V
ABSTRACT
The "La Motte-Vassan Formation" (FLV), dated at 2714 ± 2 Ma, is found at the
base of the Malartic Group, a volcano-sedimentary assemblage in the Southern Volcanic
Zone of the Abitibi greenstone belt. The FLV, approximately 6km in thickness, is mainly
composed of komatiitic lava flows (95%). Most of these flows were overprinted by
regional green schist faciès metamorphism that obliterated the original mineralogy. The
emphasis of this study is aimed at the physical volcanology and geochemistry of the
Spinifex Ridge komatiites, more precisely a 60x40m outcrop.
The flow morphologies are directly related to low viscosity and high emplacement
temperature of the komatiitic lavas. On Spinifex Ridge, two prominent morphofacies were
observed, sheet-like flows and tube-shaped flows. Two minor morphofacies, megatubes
and a single massive flow, were also observed. The two prominent morphofacies have
similar thicknesses (0.96 m) but display different lateral extension. Sheet-like flows have a
much greater lateral extension (> 28m) while the tube-shaped flows have a more limited
distribution (4.9 m). The lateral terminations of both types of flows have low angle, sharp
and pointy ends reflecting the low viscosity of
the
flows. Polygonal fracturing, attributed to
thermal contraction and subsequent ingestion of seawater, is ubiquitous at flow margins and
commonly persists throughout the flow units. Most of the flows display the two classical
textural zones (A and B zones), exhibited in variable thicknesses, which reflect a selective
cooling and crystallization history. These are bracketed by thin coherent chill margins. The
tube-shaped flows display a prominent B zone, have a low-arching roof and contain some
quartz filled cavities in the center of the flow suggesting a dynamic flow regime. The sheet-
like flows display the classical A(i.3) and B(M) zones and divisions and have a flatter roof
geometry. The morphology and the nature of
the
concordant contacts of the flows suggest a
laminar flow behavior. The only massive flow observed is much thicker than the other
morphofacies (5 m) and it cross-cuts the underlying flow. It does not exhibit any obvious
chill margins. Interstratified, ultramafic finely laminated, locally graded, turbiditic tuff
deposits, 10 to 50 cm thick, are concordant to the stratigraphy. The chemistry of
the
rock is
defined by an average content of 26% MgO, an A^CVTiCh ratio of 21 and a rare earth
pattern slightly depleted in LREE, 0.5 to 7 x chondrites. These characteristics are typical of
Al-undepleted komatiites.
It is here proposed that the Spinifex Ridge subaqueous sheet-like and tube-shaped
flows may be analogues to highly fluid, low to high volume, subaerial pahoehoe sheet
flows and coalescent lobes. Once the komatiitic lava emplaced on the Achaean oceanic
seafloor, it probably initially propagated laterally because of its low viscosity. Then a thin
flexible crust was formed on the lava surface which gradually became a solid crust formed
by water-magma interaction. The crust confines the lava and helps it to propagate on
greater distance within tubes through inflation (injection of lava under a solid crust). On the