the micro-neutralisation test
was used to evaluate the efficacy of the continuing vaccination
programmes. Under such conditions, the applied vaccination
campaign was efficacious and resulted in a highly significant
reduction in the incidence of the disease, and Saudi Arabia
became temporarily free of clinical cases of rinderpest for
777
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 16 (3)
Materials and methods
interrupted periods which extended to more than three years.
The possible origin of the virus which caused the recurrence
of the disease was most probably the unofficial introduction of
infected animals from neighbouring countries and/or the
Tested animals
increased importation of sheep and goats from South Asia
Blood samples were collected from 1,018 cattle slaughtered at
(18), where small ruminants play a role in the transmission of
Riyadh abattoir during J u n e and July 1 9 9 5 . Relevant data on
rinderpest virus to cattle ( 3 6 , 3 8 ) .
the origins of the tested animals are listed in Table I. Most of
the slaughtered females were culled dairy cows (because of
Recently, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
decreased yield and reproduction rate), and were usually
(ELISA) has been developed to seromonitor post-vaccinal
older than five years. Most of the slaughtered males were
immunity against rinderpest ( 1 , 13, 2 3 ) . This test is routinely
fattened bulls of approximately five to ten months of age,
applied by most of the national laboratories of the countries
which were originally b o m on dairy farms and then raised on
which participate in the relevant regional campaigns in Africa
separate feedlot farms. These animals might have been fed
(12) and West Asia (10).
with inadequate colostrum and/or vaccinated at the age of one
to two weeks, before transportation to the feedlot farm ( 5 ) ,
The objective of the present study was to conduct preliminary
and then revaccinated at six months of age. Considerable
seromonitoring
numbers of imported and native bulls were also slaughtered.
for
the
detection
of antibodies
against
virus. This study employed sera of some cattle
Imported bulk come from rinderpest-free countries and are
slaughtered in Riyadh and Mena (Makkah) abattoirs, in
vaccinated against the disease upon their arrival in Saudi
addition to sera from a limited number of different age groups
quarantine. In addition, blood samples were collected from
rinderpest
of dairy cattle. The competitive ELISA was used as a means of
105 native cattle which were sacrificed in Makkah during the
evaluating the current vaccination programmes. Moreover,
Hajj season in May 1 9 9 4 . Most of these animals originated
the authors present several proposals to upgrade the applied
from the southern region of Saudi Arabia (19). Furthermore,
control programme, so that this programme complies with
170 individual blood samples were collected in June 1 9 9 5
the recently recommended international strategy for the
from 17 groups of colostrum-fed dairy heifers (1 week to
global eradication of rinderpest.
2 4 months of age). One sample per animal was taken. These
Table I
Results of the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting antibodies against rinderpest virus in the sera of cattle
slaughtered at Riyadh and Mena abattoirs
Number of animals
Abattoir
(date of collection)
Riyadh
(June/July 1995)
Animal group
Culled cows from dairy farms
Tested
55
(5.4%)*
Giving positive
results for the
presence of
antibodies
55 (100%)
Remarks
Usually > 5 years of
age
Local feedlot bulls (male calves
born on dairy farms)
734
(72.1%)
128
(17.4%)
Usually slaughtered at
5 to 10 months of age
Bulls imported from rinderpestfree countries
192
(18.9%)
110
(57.3%)
Most probably
vaccinated upon
arrival in Saudi
quarantine
Bulls .
35
(3.4%)
7
(20%)
Cows
2
(0.2%)
0
(0%)
37
(3.6%)
Native breeds:
Subtotal
Subtotal
Mena-Makkah
(sacrificed during
the Hajj season in
May 1994)
Total
Native cattle (males and
females)
1,018 (100%)
300
(29.5%)
105
81
(77.1%)
1,123
381
(33.9%)
* Percentage of the relevant cattle group in relation to the total number of cattle slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir
Some animals
possibly unofficially
introduced from
Yemen
778
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 16 (3)
of Riyadh, on which calves are primovaccinated against
Results
rinderpest at the age of six months, and revaccinated at ten
The results of the testing of the 1,123 bovine sera collected
months (G. Oliver, personal communication). The serum was
from cattle slaughtered at Riyadh and Mena (Makkah)
separated from the clotted blood samples by centrifugation
abattoirs, and of the individual 170 sera collected from
heifers were raised on a large dairy farm about 100 km south
(1,000 g for 10 min), and frozen at - 2 0 ° C until testing
different age groups of dairy heifers for the presence of
occurred.
antibodies against rinderpest virus are shown in Table I and
Figure 1. The results demonstrated that, at Riyadh abattoir, of
Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay
the local feedlot bull calves which constituted the majority
Testing of the serum samples for the detection of rinderpest
imported for slaughtering, which represented 1 8 . 9 % of the
antibodies was conducted by applying the competitive ELISA.
total slaughtered
Monoclonal antibody against the haemagglutinin protein of
(Table I). On the other hand, all 55 sera from the culled dairy
(734
or
72.1%)
of
slaughtered
cattle,
17.4%
had
anti-rinderpest virus antibodies (Table I). From the bulls
cattle, 5 7 . 3 % gave positive reactions
the rinderpest virus was used as previously described ( 1 , 1 3 ) .
cows gave positive results (Table I). Seromonitoring of native
Evaluation of the results was undertaken by the relevant
breed cattle slaughtered at Riyadh and Makkah abattoirs
computerised ELISA Data Information Program and was
revealed
detectable
antibodies
in
1 8 . 9 % and
77.1%,
stored in the Serum Information Data Program, which
respectively, of the tested animals (Table I). Calves less than
includes all the details of each serum sample tested. The
two months old and heifers of more than ten months gave
rinderpest ELISA kit and the relevant software were obtained
positive results against rinderpest virus (Fig. 1). In contrast,
through the Programme of the Animal Production and Health
calves at five and six months of age returned negative results
Section of the Joint FAO/Intemational Atomic Energy Agency
against the virus (Fig. 1). Animals between two and four
(FAO/IAEA), Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and
months of age, and between seven and ten months, gave
Agriculture
variable positive or negative results for detectable antibodies
(M.H. Jeggo
communication).
and
J.
Anderson,
personal
against rinderpest virus (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Presence of antibodies against rinderpest virus in sera from dairy heifers, showing the age of the animal and vaccination status against rinderpest,
June 1995
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 16 (3)
Discussion
From 1 9 8 7 , the strategy of the FAO to contain rinderpest
started to change from regional campaigns towards global
eradication of the disease (8, 9, 3 5 ) . The Office International
des Epizooties (OIE) has adopted a standard rinderpest
surveillance system, including a three-stage pathway which
should be followed by countries in which rinderpest is
endemic, in order to eradicate the disease completely. The
stages of this pathway are as follows: countries provisionally
free from rinderpest, countries free from rinderpest, and
countries free from rinderpest infection according to a
time-bound plan (28). Before entering on the OIE pathway,
well-designated seromonitoring techniques should be applied
to evaluate the efficacy of the post-vaccinal immunity (20).
Preliminary application of the competitive ELISA (13, 2 2 ) for
seromonitoring post-vaccinal immunity against rinderpest in
Saudi Arabia revealed important data. The detectable
antibodies found in 1 7 . 4 % of the total feedlot bull calves,
which constituted the majority ( 7 2 . 1 % ) of the cattle
slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir, may indicate one or more of
the following possibilities:
- waning of maternal antibodies in animals which were fed
with an inadequate quantity of colostrum
- failure of the early vaccination conducted at one to two
weeks of age, due to interference of maternal antibodies with
vaccination (2, 3 7 )
- response of only a limited number of animals, which were
not fed with colostrum, to the early vaccination
- most of the feedlot farms were not vaccinating their calves
against rinderpest at six months of age.
Under such conditions, a high proportion of these animals
would be susceptible if exposed to rinderpest virus infection
in the field. In this context, most of the recent outbreaks of
rinderpest in Saudi Arabia were indeed reported on feedlot
farms (5). Therefore, feeding of male calves with adequate
colostrum is essential to protect not only against rinderpest,
but also against other infectious diseases prevalent in Saudi
Arabia.
The lower percentage of the antibodies ( 5 7 . 3 % ) detected in
the sera of bulls imported for slaughtering (constituting
18.9% of the total of slaughtered cattle at Riyadh abattoir)
revealed that some animals may be slaughtered before the
formation of detectable vaccine-induced antibodies. It was
previously proposed that such animals be vaccinated aboard
the transporting ships, in order to induce immunity against
rinderpest before their arrival in Saudi Arabia (17). However,
animals sacrificed in Makkah originate principally from the
southern region of Saudi Arabia ( 1 9 ) , where vaccination
against rinderpest is more intensively applied, to prevent
transmission of the disease from neighbouring countries.
Therefore, higher detectable antibodies were recorded in
779
these animals, compared with those of native breeds (cows
and bulls) slaughtered in Riyadh. The detection of antibodies
against rinderpest virus in all 5 5 sera of the culled dairy cows
which were slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir is an indicator of
the high level of immunity among adult dairy animals.
These investigations also provided some important data
concerning maternal immunity and the possibility of such
immunity interfering with the vaccination of some calves at
six months of age. The detection of antibodies in all tested
heifer calves less than two months old could be considered to
be an indication of their acquired maternal antibody, while
the failure to detect antibodies in some or all of the tested
heifers between two and six months of age (before
vaccination) is an indication of the waning of this antibody
(Fig. 1). On the other hand, the absence of detectable
antibodies in some animals between seven and ten months of
age, despite their vaccination at six months, apparently
indicates the failure of such animals to respond to the vaccine
at this age. This could be attributed to the possible presence of
maternal antibody, which was unable to be detected by the
applied competitive ELISA but effective enough to interfere
with active immunisation. However, after revaccination of the
heifers at ten months of age, all the tested animals which were
older than this showed detectable antibodies against
rinderpest virus. This may indicate the absence of interference
due to complete waning of maternal antibody at or before ten
months of age.
Although the design of this preliminary study is not in
accordance with the recommended procedure for rinderpest
seromonitoring ( 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 1 ) , in terms of the origins and
number of sera tested, interpretation of the results obtained
leads to the following conclusions:
- the high level of detected immunity against rinderpest virus
among dairy animals indicates that the locally produced Saudi
rinderpest vaccine is effective
- a standard vaccination programme for feedlot bull calves is
urgently required
- more effort should be given to increasing vaccination
coverage of native cattle
- further investigations are required to determine the half fife
of maternally derived antibody, using the competitive ELISA
in comparison with the micro-neutralisation test, and to
estimate the optimal age for calf vaccination at which maternal
antibody no longer interferes with vaccination.
The currently applied vaccination programmes
The national rinderpest control programme in Saudi Arabia is
based principally on the annual vaccination of the entire cattle
population of the country, as well as on the vaccination of
cattle imported for slaughter from rinderpest-free countries
upon their arrival in Saudi quarantine. In addition, heifer
calves on dairy farms are vaccinated at six months of age (16),
when maternally derived antibodies have waned, and
revaccinated annually, together with the whole herd. Bull
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int Epiz., 16 (3)
780
calves are usually vaccinated by two weeks of age, before
being sold to feedlot farms (5), and then again at six months of
age.
If the Saudi Veterinary Authorities agree to the strategy of the
Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme ( 9 ) , and to the
relevant recommended procedures for disease and serological
surveillance (20), then initiatives should be taken to complete
the basic requirements of this strategy (9, 1 1 , 2 0 , 3 5 ) . The
following proposals may be suitable for the present status of
rinderpest in Saudi Arabia, where peste des petits ruminants
(PPR) is also enzootic:
a) preparation of a time-bound management plan for a
national rinderpest eradication programme and the
nomination of a National Co-ordinator to manage this
programme
b) sustainable assessment of the current disease situation
both within Saudi Arabia and in neighbouring countries
c) following the recommended procedures for disease and
serological surveillance (20, 2 8 )
d) submission of all isolated rinderpest and PPR viruses to the
World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest in Pirbright,
United Kingdom (J. Anderson, personal communication),
and to the World Reference Laboratory for PPR in MaisonsAlfort, France (P.-C. Lefèvre, personal communication),
in order to conduct comparative molecular and genetic
investigations on these viruses to identify their possible origin
e) preparation of a national rinderpest contingency
management plan to contain and eradicate the rinderpest
virus, if re-introduced into Saudi Arabia
h) the rinderpest vaccine used to protect sheep and goats
against PPR could be substituted by a homologous PPR
vaccine (6). This vaccine also protects cattle against infection
with
rinderpest
virus
(M.M. Rweyemamu,
personal
communication; 3, 14, 2 7 ) . It may be used nation-wide as a
substitute for the rinderpest vaccine, if Saudi Arabia
underwent a period of 2 4 months of freedom from rinderpest
outbreaks, and agreed to enter the OIE pathway concerning
the declaration 'Provisionally free from rinderpest disease'. In
such a case, it would be necessary to stop the use of rinderpest
vaccine (28)
i) initiation of seromonitoring/serosurveillance of PPR among
different species of ruminants by using a specific competitive
ELISA for PPR (24)
j) maintaining an awareness of developments with the
recombinant
capripoxvirus
vaccine
expressing
the
haemagglutinin protein gene of rinderpest virus ( 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 ) ;
consideration of use and local production if this vaccine
receives international recognition (29)
k) regional co-ordination and exchange of relevant
information with neighbouring countries. Subsequent to the
success of the West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign
(10), the implementation of a second phase is proposed, with
the objective being to declare the countries of the region free
from infection with rinderpest virus (11). The participation of
all the countries of the region in this campaign is a
prerequisite to its success, which is expected to lead to the
complete eradication of rinderpest from the Near East and
from West Asia.
f) production of a thermostable vaccine (25, 2 6 )
g) submission of samples from each batch of the locally
produced vaccine to independent international quality
control (4, 3 4 )
Enquête sérologique préliminaire pour la surveillance
de la peste bovine dans différents systèmes d'élevages bovins
d'Arabie Saoudite
S.M. Hafez, M.A. Farag, H.S. Al-Khowaitar, K. Al-Zafar, A. Al-Sukayran,
A.M. Al-Bokmy & M.A. Al-Hosary
Résumé
Lors d'une enquête sérologique en vue de la surveillance de la peste bovine en
Arabie Saoudite utilisant l'épreuve immuno-enzymatique de compétition (ELISA)
et portant sur 1 018 bovins abattus à Riyad au cours des mois de juin et juillet 1995,
des anticorps ont été décelés dans le sérum de 30 % de ces animaux. La
corrélation entre la présence d'anticorps et la provenance des animaux abattus a
781
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz, 16 (3)
été recherchée. Toutes les vaches laitières de réforme possédaient des
anticorps. Les taureaux possédant des anticorps se répartissaient comme suit:
57 % d'animaux importés de pays indemnes de peste bovine et vaccinés à leur
arrivée en Arabie Saoudite dans le cadre de la quarantaine, 2 0 % de
reproducteurs d'origine locale et 17 % de jeunes bovins de cinq à dix mois nés
dans des élevages laitiers puis engraissés dans des ateliers d'embouche
individuels. De plus, sur 105 bovins d'origine locale sacrifiés à l'occasion du Hadj,
en mai 1994,77 % possédaient des anticorps vis-à-vis du virus de la peste bovine.
Par ailleurs, les tests effectués sur 17 groupes de jeunes femelles de race laitière
(âgées d'une semaine à 24 mois), nées de mères immunisées et vaccinées contre
la peste bovine à l'âge de six et dix mois ont révélé l'absence d'anticorps
décelables dans le sérum de certains animaux âgés de deux à dix mois. Les
résultats sont interprétés dans le cadre de l'évaluation des programmes de
vaccination permanents et de leur efficacité au sein du programme national de
lutte contre la peste bovine.
Mots-clés
Arabie Saoudite - Épreuve immuno-enzymatique de compétition - Peste bovine Prophylaxie - Suivi sérologique - Vaccination.
Monitoreo serologico preliminar de la peste bovina en Arabia
Saudi en bovinos procedentes de distintos sistemas de cría
S.M. Hafez, M.A. Farag, H.S. Al-Khowaitar, K. Al-Zafar, A. Al-Sukayran,
A.M. Al-Bokmy & M.A. Al-Hosary
Resumen
Utilizando el ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA) de competición para el monitoreo
serológico de la peste bovina, se detectaron anticuerpos en el 30% de los sueros
de 1.018 bovinos sacrificados en el matadero de Riad durante los meses de junio y
julio de 1995. Se analizó después la posible correlación entre la presencia de
anticuerpos y el origen de los animales sacrificados. Todas las vacas lecheras
descartadas presentaban niveles detectables de anticuerpos. En cuanto a los
toros, los porcentajes de resultados positivos se repartieron como sigue: un 57%
de los toros importados de países libres de peste bovina y vacunados al llegar a la
estación de cuarentena en Arabia Saudí; un 20% de los animales reproductores
indígenas; y un 17% de los becerros de entre cinco y diez meses de edad nacidos
en granjas lecheras y cebados en corrales. Presentaba asimismo anticuerpos
contra el virus de la peste bovina un 77% de los 105 vacunos indígenas
sacrificados durante el Hadj (mayo de 1994). Por otra parte, el examen de
17 grupos de becerras de lechería (de entre una semana y 24 meses de edad),
nacidas de madres inmunes y vacunadas contra la peste bovina a las edades de
seis y diez meses, reveló la ausencia de niveles detectables de anticuerpos en el
suero de algunos de los ejemplares de entre dos y diez meses de edad. Los
autores interpretan los resultados en función de su posible significado para la
evaluación de los programas permanentes de vacunación y de la eficacia de
éstos en el marco del programa nacional para el control de la peste bovina.
Palabras clave
Arabia Saudí - Control - Ensayo inmunoenzimático de competición serológico - Peste bovina - Vacunación.
Monitoreo
782
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 16 (3)
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