Gaining a better understanding of the support

Gaining a better understanding of the support
function of oncology nurse navigators from
their own perspective and that of people
living with cancer: Part 2
by Johanne Hébert and Lise Fillion
Abstract
Individuals living with cancer have a wide range of needs throughout the disease trajectory. To better meet them, the PQLC [French
acronym of the Quebec Cancer Control Program] implemented the
oncology nurse navigator (ONN) role. A first article presented the
nature of the needs of individuals living with cancer and of the support provided by ONNs. This second article aims at gaining a better understanding of the ONN support function from the ONNs’ own
perspective and to complete an exploratory description of their support interventions for individuals living with cancer and their loved
ones throughout the care trajectory. The sample includes ten ONNs.
They reported doing support interventions for all the various types
of needs, especially in the informational (44%) and practical areas
such as coordinating appointments for exams, practitioners and various services (35%). The results also suggest that a needs assessment
is a prerequisite to intervention. Lastly, all participants underscored
the importance of the helping relation and trusting relationship to
clarify their support function. These results are consistent with the
findings of several recent articles on the psychosocial role of oncology nurses.
In Quebec and elsewhere in Canada, the baccalaureate-prepared
oncology nurse is the practitioner who is most commonly selected
to assume the role of patient navigator or “cancer patient navigator” (Doll, Barroetavena, Ellwood, Fillion, Habra, Linden, & Stephen,
2007). This choice is in keeping with the preference expressed by
individuals living with cancer who were consulted during two studies dealing with this issue (Fraser, 1995; Fillion, Morin & SaintLaurent, 2000). This choice is also consistent with a professional
reality. The CEPIO (Direction de la lutte contre le cancer, 2005)
[French acronym of the Committee on the evolution of oncology
nursing practice] stresses that the ability to assess the physical and
psychosocial condition of the individual with cancer and clinically
About the authors
Johanne Hébert, RN, MSc, PhD-in-Nursing Student,
Université Laval, Coordinator, URSI [Nursing
Research Unit], CHUQ [Quebec City University
Hospital Centre], Quebec City, QC
Lise Fillion, RN, PhD (Psychology), Professor, Nursing
Science Faculty, Université Laval, CRC [Cancer
Research Centre], Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de
Québec [Quebec City Hotel-Dieu], 9 rue Mcmahon,
Quebec City, QC
114 CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011
monitor their condition is an integral part of the nurse’s professional scope of practice. Roles associated with that of the oncology nurse navigator (ONN) are described in the literature under the
terms of “case manager, clinical coordinator, cancer support nurse,
follow-up nurse, advanced nurse practice, breast nurse specialist,
breast cancer coordinator, patient navigator”. Despite some differences in their descriptions, these roles are part of a global approach
to care and services, which centre on the quality of life of individuals with cancer (Fillion, Morin & Saint-Laurent, 2000).
Initially, the functions associated with the patient navigator’s
role (assessing, teaching and informing, supporting, and coordinating) were assigned a general description by the CQLC [French acronym of the Quebec Cancer Control Council] (CQLC, 2000). The role
was gradually assigned to specialized oncology nurses and became
known as oncology patient-navigator nurse (Fillion, de Serres,
Lapointe-Goupil, Bairati, Gagnon, Deschamps et al., 2006). More
recently, efforts were deployed in Quebec by the CCIO [French acronym of the oncology nurses’ advisory committee] (Direction de la
lutte contre le cancer [DLCC], 2008) to further clarify the nature of
these functions. In spite of these efforts, the definition of the support function remains general and does not clarify the nature of the
interventions associated with this role. Moreover, this lack of clarity
does not allow pinpointing expected skills nor the training needs
required to achieving them.
By clarifying the nature of the support and interventions carried
out by ONNs, this study can contribute to concretely defining the
support function and to recognizing its significance. As mentioned
in Part 1, this study was built upon Fitch’s (1994) Supportive Care
Framework and on Lazarus and Folkman’s stress theory (1984).
The following literature review helps refine the formulation of
the objective, which is to describe the ONN’s support function and
related interventions in the light of scientific knowledge.
Literature review
Physical support
The support function often begins with recognizing unmet physical needs and is thus incorporated in the larger area of symptom
management (Ahlberg, Ekman, & Gaston-Johansson, 2005). Support
provided to satisfy physical needs or symptom management constitutes a major component of the oncology nursing role (Crooks,
Whelan, Reyno, Willan, Tozer, Mings, et al., 2004; Page, Berger, &
Johnson, 2006; Pigott, Pollard, Thomson, & Aranda, 2008).
According to the literature, symptom management represents a
daily challenge for the oncology nurse. It starts with assessing physical symptoms so that a quick and effective intervention strategy
can be implemented to satisfy the needs of individuals with cancer.
The study by Ahlberg and colleagues (2005) enables us to clarify
the fundamental role played by nurses in screening for fatigue and
physical distress symptoms. The study conducted with 60 women
reveals that symptom management requires not only knowledge
but also an understanding of the patient’s experience of the sympdoi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
toms and the development of the strategies required for providing
the necessary support. It appears that linking the screening for distress, assessing symptoms and selecting appropriate interventions
or referrals is required.
Informational support
Many studies highlight the importance of assessing informational
needs for individuals living with cancer. For example, the study by
Kerr, Harrison, Medves, Tranmer and Fitch (2007) underscores the
importance of providing information throughout the illness in a
personalized, understandable and opportune manner. Informational
support may bring about a certain peace of mind, optimism in the
face of the illness and may promote the development of better coping strategies (Doll et al., 2007; Liu, Mok, & Wong, 2005). Meeting
information needs or informational support implies providing useful information in order to guide or counsel individuals with cancer
in their values and beliefs so that they can improve their perception
of control over the illness, reduce their feeling of confusion, anxiety
and fear, enlighten decision making and promote coping strategies
to the illness (Doll et al., 2007; Fitch, 2008).
Emotional support
While sources of distress and emotional needs are well described
in traditionally qualitative studies (see Part 1), support interventions that need to be implemented appear to create some confusion
among nurses. Goodell and Nail (2005) conclude in their study that
the definition for the “distress symptoms” concept lacks both clarity and specificity. Likewise, in a review on emotional care, Skilbeck
and Payne (2003) lament the vagueness of the terms “emotional care
and support.”
Luckily, recent Canadian recommendations based on integrating
evidence (Howell, Currie, Mayo, Jones, Boyle, Hack et al., 2009) provided possible avenues for nursing interventions to meet emotional
needs. It is specified that distress is very real and that it would be
useful to detect and assess it in all areas of needs in order to promote specificity and better guide interventions. It is recommended
that this assessment be performed early in the cancer continuum,
repeated frequently and completed by primary oncology practitioners including nurses and oncologists. Recommendations for
Table 1. Participants’ characteristics
Variables
ONNs (N=10)
Age (mean)
47.2
(32–53 years)
Education university
10
Years of nursing experience (mean)
22
≥ 9 and ≤ 25
6
> 25 and ≤ 32
4
Years of oncology experience (mean)
6
> 8 and ≤ 32
4
(7–66)
≥ 7 and ≤ 22
6
> 22 and ≤ 66
4
doi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
Psychosocial support
The initial assessment of psychosocial needs is essential for
individuals living with cancer. The ONN is likely well positioned to
assume a key role in recognizing these needs (de Serres & Rochette,
2004). In a literature review about managing psychosocial needs
among women with ovarian cancer, Fitch (2003) stresses the importance of the initial assessment by an oncology nurse and of a continuous dialogue in order to identify problems and concerns and, thus,
provide adequate support or refer to other competent care providers if the support is no longer within their scope. As in the case of
emotional needs, Fitch maintains that nurses must use an assessment tool or a model on which to base their assessment with the
aim to meet psychosocial needs. Using measurement tools ensures
consistency and allows the assessment process to be individually
adapted to each individual with cancer. Therefore nurses have a
unique opportunity to assess and address psychosocial needs, as
they are usually the first line of contact with individuals with cancer and can go beyond physical symptoms to discuss concerns and
needs.
Moreover, the suggestion to take part in psychosocial interventions could originate from the oncology nurse (NCCN, 2008). For
example, participation in a peer support group can improve the wellbeing and quality of life of individuals with cancer. In addition, they
could refer individuals to more specialized support services such as
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10.5
≥ 2 and ≤ 8
Months of experience as an ONN
distress screening are also formulated (Bultz, Carlson, Dudgeon,
Fillion, Fitch, Groff, et al., 2009; National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN), 2008).
In a similar vein, Manning-Walsh’s study (2005a) reveals that
close to 98% of women experience at least one distress symptom.
Tiffen, Sharp and O’Toole (2005) state that individuals living with
cancer may not spontaneously and freely express their distress without some encouragement or a questionnaire. Thus nurses must be
empowered to recognize subjective signs and symptoms and be able
to assess unmet needs so as to guide emotional support interventions. Among interventions related to emotional support, the study
by Long, Kneafsey, Ryan and Berry (2002) lists reassuring explanations and encouragements, recognizing of fears and concerns, referral to a mental health specialist (if required), as well as the “being
there” presence. Ryan, Schofield, Cockburn, Buttow, Tattersall,
Turner and colleagues (2005) confirm the usefulness of using basic
communication techniques like active listening, open-ended questions and answers centred on the individual’s emotional state.
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Figure 1. Support interventions reported by ONNs
CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011 115
psychotherapy to which, regrettably, too few individuals have been
referred (Steele & Fitch, 2008). Many authors suggest that screening,
assessment and appropriate referral may constitute interventions
that can prevent emotional difficulties and mental health problems
among individuals living with cancer (Ahlberg, Ekman, & GastonJohansson, 2005; Fitch, 2003; Kerr, Harrison, & Medves, 2004, Kerr
et al., 2007; Manning-Walsh, 2005b).
Spiritual support
Studies completed by Kerr (2004) and Richardson, Medina, Brown
and Sitzia (2007a) suggest that front-line oncology practitioners are
able to recognize and assess spiritual needs among individuals with
cancer and their loved ones in order to intervene appropriately.
However, one literature review concluded that it is difficult
for care providers to assess spiritual needs (Ahmed et al., 2004).
More specifically, Strang, Strang and Ternestedt (2002) stated that
nurses have a very wide perception of the term “spirituality”, which
includes both existential and religious aspects. The authors concluded that training is required for the detection of this type of need
and provision of the appropriate support. The same conclusion was
reached in the study by Kuuppelomäki (2002) who reported that the
majority of nurses believes in the importance of spiritual support
but do not see themselves as properly prepared nor equipped to
provide this support.
In fact, studies suggest that needs of a spiritual nature are often
little assessed and therefore unmet. The studies presented in Part
I also highlighted spiritual needs. In Part 2, the examined studies
highlighted the lack of knowledge about nursing interventions connected to these needs.
Practical support
Many studies underscore the importance of assessing all types
of needs, including practical needs (for a literature review, see Kerr
et al., 2004). These authors stress that health professionals, especially nurses, could assess the way families manage their daily living activities and estimate the practical aid needs such as help in
the kitchen, with the children, grocery shopping, transportation
or respite for family caregivers. Nevertheless, few studies describe
nursing interventions related to practical needs.
The reviewed studies do not describe much support interventions provided by nurses to meet the numerous needs of individuals living with cancer and their loved ones. The lack of initial
assessment and understanding of the needs is a course of action
that deserves further exploring.
Objective
The objective for Part 2 of this study is to explore and describe
from the perspective of ONNs, the support interventions provided
to individuals living with cancer and their families throughout the
care trajectory.
Methodology
The complete methodology for this study was described in the
Part 1 article.
As mentioned, the selection of participants was voluntarily
restricted to two groups of stakeholders: individuals living with
cancer that have an ONN (Part 1) and ONNs belonging to local teams
and supraregional oncology care teams in the Greater Quebec City
area who are the participants referred to in this article.
Table 2. Summary of support interventions by needs categories (N=10)
Needs
Categories
Support interventions provided by the ONN
Practical
Coordinate care, appointments, exams, practitioners
“if you notice that someone must start their chemo at the same time as their radiation therapy and that dates do not
mesh, you do intervene” (28). “You are going to organize services at the HSSC for them” (24).
Do information follow-up with the various practitioners, teams and services and collaborate in order to ensure care
continuity
“I regularly collect consultation outcomes and I fax them to the physician or to home care nurses so that they are aware
of the situation” (27); “when the patient moves from curative to palliative, a link is made by the ONN (…) or when there is
a transfer to the family physician, you must pass on the information” (24).
Approach various services and organizations
“I communicated with housekeeping assistance and co-ops… a home economics co-op … for transportation assistance
(…) we communicate for them when they’re not able” (79).
Find a family physician
“if they don’t have a family physician, we try to find them one from the beginning, ideally” (28).
Organize services for the individual
“we’re going to organize services at the HSSC for him” (24).
Informational Provide information and do patient and family education on a variety of topics: disease, treatments, side effects,
surgery, medication, care trajectory, available resources and services, practitioners’ roles, etc.
Suggest resources
“if there’s no special help at home, I am going to suggest several things: dietary help, help with transportation or hygiene
(…) housekeeping help to meet the needs” (1); “we present them with lots of resources on cancer; The Quebec Cancer
Foundation for texts to read (…) the Foundation also loans tomes for free on the Internet (…) and there is also the whole
range of Internet sites” (26).
Explain, explain again and validate their understanding
“I check on the fundamental details (…) I make sure the main things have been understood, otherwise I can cover it
again later…” (28); “I make sure he understands his disease well, that he’s well informed of the stage it’s at, that he
understands his treatments and treatment plan” (1).
Guiding and counselling the individuals in their choices
“so that they are aware, at each of the steps, of the decisions they need to make, but armed with information” (27).
Table 2 continued on page 117…
116 CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011
doi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
Table 1 illustrates the study participants’ characteristics. This
group consists of 10 ONNs, five of which come from local oncology teams (joint hospital centre [HC]–health and social services
center [HSSC]) and five from supraregional teams. This sample
was chosen to promote diversity in both experience in oncology as
ONNs, and in practice. The ONNs from local joint HC-HSSC teams
had little experience as ONNs at the time of data collection, which
took place as the role was being implemented, and their client
populations were varied (breast, lung, prostate and colorectal). On
the other hand, ONNs working in supraregional teams have been
in place three years on average and serve only one population (a
particular tumour site).
The interviews were conducted with an interview guide developed for the wider research program of which this study is a part
and based on the framework by Patton (1990, 1997), as adapted by
Fillion and colleagues (2006) to gain a better understanding of both
the ONNs implementation process and conceptualization of their
role.
In the interview guide, the use of open-ended questions such
as “According to you, what are the ONN’s main functions?” do not
demand predetermined answers and promote the free expression of
their thoughts by the participants.
Results
This section starts with an introduction of the participants. Their
characteristics are presented in Table 1. It illustrates the diversity
of their experiences in oncology, as ONNs and in nursing practice.
Support interventions reported by ONNs are detailed in Tables 2
and 3.
Description of interventions
Support interventions reported by ONNs are illustrated in Figure
1 and summed up in Tables 2 and 3.
Figure 1 presents in ascending order the comments made by
ONNs regarding their interventions to satisfy practical, informational, emotional, physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs. All
ONNs in the study indicated they do support interventions to meet
physical needs (symptom management), informational needs and
practical needs (coordination of appointments, exams, practitioners, services).
Table 3 presents the interventions mentioned by a majority of
ONNs and relate to interventions that can satisfy more than one
need at a time. For example, being present and being available can
meet an information need as well as an emotional and a practical
need.
Table 2 continued from page 116…
Emotional
Provide one’s contact information and make oneself available
“I give them my card, I tell them how they can reach me” (30).
Go meet the individuals at their treatments, at the emergency ward, at the care unit, at home
“when they come to the tumour clinic… oh, I know her… it’s sort of reassuring”; “just to go say ‘hello’ when they’re doing
their chemo, it creates contact” (27).
Encourage the individuals to verbalize their emotions
“If they have grief, it’s going to come out on its own (…) then there are those who cry, often on the phone (…) you know,
people are going to cry with me” (24); “because I always ask ‘and you, how are you? How are you finding that? Do you
have any concerns?’” (26); “I am there to address concerns” (1).
Take the time to talk and address concerns
“I always ask ‘and you, how are you? How are you finding that? Do you have any concerns?’” (26); “I am there to address
concerns (1).
Physical
Give information/advice regarding symptom management
“somebody will call to say, ‘well, I’m having these problems… I would need…’” (30); “the patients call you and say I’ve
been constipated for three days” (24); “improve their health condition if we can properly manage the discomfort (…) we
can improve it by the advice we can give them” (79).
Follow up on symptoms/discomforts
“we need to follow up on their general condition” (28); “did your various pains decrease?”(2).
Refer quickly when their general condition deteriorates
“if I have a patient who has problems with significant side effects, before I will tell them to go to the emergency (…) we
can see how we can manage the symptoms with a referral to the physician or the oncology pharmacy then via telephone
calls (…) when they show up at the emergency department, it’s because they have a need, really have a problem” (1).
Psychosocial
Encourage them to go to available resources
“I tell them, call, make contact then you are going to see whether it suits you or not” (25); “we strongly encourage them to
go to resources that they possibly did not know anything about” (28).
Encourage them to take personal steps and to ask questions to the different practitioners
“I find it important that they are the ones taking the steps (…) so that they are in contact with the care providers, do they
like it or not, I’m not in their shoes, so I can’t know that” (25); “Sometimes we help them prepare for their appointments
and we encourage them to ask questions of the physician, to inform themselves” (26).
Promote the involvement of their loved ones
“to be open to the family too (…) tried to get some interactions going with the spouse or a family member too” (28).
Spiritual
Actively accompany the individual in their soul searching
“there are even some who will approach me about death and I am not afraid to talk about that with them (…) with me, they
talk about experiences (…) when they are no longer being treated and quite close to death, they wonder how it happens” (24).
Encourage individuals to verbalize their personal beliefs
“at times, there are those who tell us (…) I am a believer and that helps me a lot… I pray, it’s a way of getting through
difficult things, but… basically, I help them verbalize further on their beliefs” (26).
Refer them to a spiritual guide or priest
“I refer them to a spiritual guide (…) even if the patient does not believe in God nor is a Catholic, he gets to go all the same” (25).
doi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011 117
Table 3. Support interventions that
can meet several types of needs
Support interventions provided by the ONN
Offer one’s presence and availability throughout the care
trajectory both to the individual and their families (e.g., via
phone contacts)
“from the moment the diagnosis has been announced, we give
them the phone number and tell them, if you have any needs, we
are here throughout the care continuum” (2); “We’re there when
the diagnosis is announced (…) we go see them when they’re
hospitalized (…), we see them when they get their prescriptions
(…) their first chemo treatment” (27); “we’re always a bit
somewhere, either in the frontlines or in the background, but
we’re always there” (25)
“then we are also there for their loved ones, as a matter of fact…
for the latter have their own concerns too…” (26); “you must be
present by the family’s side, that’s our job” (1).
Meet with individuals rapidly,
as close as possible to diagnosis
“the experiences I had when I met the patients right away at
diagnosis have been the best relationships I’ve had with patients
because a trusting relation is established right away” (24).
Actively listen to individuals with cancer and their family and
accompany them along the care trajectory
“I see the ONN’s support role, it means a lot of listening. It’s a
huge part of it, then if it gets to the point where the patient needs
more than that, we refer them” (25).
Refer the individuals and/or family members to various
practitioners and resources adapted to their needs and
requirements
“when I notice that a person is distressed or seems to have a
greater need of support, I am going to give a referral (…) I do lots
of referrals”(30)
“the support can be internal (…), as we have teams of social
workers and psycho-oncologists (…) or external, resources we
have to offer to people” (1).
Provide information and answer questions as needed
the role of the ONN and those of the various practitioners; the
disease and its progression; treatments and their side effects;
surgery; medication; care trajectory (for example transitions);
operation of the care network and hospital context (e.g.,
chemo room); services and resources available internally (e.g.,
psycho-oncology and pastoral care) and externally (e.g., HSSC,
palliative care, community services).
Assess and continually reassess along the care trajectory
“there is an initial meeting, but after that, or follow-up, we are
forever reassessing… then we try to find what is going to meet
the needs of the individual” (26).
Encourage connections with the family physician
“one must ensure that the patients continue to go and visit their
physician, to avoid breaking the connection with the physician
during oncology follow-up” (27).
Ensure post-treatment follow-up
“forward the contact information to your family physician , then
if there is something, he can phone me… so if there is a problem
or he is missing something… well, he can call me and we’ll make
the connection” (25).
118 CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011
Support interventions to meet practical needs. Interventions
related to meeting practical needs often correspond to coordination
activities for appointments, exams or services and aim at reducing
pressures or demands associated with certain concrete problems
such as the inability to make appointments in the chronological
order required by the treatment or a poor knowledge of services
available in the community. All ONNs in the study reported many
support interventions in this area (see Table 3). They coordinate
care with various practitioners, organize appointments, organize
resources and services such as services offered by the local community service centre, transportation assistance, day centre, Meals
on Wheels, housecleaning assistance, home economics co-op. They
communicate information (e.g., progression notes, file summary)
to different practitioners (e.g. family physician, HSSC nurse) or to
other teams and services (e.g., palliative care, liaison nurse, HSSC).
Furthermore, they make sure that the individuals are maintaining
contact with their family physicians or take the necessary steps to
find them one.
Support
interventions
to
meet
informational
needs.
Interventions aimed at meeting informational needs represent
information or education that are provided to individuals living
with cancer and their loved ones so as to reduce confusion, threat
perception (anxiety, fears), to facilitate decision making and promote the development of skills such as developing coping strategies for the illness and a sense of control over the situation. All
ONNs declared providing information related to different needs
and answering the questions posed by individuals with cancer
and their family members.
Support interventions to meet emotional needs. Interventions
to meet emotional needs refer to activities enabling individuals to feel emotionally sound, to experience a sense of belonging
and understanding, and feel reassurance during difficult periods
such as the beginning of treatments or the occurrence of significant side effects. Regarding this area, ONNs mentioned giving their
contact information and making themselves accessible throughout
the care trajectory. They highlighted the importance of establishing direct contacts with individuals by going to meet them when
they come to the hospital. They take the time to talk with individuals, to actively listen to them in order to help them express their
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Figure 2. Support attitudes mentioned by ONNs
doi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
emotions. Moreover, ONNs reported assessing emotional needs by
questioning the individual on their emotional state and the perception they have of their situation, as well as exploring the perception
they have of their ability to cope with their situation throughout
the disease trajectory.
Support interventions to meet physical needs. Interventions to
meet physical needs correspond to symptom management exclusively. In this area, ONNs provide information and advice adapted to
each individual according to their illness and associated treatments
to foster skill acquisition and facilitate coping with the illness.
Management of physical symptoms and discomforts was reported
by all ONNs. They give information and advice, follow up on symptoms and refer individuals quickly before their general health deteriorates. One ONN summed up well the support interventions related
to symptom management “symptom management, it happens all the
time (…) we do it each time we see our clients.” (30)
Support interventions for psychosocial needs. Interventions to
meet psychosocial needs aim to consolidate coping strategies concerning the illness and its aftermath, to foster the individual’s
autonomy and the engagement of significant others. Interventions
reported by ONNs were encouraging individuals to use resources,
fostering personal approaches and involving family members in the
care and daily activities.
Moreover, as in the case of emotional needs, ONNs described
how they assess the individuals’ perceptions and adaptation potential, possible coping strategies and the helping resources they have:
children, family, spouse.
Support interventions to meet spiritual needs. Interventions to
meet spiritual needs are aimed at needs relating to the search for
meaning, personal values and priorities, and hope. Following the
example of individuals living with cancer, ONNs talked very little
about spiritual needs. Interventions mentioned by the ONNs correspond to listening and accompanying individuals in their soul
searching concerning death.
Furthermore, support interventions that can meet several types
of needs were mentioned by the ONNs and these are summed
up in Table 4. Many were reported by all ONNs included in the
study, especially offering one’s presence and availability, listening
actively, referring to appropriate resources, providing information
on various topics and constantly assessing needs throughout the
care trajectory.
In summary, ONNs indicated they accomplish support interventions in all areas of needs during the care trajectory. Many interventions gravitate around practical needs (coordination) and
informational needs (information and symptom management).
These are followed by the emotional, psychosocial and spiritual
areas.
Necessary attitudes for support
A new category emerged during data analysis. All participants
underscored the significance of the helping relation and trusting relationship to clarify their support function. The rich content
of the interviews helped draw attention to the quality of the helping relation, as a significant dimension of the support provided by
ONNs. The helping relation is not the product of a specific intervention, but rather of a helping attitude, of people-oriented skills.
In order to recognize the support needs of individuals with cancer
and adjust the appropriate intervention to their needs, establishing
a trusting relation is described as an essential element of support.
Figure 2 illustrates how ONNs situate the helping relation as a linking component between the individuals’ needs on the one hand and
support interventions on the other.
doi: 10.5737/1181912x212114121
Discussion
This study had two objectives. The first was to explore the
nature of needs for support during the disease trajectory from the
perspective of individuals living with cancer and these results were
discussed in the Part 1 article.
The second objective was to describe concretely interventions
done by ONNs to meet the needs of individuals living with cancer
and their families. Interventions linked to coordination and information of all sorts, including symptom management, is reported
by all study participants. As stipulated by the CEPIO (Direction de
la lutte contre le cancer, 2005), support interventions for practical
needs, especially care coordination, services organization and care
continuity, help decrease the demands placed on individuals living
with cancer along the care trajectory. These coordination interventions were the most often reported by ONNs and described in terms
of frequency. However, few studies describe these needs, which are
often associated with the direct assistance the individual requires
to cope with daily living activities disrupted by their illness (Kerr et
al., 2004).
In the same vein of results, giving information related to various areas of needs and answering different questions are daily support interventions for ONNs. All participants talked prolifically of
the information they give out at each meeting, especially to facilitate symptom management in relation to treatments and disease.
Symptom management is a major component of the ONNs’ support
interventions, a finding that is consistent with the literature (Ahlberg
et al., 2005; Crooks et al., 2004; Page et al., 2006; Pigott et al., 2008).
Moreover, among the interventions reported by the ONNs to
satisfy emotional needs are mostly associated with their presence,
their availability and the therapeutic relationship. It is surprising
to note that interventions aimed at meeting emotional needs come
after coordination and information interventions. This may be due
to the difficulty in detecting distress. Indeed, ONNs talked very little
about screening. Some individuals may not spontaneously express
their distress without encouragement or a questionnaire to that
effect. This explanation is consistent with the notion that nurses
should have the ability to recognize the signs and symptoms that
may reveal distress (Tiffen et al., 2005). Another explanation is consistent with the fact that distress is often linked to needs in different areas and that it varies over the care trajectory. Interventions
should be adjusted to the various disease and treatment stages so
as to provide optimal support (Cruickshank, Kennedy, Lockhart,
Dosser, & Dallas, 2008).
Various interventions to manage distress suggested by the NCCN
(2008) such as providing information and ensuring it is understood,
managing symptoms, establishing a trusting relation, ensuring continuity, and referring the patient or family members to appropriate
practitioners have been reported by the ONNs participating in this
study.
Interventions to meet psychosocial needs indicated by ONNs
are especially related to assessing the individual’s resources and
referral to appropriate assistance. Furthermore, ONNs said they
promote personal steps first before doing the legwork for individuals. The importance of involving loved ones in the journey of the
individual with cancer is highlighted by ONNs. Fillion, de Serres,
Cook, Goupil, Bairati and Doll (2009) describe empowerment as a
central dimension in the ONN’s role. Stephens, Osowski, Fidale and
Spagnoli (2008) underscored the importance of social support (family, friends, colleagues) in the coping with illness for individuals living with cancer.
Regarding spiritual needs, which are described as being of an
intimate and personal nature by individuals living with cancer, it
is not surprising to observe that few ONNs addressed those needs.
Support interventions reported for this area had to do with listening
and referral. Moreover, Kerr and colleagues (2004) indicated spiritual needs are described in less detail than the other needs.
CONJ • RCSIO Spring/Printemps 2011 119
Results also suggest a significant dimension that is not tied to
any particular intervention, but comes from a way of being where
one earns the trust of individuals with cancer and pays attention to
all aspects of their quality of life (Kruijver, Kerkstra, Bensing, & van
de Wiel, 2000), i.e., a supporting attitude. All of the ONNs reported
this dimension in one way or another. A permanent feature was
noted among their comments: the importance of communicating
with individuals. These results are consistent with the literature.
Communication is an essential aspect of nursing and it can improve
care outcomes in individuals living with cancer (Skilbeck & Payne,
2003).
The study by Thorne, Hislop, Armstrong and Oglov (2008) clarified the positive influence effective communication with health
professionals has and, conversely, poor communication increases
emotional distress and the sense of hopelessness. The therapeutic relationship is described as a humanistic relation between the
nurse and the individual with cancer, which is evidenced by the
nurse’s presence, the time or availability offered, the amount of
active listening provided, demonstrated interest and provided help
(Richardson, Plant, Moore, Medina, Cornwall, & Recam, 2007b).
Implications for practice and research
In this light, clarifying the support function of ONNs, as enabled
by the use of Fitch’s framework (1994), revealed a fit with the functions described by the CQLC (2000) and the CEPIO (Direction de la
lutte contre le cancer, 2005). As the results show, the support function implies many interventions and is complex. Concretely clarifying the related interventions may promote the selection of the skills
required to complete the tasks associated with this role. Moreover,
defining the support function may lead to a better management of
the initial training and promote the implementation of the necessary evaluation, screening and referral tools.
The interpretation of results suggests that it would be beneficial for ONNs to detect distress early with the help of valid instruments and to resort to referrals when distress becomes too high
(Bauwens, Baillon, Distelmans, & Theuns, 2009; NCCN, 2008). It
would be useful to document the connection between tooling up
ONNs to improve screening and assessing the needs along the care
trajectory and their ability to intervene quickly and suitably in
order to decrease unmet needs among individuals with cancer and
their families.
Limitations and strengths
Despite the efforts deployed in this study to concretely define
the nature of support interventions provided by ONNs, it is necessary to consider certain limitations when interpreting the
results. Firstly, mention should be made of the inherent limitation associated with the use of a conceptual framework for data
analysis. Furthermore, although some questions were directly
linked to support, the great majority of them were not specifically addressing support, which means certain dimensions may
not have been covered, especially exploring unmet needs at a
greater depth. In spite of this limitation, using such a framework
has some benefits as it helps with clarifying the nature of sup-
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Acknowledgement
Our thanks to Huguette Ouellet, Physical Health and Medical
& University Affairs Regional Branch, ASSS Capitale-Nationale
(a Health and Social Services Agency, ASSS-03); Daniel La
Roche, Assistant to the Director, Coordination of the Specialized
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for coordinating the larger research project. We also wish to
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