La politique d`innovation en Russie : des stratèges aux - Hal-SHS

La politique d’innovation en Russie : des strat`eges aux
acteurs
Julien Vercueil
To cite this version:
Julien Vercueil. La politique d’innovation en Russie : des strat`eges aux acteurs. Les BRICs :
´emergence, p´erennit´e, int´egration et trajectoires dans la crise, Oct 2013, Rio de Janeiro, Br´esil.
pp.112-126, 2014, Cole¸cao Cadernos FACAMP. <halshs-01421369>
HAL Id: halshs-01421369
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01421369
Submitted on 22 Dec 2016
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destin´ee au d´epˆot et `a la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´es ou non,
´emanant des ´etablissements d’enseignement et de
recherche fran¸cais ou ´etrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou priv´es.
Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0
International License

!"#$%&'(%)*#+#,-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#%2#5(66)%#7#0%6#6.&4.89%6#4(:#4'.%(&6#+#5)-;#<=>?#+#!"#$%&'()"(*#+,+%-(
#
>#
La#politique#d’innovation#en#Russie#:##
des#stratèges#aux#acteurs#
#
Julien#Vercueil,##
CREE#–#INALCO#
CEMI#–#EHESS#
#
@%A()6# *%# 0BC(.# 0%6# 422B%6# <===;# *%6# 4(.-&).B6# &(66%6# 6-(*)92%2.# *4# 2B'%66).B# 0%#
0)3%&6)D)%&# *1B'-2-E)%# &(66%"# F%..%# A&)-&).B# 6.&4.B9)/(%# 0%# *4# A-*).)/(%# 6.&('.(&%**%# %6.#
%2'-&%# 4(G-(&01H()# &B9(*)8&%E%2.# E)6%# %2# 4342.;# 614''-EA49242.# 0%# E%6(&%6# %.#
A&-9&4EE%6# 3)642.# I# 4..%)20&%# '%.# -CG%'.)D"# # J2# 2-3%EC&%# <==K;# *4# A(C*)'4.)-2# 0%# *4#
L#6.&4.B9)%# <=<=#M# B*4C-&B%# '-2G-)2.%E%2.# A4&# 0%6# &%6A-264C*%6# A-*).)/(%6# %.# 0%6#
(2)3%&6).4)&%6#4#D4).#&%.-(&#6(&#*4#2B'%66).B#01B.4N%&#*4#0)3%&6)D)'4.)-2#0%#*1B'-2-E)%#A4&#
(2%# A-*).)/(%# 0%# 6.)E(*4.)-2# 0%6# 4'.)3).B6# 0%# &%'H%&'H%O0B3%*-AA%E%2.# P5Q@R# PS4(#
P<=>>RR"##
#
F%..%# 2B'%66).B# %6.# 4..%6.B%# A4&# *%6# A&)2')A4(:# )20)'4.%(&6# '-EA4&4.)D6# A&-0().6# A4&# *4#
5(66)%# %2# E4.)8&%# 0%# 5Q@"# ,&%E)8&%E%2.;# *%# 2)3%4(# 0%6# 0BA%26%6# &%6.%# %2# 5(66)%#
*4&9%E%2.#)2DB&)%(&#I#*4#E-N%22%#0%6#A4N6#0%#*1TF@J#P4(.-(&#0%#>#U#0(#,VW;#'-2.&%#<#I#
?#U#A-(&#*%6#A4N6#4342'B6R#PTJF@;#<=>>R"#@%(:)8E%E%2.;#*%#2-EC&%#422(%*#0%#0BAX.#0%#
C&%3%.6;#61)*#%6.#A*(6#)EA-&.42.#4(G-(&01H()#/(14(#0BC(.#0%6#422B%6#<===;#214#A46#'&(#4(#
&N.HE%# 0%6# A4N6# 46)4.)/(%6# PD)9"# >R"# Y&-)6)8E%E%2.;# *4# '-EE%&')4*)64.)-2# 0%6#
)22-34.)-26# 2%# 6%# D4).# A46# 4(# &N.HE%# 0%# '&-)6642'%# 0(# ,VW;# '%# /()# A*4'%# *4# 5(66)%# 4(#
0%&2)%&#&429#0%6#W5VF#%2#E4.)8&%#01)2.%26).B#0%6#%:A-&.4.)-26#0%#H4(.%#.%'H2-*-9)%#0426#
*%#,VW#PD)9#<R"####
#
#
.&/#0"(1(0+-0/-$()"(-2+/*"/#()2+3#4$(5&#-)(6","-&37"'*(8')%0+*&#$(6+*+9+$"(:;<=>?(
>;=#
>=;=#
>==;=#
>===;=#
>====;=#
>ZZ>#
>ZZ<#
>ZZ?#
>ZZ[#
>ZZ\#
>ZZ]#
>ZZ^#
>ZZK#
>ZZZ#
<===#
<==>#
<==<#
<==?#
<==[#
<==\#
<==]#
<==^#
<==K#
<==Z#
<=>=#
<=>>#
#Fig.#1.#Patents#applications#by#residents#and#nonKresidents#per#1#
million#habitants#in#selected#countries,#1991K2011##
(logarithmic#scale)#
_-&%4;#5%A"#
!4A42#
`2).%0#a.4.%6#
b%&E42N#
5(66)42#
c%0%&4.)-2#
FH)24#
c&42'%#
W&4d)*#
V20)4#

!"#$%&'(%)*#+#,-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#%2#5(66)%#7#0%6#6.&4.89%6#4(:#4'.%(&6#+#5)-;#<=>?#+#!"#$%&'()"(*#+,+%-(
#
<#
#
#
#
#
.&/#0"(1(0+-0/-$()"(-2+/*"/#()2+3#4$(5&#-)(6","-&37"'*(8')%0+*&#$(6+*+9+$"(:;<=>?(
#
#
@426# '%# .%:.%# 2-(6# 6-(H4).-26# 2-(6# '-2'%2.&%&# 6(&# 0%(:# 46A%'.6# 0(# 0B3%*-AA%E%2.#
.%'H2-*-9)/(%#%2#5(66)%#7##
#
>" F-EE%2.#*%6#A&-9&4EE%6#0%#6.)E(*4.)-2#0%#*1)22-34.)-2#61)26'&)3%2.O)*6#0426#*%#
'40&%#)26.).(.)-22%*#0%#*1B'-2-E)%#&(66%#e#
<" f(%**%6#6-2.#*%6#&BA-26%6#/(%#*%6#4'.%(&6#0%#.%&&4)2#6-2.#6(6'%A.)C*%6#014AA-&.%&#
4(:#E%6(&%6#A&)6%6#A4&#*%#A-(3-)&#A-(&#6.)E(*%&#*1)22-34.)-2#e##
#
g%# '40&%# '-2'%A.(%*# 0426# *%/(%*# 2-(6# 6-(H4).-26# A*4'%&# 2-.&%# B.(0%# %6.# 0B&)3B# 0%#
*14AA&-'H%# %2# .%&E%6# 0%# L#6N6.8E%6# 24.)-24(:# 01)22-34.)-2#M# 0B3%*-AAB# A4&# g(2034**;#
h%*6-2# %.# c&%%E42# 0426# *%6# 422B%6# >ZZ=# Ph%*6-2;# >ZZ?;# c&%%E42;# >ZZ\;# g(2034**;#
<=>=R"#F%..%#4AA&-'H%#'-26)6.%#I#0B'-EA-6%&#*%#6N6.8E%#01)22-34.)-2#01(2#A4N6#%2#')2/#
6-(6O6N6.8E%6# P6%'.%(&# A(C*)';# -&942)6E%6# A(C*)'6# 0%# &%'H%&'H%;# &B6%4(:# 0%#
D)242'%E%2.;#%2.&%A&)6%6#%.#*%(&#-&942)64.)-2#)2.%&2%;# &%*4.)-26# )2.%&O%2.&%A&)6%6R# 0-2.#
*14&.)'(*4.)-2# %6.# '-26)0B&B%#'-EE%#0B.%&E)242.%#A-(&#*1%DD)'4').B#0%#*1%26%EC*%"#h-(6#
4G-(.-26# I# '%..%# *)6.%# *%6# &%*4.)-26# %2.&%# *%# 6N6.8E%# 24.)-24*# %.# *%6# -&942)6E%6#
)2.%&24.)-24(:#0%#&%'H%&'H%;#0%#D)242'%E%2.#%.#0%#A&-0('.)-2"##
#
@426# *4# A&%E)8&%# A4&.)%# 0%# 2-.&%# .%:.%;# 2-(6# '4&4'.B&)6-26# *%# '40&%# )26.).(.)-22%*# %.#
9*-C4*#0426#*%/(%*#61%:%&'%#*4#A-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#%2#5(66)%"#@426#*4#0%(:)8E%#A4&.)%;#
2-(6# A&-A-6-26# (2%# A&B6%2.4.)-2# 9B2B&4*%# 0(# 6N6.8E%# 01)22-34.)-2# .%*# /(%# 2-(6#
=;==U#
<;==U#
[;==U#
];==U#
K;==U#
>=;==U#
><;==U#
>[;==U#
>ZZ]# >ZZ^# >ZZK# >ZZZ# <===# <==># <==<# <==?# <==[# <==\# <==]# <==^# <==K# <==Z# <=>=# <=>>#
#Fig.#2.#HighKTech#Exports#intensity#for#selected#countries,##
(share#in#%#of#GDP,#1996K2011)#
_-&%4;#5%A"#
FH)24#
b%&E42N#
c&42'%#
!4A42#
`2).%0#a.4.%6#
V20)4#
W&4d)*#
5(66)42#
c%0%&4.)-2#

!"#$%&'(%)*#+#,-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#%2#5(66)%#7#0%6#6.&4.89%6#4(:#4'.%(&6#+#5)-;#<=>?#+#!"#$%&'()"(*#+,+%-(
#
?#
*1%23)649%-26#A-(&#'%#.&434)*"#@426# *4# .&-)6)8E%#A4&.)%#6-2.#4C-&0B6#*%6# 4'.%(&6#'*%D#0(#
6N6.8E%# 01)22-34.)-2;# *%(&# D-2'.)-22%E%2.# %.# *%(&6# &%*4.)-26"# g4# 0%&2)8&%# 6%'.)-2#
'-2'*(."##
#
1. Ressources#et#cadre#institutionnel#de#la#politique#d’innovation#en#Russie#
#
iA&86# *1%DD-20&%E%2.# 0%6# 422B%6# >ZZ=;# .42.# %2# .%&E%6# 0%# E-N%26# D)242')%&6# POK=# UR#
/(1%2#.%&E%6#0%#&%66-(&'%6#H(E4)2%6#PO]\#U#A-(&#*%#2-EC&%#0%#'H%&'H%(&6#%2.&%#>ZZ>#
%.# >ZZ[R;# *%6# &%66-(&'%6# 4**-(B%6# I# *4# 5Q@# %2# 5(66)%# 21-2.# &%'-EE%2'B# I# 4(9E%2.%&#
/(14(#0BC(.#0%6#422B%6#<===#Pc)9"#<R"#
#
#
#
.&/#0"(1(@&$$*+*A(;<=;(
#
#
J2# &%342'H%;# '-2.&4)&%E%2.# 4(:# &%66-(&'%6# D)242')8&%6;# *%6# %DD%'.)D6# %EA*-NB6# 0426# *4#
&%'H%&'H%#-2.#'-2.)2(B#0%#C4)66%&#Pc)9"#[R"#a)#*1-2#'-EA4&%#43%'#*4#AB&)-0%#A&B'B0%2.%;#
-2# A%(.# )2.%&A&B.%&# *%6# 0N24E)/(%6# '-2.&40)'.-)&%6# 0%6# 422B%6# <===# '-EE%# (2#
&BB/()*)C&49%#%2.&%#0%6#&%66-(&'%6#H(E4)2%6#P'-EA4&4.)3%E%2.#A*B.H-&)/(%6#%2#0BC(.#
0%#AB&)-0%R#%.#*%6#&%66-(&'%6#D)242')8&%6#P.&86#*4&9%E%2.#)26(DD)642.%6R"#F%#0B6B/()*)C&%#
'4A).4*+.&434)*# %6.# %2'-&%# A4*A4C*%# %2# D)2# # 0%# AB&)-0%#7# *%# 2-EC&%# 0%# 'H%&'H%(&6# A4&#
E)**)-26#01H4C).42.6#&%6.%#%2#5(66)%#4(#2)3%4(#0%#2-EC&%#0%#A4N6#0%#*1TF@J#%.#%6.#.&-)6#
D-)6# A*(6# B*%3B# /(1%2# FH)2%;# 4(# W&B6)*# -(# %2# Y(&/()%"# J2# &%342'H%;# 6)# *%6# 0BA%26%6# A4&#
0-**4&#0%#,VW#6-2.#A&-'H%6#0(#2)3%4(#0%#*1V.4*)%;#%**%6#&%6.%2.#E-0%6.%6#%2#34*%(&#4C6-*(%;#
214..%)9242.#A46#]=#U#0(#E-2.42.#422(%*#0%#*4#F-&B%#0(#a(0"##
#
g%#'40&%#)26.).(.)-22%*#0%#*1)22-34.)-2#4#'-22(#0%#A&-D-206#'H429%E%2.6#0%A()6#<==="#
,*(6#01(2%#.&%2.4)2%#0%#A&-9&4EE%6#DB0B&4(:#-(#0%#*-)6#0B0)B%6#I#*4#5Q@#-2.#B.B#*42'B6#
%.# A&-E(*9(B6"# Y&-)6# 4:%6# 0%# .&426D-&E4.)-2# -2.# B.B# A&)3)*B9)B6# A4&# *%6# 4(.-&).B6#7#
]=#
K=#
>==#
><=#
>[=#
>]=#
>K=#
<==#
]====#
^====#
K====#
Z====#
>=====#
>>====#
><====#
>?====#
>[====#
>\====#
Fig.#3.#Dépenses#brutes#de#Recherche#et#Développement,#en#
roubles#constants,#2000K2011#
bJ5@;#
'-26.42.#
A&)'%6#
PE)**)-26#
-D#<===#
5`5R#
bJ5@#A%&#
%EA*-N%%#
)2#.H%#
5Q@#
6%'.-&#
P.H-(642
06#-D#
<===#
5`5R#

!"#$%&'(%)*#+#,-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#%2#5(66)%#7#0%6#6.&4.89%6#4(:#4'.%(&6#+#5)-;#<=>?#+#!"#$%&'()"(*#+,+%-(
#
[#
A&-9&4EE%6# I# *-29# .%&E%# 3)642.# *%# 0B3%*-AA%E%2.# 0%# *4# 5Q@# 6(&# 0%6# 6%'.%(&6#
6AB')D)/(%6# P242-.%'H2-*-9)%6;# C)-.%'H2-*-9)%6;# .%'H2-*-9)%6# 0%# *1)2D-&E4.)-2# %.# 0%# *4#
'-EE(2)'4.)-26;# %.'"R#j# 0%6# 4EB249%E%2.6# .&4263%&64(:# 0(# '40&%# *B94*# 3)642.# I#
D43-&)6%&# *%6# 4'.)3).B6# 0%# 5Q@#P4)26)# *4# *-)# 0%# <==K# 6(&# *4# A&-A&)B.B# )2.%**%'.(%**%Rj# *4#
'&B4.)-2# 01-&942)64.)-26# A(C*)/(%6# 0%6.)2B%6# I# D-'4*)6%&# *%6# )23%6.)66%E%2.6# %.+-(# I#
4''-EA*)&#0%6#E)66)-26#6AB')D)/(%6#PA4&#%:%EA*%;#5-6242-;#ak-*k-3-;#5$F;lR"###
#
#
.&/#0"(1(@&$$*+*A(;<=;(
#
F-EE%#*1)EA4'.#0%#*4#A-*).)/(%#01)22-34.)-2#61%:%&'%#*%#A*(6#6-(3%2.#6(&#*%#E-N%2O*-29#
.%&E%#P64(D#0426#'%&.4)2%6#0%#6%6#0)E%26)-26R;#)*#%6.#0)DD)')*%#0%#0)6.)29(%&#'%#/()#&%*83%#
0(# 'H429%E%2.# )26.).(.)-22%*# 0%# '%# /()# &%*83%# I# A&-A&%E%2.# A4&*%&# 0%# *4# A-*).)/(%#
01)22-34.)-2"#V*#%6.#'*4)&#.-(.%D-)6#/(%#*%6#4(.-&).B6#4..%20%2.#0%6#&B6(*.4.6#0426#(2#0B*4)#
&%*4.)3%E%2.#C&%D#P*%#A&-9&4EE%#9-(3%&2%E%2.4*#)2.).(*B#L#V22-34.)3%#5(66)4#M#0%#<=>>#
4..%20# 6%6# A&%E)%&6# &B6(*.4.6# 'H)DD&B6# A-(&# <=>?R;# '%# /()# '-26.).(%# I# *4# D-)6# (2# %2G%(#
6.)E(*42.#A-(&#*%6#4'.%(&6;#%.#I#*4#D-)6#*4#6-(&'%#A-.%2.)%**%#0%#0B6)**(6)-26#Pb-3%&2%E%2.#
-D# .H%# 5(66)42# c%0%&4.)-2;# <=>>R"# f(%*# /(1%2# 6-).# *%# .%&E%# .-(.%D-)6;# *4# A-*).)/(%#
01)22-34.)-2# 2%# A-&.%&4# 0%6# D&().6# /(1I# *4# '-20).)-2# /(%# *%6# 4'.%(&6# '*B6# 0(# 6N6.8E%#
01)22-34.)-2# 0(# A4N6# &BA-20%2.# D43-&4C*%E%2.# 4(:# )2').4.)-26# %.# )2G-2'.)-26# 3%2(%6#
01%2# H4(."# h-(6# 2-(6# A&-A-6-26# 01B.(0)%&# )')# *4# 6).(4.)-2# 4'.(%**%# %.# *%# A-.%2.)%*# 0%#
0B3%*-AA%E%2.#0%#'%6#4'.%(&6"##
#
2. Les#acteurs#clef#du#système#d’innovation#russe#
#
g1424*N6%# /(%# 2-(6# A&-A-6-26# %6.# 0B&)3B%# 0%# *14AA&-'H%# %2# .%&E%6# 0%# L#aN6.8E%#
h4.)-24*# 01V22-34.)-2# PahVR#M# B*4C-&B%# A4&# g(2034**;# h%*6-2# %.# c&%%E42"# h-(6#
&%A&%2-26# 64# 0B'-EA-6).)-2# %2# ')2/# 6-(6O6N6.8E%6# D-204E%2.4(:# Pa%'.%(&# A(C*)';#
D)&E%6# A&)3B%6# %.# *%(&# -&942)64.)-2# )2.%&2%;# '%2.&%6# 0%# &%'H%&'H%;# &B6%4(:# 0%#
D)242'%E%2.;#&%*4.)-26#)2.%&OD)&E%6R#%.#N#4G-(.-26#*%6#&%*4.)-26#%2.&%#'%6#6-(6O6N6.8E%6#
4)26)#/(%#*%(&#4&.)'(*4.)-2#43%'#*%6#-&942)6E%6#B.&429%&6#Pc)9"#\R#
#
=#
>==#
<==#
?==#
[==#
\==#
]==#
^==#
K==#
Z==#
>===#
<===# <==># <==<# <==?# <==[# <==\# <==]# <==^# <==K# <==Z# <=>=# <=>>#
Thousands#
Fig.#4.#Nombre#d'employés#dans#le#secteur#de#la#R&D,###
2000K2011#
&%6%4&'H%&6#
.%'H2)')426#
4(:)*)4&N#
-.H%&#
A%&6-22%*#