Rappel historique

!
!
!
"#$!%&'&(""#$!)*&"+$(&!
,-../01!231456378/1!
!
!
!
"&!%&'&(""#!)*&"#$(&!#9!:;!&<=!>=?=!!!
!
?@1-6!A2/6A2/!B!3C.51/6!0/!D58E!65C-3F!186!0-!G-80/=!!
!
"#!$%&%'#!(#!)'*!+%,-&'!./.01!23435!&.!6.#&'!71.%1!#0!8.9+!-%/%&%+75!*%-:'!'1!8*;+8,*'!<#%!./.%1!
71.=&%! ('+! &%'0+! -;$$'*-%.#>! ./'-! +'+! /;%+%0+! '1! '0! 8.*1%-#&%'*! ./'-! &'+! ?;$.%0+3! @&&'!
'>8;*1.%1!+;0!.*1%+.0.1!'1!+'+!8*;(#-1%;0+!.A*%-;&'+!'1!./.%1!#0'!:%+1;%*'!$%&%1.%*'!A&;*%'#+'3!
B.%+! ?;$'! -;0/;%1.%1! -'! 8.9+!'1! -C'+1! &C.$=%1%'#>! 47+.*5! <#%! .#! 1'*$'! ('! +'81! .007'+! ('!
A#'**'!'1!#0'!/%-1;%*'!+#*!D'*-%0A71;*%>!('/.01!"&7+%.5!'0!;=1%01!&.!+;#$%++%;0!(7E%0%1%/'3!
!
"/.01!&C.**%/7'!('+!?;$.%0+5!&'+!*7A%;0+!('!&C'+1!('!&.!6.#&'5!71.%'01!+;#$%+'+!.#>!%0-#*+%;0+!
('+! 8'#8&.('+! A'*$.0%<#'+5! 8&#+! 8.+1'#*+! <#'! -#&1%/.1'#*+! <#%5! &'+! .007'+! ('! (%+'11'5!
E*.0-:%++.%'01!&'!?:%0!8;#*!/'0%*!&'+!8%&&'*3!47+.*5!8*;E%1.01!(C#0!.88'&!F!&C.%('!('+!G7<#.0'+!
H8'#8&'! ('! &.! I*.0-:'J4;$17! .-1#'&&'K5! 8;#*! -;01*'*! F! &.! E;%+! &.! $%A*.1%;0! ('+! L'&/,1'+!
H8'#8&'!('!&.!G#%++'!.-1#'&&'K!'1!#0'!%0/.+%;0!('+!6'*$.%0+!(C"*%;/%+1'5!71.%1!'01*7!'0!6.#&'!
./'-!+;0!.*$7'!'0!MN!./.01!23433!
!
O#*.01!P!.0+5!%&!.!A#'**;97!./'-!('!0;$=*'#>!8'#8&'+!('!6.#&'5!('!6'*$.0%'!'1!$Q$'!('!
R*'1.A0'! H"0A&'1'**'K3! )&! '0! .! E.%1! &'! *7-%1! (.0+! #0! ;#/*.A'! %01%1#&7! SCommentaires+ de+ la+
guerre+des+GaulesT!HR'&&#$!6.&&%-#$!;#!'0-;*'!('!R'&&;!6.&&%-;K3!U.!<#.&%17!('!+;0!.*$7'!'1!
+;0! A70%'! $%&%1.%*'! &'! *'0(.%1! %0/%0-%=&'3! B.%+! &'! V;#A! ('! ?;$'! +#*! &.! 6.#&'! 71.%1! &;#*(! F!
8;*1'*3! 47+.*! V;#.%1! ('+! 8'#8&'+! &'+! #0+! -;01*'! &'+! .#1*'+5! +'! /'0A'.%1! -;01*'! -'#>! <#%!
1'01.%'01! ('! +'! *7/;&1'*5! 8%&&.%1! &'+! *%-:'++'+! ('! &.! 6.#&'! '0! &'/.01! ('! &;#*(+! %$8W1+5! '1!
+#*1;#1!.$'0.%1!+;0!-;*1,A'!('!$;*1+!'1!(C'+-&./.A'3!
!
H63F4/C.1!:;I!"-!G-80/!/F43J6/!1/!6@K504/!L!?@1-6!M534!N836!K/61!0-!OH65K3FA/P!
!
"#!=;#1!('!P!.0+!(C;--#8.1%;0!*;$.%0'5!#0'!A*.0('!8.*1%'!('+!8'#8&'+!6.#&;%+!0C'0!8;#/.01!
8&#+5!&.0-,*'01!&.!*7/;&1'!A707*.&'5!&'+!$'0.-'+!('!*'8*7+.%&&'+!('!47+.*!&'+!8;#++.01!'0-;*'!
8&#+! F! +'! *'='&&'*3! U'+! :;+1%&%17+! /;01! -;$$'0-'*! .#! -X#*! ('! &C:%/'*! MY! ./.01! 2343! ./'-!
&C.++.++%0.1!('+!$.*-:.0(+!*;$.%0+!71.=&%+!F!4'0.=#$!H;88%(#$!('+!4.*0#1'+5!.#V;#*(C:#%!
Z*&7.0+K3!UC"*/'*0'!D'*-%0A71;*%>!/.!.&;*+!+'!E.%*'!7&%*'!-:'E!('!A#'**'3!"8*,+!&.!(7E.%1'!('+!

?;$.%0+! ('/.01! 6'*A;/%'! HF! 8*;>%$%17! ('! 4&'*$;01JI'**.0(K! .#! 8*%01'$8+5! &'+! @(#'0+!
H8'#8&'! ('! &.! R;#*A;A0'! .-1#'&&'K! <#%! -;$8;+.%'01! &'! 8*%0-%8.&! ('! &.! -./.&'*%'! *;$.%0'5!
'01*,*'01!'#>!.#++%!'0!*7='&&%;05!8*%/.01!.%0+%!47+.*!('!&'#*!+;#1%'03!
!
47+.*5! :.*-'&7! ('! 8.*1;#1! '1! .EE.$7! 8.*! &.! 1.-1%<#'! ('! &.! S1'**'! =*[&7'T! $%+! '0! 8&.-'! 8.*!
D'*-%0A71;*%>5!E#1! ;=&%A7!('!E#%*5!$Q$'!+%!(.0+!+;0!*7-%1!%&!1'01'!('! &'!-.-:'*3! )&!-:'*-:.! F!
*.&&%'*! &.! \*;/%0-'5! 8.9+! *;$.0%+7! ('! &;0A#'! (.1'! <#%! +C71'0(! F! &C;#'+1! ('+! "&8'+! ('! &.!
\*;/'0-'! V#+<#CF! 6'0,/'! '1! <#%! &#%! 71.%1! '0-;*'! E%(,&'3! @0! -'1! 717! MY5! .9.01! *.++'$=&7! +'+!
&7A%;0+! -:']! &'+! G70;0+! (.0+! &.! *7A%;0! ('! G'0+5! %&! +'! (%*%A'.! /'*+! 6'0,/'5! -.8%1.&'! ('+!
"&&;=*;A'+5!8;%01!&'!8&#+!.#!0;*(!('!&.!\*;/%0-'3!
!
B.%+!(#*.01!&.!1*Q/'! '+1%/.&'5!./.01!('!8.*1%*!8;#*!&.!\*;/%0-'5! .&;*+!<#C%&!+'!1*;#/.%1!./'-!
+'+!&7A%;0+!-:']!&'+!U%0A;0+5!8'#8&'!*'+17!.$%!('!&.!*7A%;0!('!U.0A*'+5!47+.*5!E%0!+1*.1,A'!'1!
:.=%&'! $.0%8#&.1'#*! *7#++%1! F! ;=1'0%*! &C.%('! ('! -./.&%'*+! $'*-'0.%*'+! A'*$.%0+! 8;#*! &'!
8*;17A'*! &;*+! ('! +.! *'1*.%1'3! 4'+!-./.&%'*+! &#%! E#*'01! =%'0! #1%&'+! 8.*! &.! +#%1'! '1! F! 8&#+%'#*+!
*'8*%+'+3! )&+! ./.%'01! #0'! 1'-:0%<#'! ('! -;$=.1! 8.*1%-#&%,*'! '1! *'(;#1.=&'3! )&+! -;$=.11.%'01!
8.*! 8.%*'! ./'-! #0! :;$$'! +#*! &'! -:'/.&! '1! #0! F! 1'**'! -:.*A7! ('! (;00'*! ('+! -;#8+! ('!
8;%A0.*(!+;#+!&'!/'01*'!('+!-:'/.#>!'00'$%+3!
!
H0-F!M/!</6A3FE@4563Q!.586!K-3FA6/!0/1!,5C-3F1!L!0/1!R0578/6!M/K-F4!&0@13-!
!
D'*-%0A71;*%>5!-;0+-%'01!('!&.!E;*-'!('!&C.*$7'!*;$.%0'5!'1!(7+%*'#>!('!+'!(7=.**.++'*!('+!
?;$.%0+!#0'!=;00'!E;%+!8;#*!1;#1'5!$%1!+#*!8%'(!#0!8&.0!'0!1*;%+!8:.+'+!^!
• _!J!%&!+C.A%++.%1!1;#1!(C.=;*(!('!1'0(*'!#0'!'$=#+-.('!F!&C.*$7'!*;$.%0'5!'0!-;&;00'!
('!$.*-:'!'1!'0-;$=*7'!('!+'+!=.A.A'+!+#*!+.!*;#1'!('!*'8&%!/'*+!&.!\*;/%0-'!`!!
• Y!J!8#%+5!+%!-'11'!'$=#+-.('!/'0.%1!F!7-:;#'*5!(%+8;+'*!(C#0!;88%(#$!('!*'E#A'!<#%!
.#*.!717!.$70.A7!F!&C./.0-'!'1!<#%!71.%1!%$8*'0.=&'!.#1*'$'01!<#'!8.*!#0!+%,A'!'0!
*,A&'!`!!
• a!J!D'*-%0A71;*%>!E%>.01!.%0+%!&'+!?;$.%0+5!8;#/.%1!E.%*'!/'0%*!('!1;#1'!&.!6.#&'!#0'!
A%A.01'+<#'!.*$7'!8;#*!.11.<#'*!&'+!&%A0'+!('+!?;$.%0+5!8*%+!.&;*+!'0!1'0.%&&'!'01*'!
&'+!('#>!.*$7'+!A.#&;%+'+3!!!
!
U.!+1*.17A%'!'0E%0!(7E%0%'5!D'*-%0A71;*%>!8;#/.%1!8*78.*'*!'0!+'-*'1!'1!F!&C./.0-'!&C;88%(#$!
(C"&7+%.! '1! $.0X#/*'*! 8;#*! .$'0'*! 47+.*! F! 8*'0(*'! &.! *;#1'! (%*'-1'! '01*'! U.0A*'+! '1!
6'0,/'!8.++.01!8.*!-'1!;88%(#$3!!!
!
"&7+%.!71.%1! #0'!/%&&'!A.#&;%+'5! ;88%(#$!('+!B.0(#=%'0+5! (;01!&.!E;0(.1%;0!*'$;01.%1!1*,+!
&;%0! (.0+! &'! 1'$8+3! U.! &7A'0('! 0;#+! .88*'0(! <#C'&&'! .#*.%1! 717! E;0(7'! 8.*! &'! :7*;+! A*'-!
L7*.b&,+5!#0!$%&&70.%*'!./.01!23433!@&&'!71.%15!(C.8*,+!&C.#1'#*!A*'-!O%;(;*'!('!G%-%&'5!#0'!/%&&'!
+.%01'!%$8;*1.01'5!$71*;8;&'!*'&%A%'#+'!('!1;#1'!&.!4'&1%<#'3!D'*-%0A71;*%>!8&.c.%1!.%0+%!1;#+!
&'+!'+8;%*+!A.#&;%+!(.0+!&'+!$.%0+!('+!(%'#>!('!&.!6.#&'3!!
!
#CR81A-M/!L!0/!A5CR-4!.6@03C3F-36/!M/!A-K-0/63/!!
!
"&;*+!<#'! 47+.*!71.%1!'0! *;#1'!/'*+!6'0,/'! '1!&.! \*;/%0-'!8.*!&.! *;#1'!8.++.01!8.*! "&7+%.5!
&C'$=#+-.('! ('! -./.&'*%'! '#1! &%'#! '1! &.! -./.&'*%'! A.#&;%+'! +C.11.<#.! F! &C./.01JA.*('! ('+!

1*;#8'+!*;$.%0'+3!B.%+!&'+!6.#&;%+!E#*'01!+#*8*%+!8.*!&C%**#81%;0!('!&.!-./.&'*%'!A'*$.%0'!F!
&.<#'&&'! %&+! 0'! +C.11'0(.%'01! 8.+3! )&+! 8'*(%*'01! &'! -;$=.1! '1! +'! *'8&%,*'01! '0! (%*'-1%;0! ('!
&C;88%(#$!(C"&7+%.!+%1#7'!F!#0'!('$%JV;#*07'!('!$.*-:'3!!!
!
)@6580/C/F4!M/1!A5CR-41!M/K-F4!&0@13-!!
!
47+.*!(7-*%1!-'11'!-%17!./'-!='.#-;#8!('!(71.%&+!.%0+%!<#'!&'!(7*;#&'$'01!('+!-;$=.1+!<#%!
;01!$%+!'0!V'#!('+!'EE'-1%E+!1*,+!%$8;*1.01+!8;#*!&C78;<#'!^!_d!&7A%;0+!*;$.%0'+!+;%1!8*,+!('!
Pd! ddd! :;$$'+5! Nd! ddd! -;$=.11.01+! A.#&;%+! '0E'*$7+! ./'-! D'*-%0A71;*%>! (.0+! "&7+%.! '1!
#0'! .*$7'! ('! +'-;#*+! A.#&;%+'! *.++'$=&.01! 8&#+! ('! Yed! ddd! :;$$'+! /'0#+! #0! 8'#! 8&#+!
1.*(!('!1;#1'!&.!6.#&'3!!!
!
U'+! &7A%;00.%*'+! *;$.%0+! '#*'01! /%1'! -;$8*%+! &'! 8%,A'! (.0+! &'<#'&! %&+! 71.%'01! 8*%+3! )&+!
-;0+1*#%+%*'01! '0! #0! $;%+! '1! &.! 8'#*! .#! /'01*'! ('#>! &%A0'+! ('! *'1*.0-:'$'01! ^! #0'!
-;01*'/.&&.1%;0!;#!&%A0'!('!(7E'0+'!*.88*;-:7'!8;#*!'$8Q-:'*!&'+!A.#&;%+!('!D'*-%0A71;*%>!
('!+;*1%*!('!&C;88%(#$!'1!#0'!-%*-;0/.&&.1%;0!;#!&%A0'!('!(7E'0+'!'>17*%'#*'!-;01*'!&C.*$7'!
('! +'-;#*+3! U'! *'&%'E! .! =%'0! .%(7! 47+.*5! &'+! A;*A'+! 8*;E;0('+! '1! %0E*.0-:%++.=&'+! ('+! ('#>!
SE&#$'0T!&#%!8'*$'11.01!(C7-;0;$%+'*!+;0!1*./.%&!'0!0'!&C;=&%A'.01!F!E;*1%E%'*!<#'!<#'&<#'+!
'0(*;%1+!+1*.17A%<#'+!-;$$'!&.!S8&.%0'!('!a!ddd!8.+T!;#!&'!S-.$8!f;*(T3!!"#!(7=#1!(#!+%,A'5!
D'*-%0A71;*%>!1'01.!=%'0!('!:.*-'&'*!&'+!?;$.%0+!(.0+!&.!8&.%0'5!$.%+!%&!'0!E#1!'$8Q-:7!8.*!
&.!-./.&'*%'!A'*$.%0'!'1!8.*!&.!-;0+1*#-1%;0!8.*!&'+!?;$.%0+!(C#0!E;++7!(C.**Q1!('!Yd!8%'(+!
('! &.*A'! HP! $K! F! E;0(! ('! -#/'3! D'*-%0A71;*%>! *'0/;9.! +.! -./.&'*%'! ./.01! <#'! &'+! &%A0'+!
*;$.%0'+! 0'! +;%'01! -;$8&,1'$'01! *'E'*$7'+! 8;#*! .&&'*! -:'*-:'*! &C.*$7'! ('! +'-;#*+3! !"#!
=;#1! (C#0! $;%+! '1! ('$%5! .&;*+! <#'! &'+! ('#>! .*$7'+! -;$$'0c.%'01! F! +;#EE*%*! ('! &.! E.%$5!
&C.*$7'!('!+'-;#*+!.**%/.3!O'+!-;$=.1+!1%1.0'+<#'+!'#*'01!.&;*+!&%'#!(.0+!&.!8&.%0'!('/.01!
&C;88%(#$5! ('! V;#*! 8#%+! ('! 0#%13! B.%+! &'+! &%A0'+! ('! *'1*.0-:'$'01! *;$.%0'+! 1%0*'01! =;05!
A*g-'!F!&.!$#&1%1#('!('+!8%,A'+5!.#!0;$=*'!(C'0A%0+!('!A#'**'!'1!F!&C.*('#*!('+!&7A%;00.%*'+!
*;$.%0+3!!
!
)/6F3/6!A5CR-4!L!0-!R-4-300/!M8!A-C.!956M!!
!
U'+!-:'E+!A.#&;%+!/;9.01!<#C%&!71.%1!%$8;++%=&'!('!E*.0-:%*!&'+!(7E'0+'+!('!&.!8&.%0'!('!a!ddd!
8.+5!+;%1!e5M!b$!H&;0A#'#*!$'01%;007'!8&#+%'#*+!E;%+!8.*!47+.*K5!-;0+#&1,*'01!('+!A'0+!(#!
8.9+3! 4'#>J-%! &'#*! .88*%*'01! <#C%&! 9! ./.%1! #0! 8;%01! E.%=&'! (.0+! &.! (7E'0+'! *;$.%0'! ^! &.!
$;01.A0'!f;*(!<#%!0C./.%1!8#!Q1*'!'0A&;=7'!(.0+!&'+!(7E'0+'+!*;$.%0'+!-.*!+;0!87*%$,1*'!
71.%1! 1*;8! %$8;*1.013! U'+! ?;$.%0+! ./.%'01! 717! ;=&%A7+! (C9! 71.=&%*! #0! -.$8! +#*! #0! 1'**.%0!
(7E./;*.=&'!'1!'0!&7A,*'!8'01'3!4'!-.$8!('/.%1!+7-#*%+'*!#0!-;&!<#%!8'*$'11.%1!('!8&;0A'*!
+#*! &'+! (7E'0+'+! *;$.%0'+! ('! &.! 8&.%0'3! h0! A*;#8'! ('!Pd! ddd! :;$$'+! (C7&%1'! E#1! .&;*+!
-;0+1%1#7! +;#+! &'+! ;*(*'+! ('! &C.*/'*0'! D'*-.++%/'&&.#0;+3! )&+! -;01;#*0,*'01! &.! $;01.A0'!
f;*(!('!0#%1!'1!.11.<#,*'01!F!$%(%!-'!-.$8!*;$.%0!A.*(7!8.*!('#>!&7A%;0+3!
!
O'+!-;$=.1+!.-:.*07+!'#*'01!&%'#3!U'+!:;$$'+!('!D'*-%0A71;*%>!/;9.01!('8#%+!&C;88%(#$!
-'+! -;$=.1+! 1'01,*'01! (C'+-.&.('*! ('+! .=*#81+! H8*.'*#81.K! 8;#*! E.%*'! &.! E;0-1%;0! ./'-!&'+!
1*;#8'+!('! D'*-.++%/'&&.#0;+3! UC%++#'! 71.%1! %0-'*1.%0'3! U'+! 6.#&;%+! +'$=&,*'01! 8*'0(*'!
&C./.01.A'3! I%0.&'$'01! 47+.*! (.0+! #0! $;#/'$'01! 1;#*0.01! '0/;9.! &.! -./.&'*%'! A'*$.%0'!
<#%!$%1!'0!E#%1'!&'+!6.#&;%+3!4'!E#1!&.!/%-1;%*'!(7E%0%1%/'!('!&C.*$7'!*;$.%0'3!

!
"&7+%.! E#1! *.+7'! '1! =*[&7'3! 4:.<#'! &7A%;00.%*'! *'c#! -;$$'! '+-&./'! #0! 8*%+;00%'*! A.#&;%+3!
G'#&+! &'+! 8*%+;00%'*+! "*/'*0'+! H8'#8&'! (C"#/'*A0'K! '1! @(#'0+! H8'#8&'! ('! R;#*A;A0'K!
E#*'01!&%=7*7+!8.*!47+.*!8;#*!-;0+'*/'*!&.!E./'#*!('!-'+!('#>!8'#8&'+3!4'11'!/%-1;%*'!'#1!('+!
*'1'01%++'$'01+!-;0+%(7*.=&'+3!@&&'!$.*<#.!&.!E%0!F!&.!-%/%&%+.1%;0!-'&1%<#'!'1!&'!(7=#1!('!&.!
-%/%&%+.1%;0!6.&&;J*;$.%0'3!!
!
!
"&!$#?S9)#!%&'&(""#!L!"&!"S?&"($&'(S9!)*&"+$(&!!
!
4'+!7/,0'$'01+!('!&C.007'!MY!./.01!24!+;01!E;0(.1'#*+!8;#*!&CL%+1;%*'!('!I*.0-'5!-.*!-C'+1!&.!
8*'$%,*'! E;%+! <#'! &'+! 8'#8&'+! ('! 6.#&'! +'! +;01! #0%+! 8;#*! +'! (7E'0(*'! '1! -;0+1%1#'*! #0'!
0.1%;05!F!&C;*%A%0'!('!&.!I*.0-'3!
!
)@A3135F!M/!9-.50@5F!(((!L!0*&0@13-!M/!?@1-6!B!&031/T$-3F4/T,/3F/!
!
"#!i)i,$'!+%,-&'5!f.8;&7;0!)))5!(7+%*'#>!(C7-*%*'!#0'!:%+1;%*'!('!2#&'+!47+.*5!(;00.!$%++%;0!
.#>!.*-:7;&;A#'+!('!1*;#/'*!;j!71.%1!&.!/%&&'!(C"&7+%.3!"!&C78;<#'5!+'#&+!('#>!+%1'+!8*%0-%8.#>!
71.%'01! '0! &%-'! ^! "&.%+'! '0! I*.0-:'! 4;$17! '1! "&%+'JG.%01'J?'%0'! '0! R;#*A;A0'3! "&.%+'!
*'++'$=&.01!$;%0+!F!&.!('+-*%81%;0!('!47+.*!'1!f.8;&7;0!)))!/;#&.01!.&&'*!/%1'5!-'!E#1!"&%+'J
G.%01'J?'%0'!<#%!E#1!*'1'0#'!+#*1;#1!+#*!&.!=.+'!('!&C.*A#$'01!1;8;09$%<#'!H('!0;$=*'#>!
+-%'01%E%<#'+!'1!7*#(%1+!*7.A%*'01!/%/'$'01! E.-'!F!-'11'!(7-%+%;05!'1!-'&.!8'0(.01!8&#+! (C#0!
+%,-&'K3!
!
Z0!.!=%'0!*'1*;#/7!<#'&<#'+!/'+1%A'+!('!+%,A'!.#1;#*!('!-'11'!/%&&'!A.&&;J*;$.%0'!0;$$7'!
"&%+%%.!+#*!#0'!%0+-*%81%;0!.01%<#'3!B.%+!%&!E.#1!+./;%*!<#C'&&'!.!+#=%!.#!$;%0+!<#.1*'!+%,A'+!
(%EE7*'01+! .#! -;#*+! ('+! 8*'$%'*+! +%,-&'+! ('! 0;1*'! ,*'! '1! <#C.#-#0'! ;--#8.1%;0!
8*;1;:%+1;*%<#'!0C9!.!V.$.%+!717!%('01%E%7'3!U.!8*%0-%8.&'!-*%1%<#'!('!+'+!(71*.-1'#*+!'+1!+;0!
7&;%A0'$'01! ./'-! &'+! ('+-*%81%;0+! ('+! .#1'#*+! .01%<#'+5! '1! '0! 8.*1%-#&%'*! ('! 47+.*3! )&! '+1!
(%EE%-%&'!('!-;$8*'0(*'!&'!(7*;#&'$'01!('+!-;$=.1+5!-'!<#%!8;#++'!$Q$'!<#'&<#'+J#0+!('!
+'+!(7E'0+'#*+!F!.EE%*$'*!<#'!-C'+1!&'!1'>1'!('!47+.*!<#%!'+1!E.#>3!
!
"-!M@A58K/64/!M8!134/!M/!?2-8QTM/1T?654/F-U!!
!
4C'+1! '0! _kPY5! .&;*+! <#C%&! 71.%1! -;0+'*/.1'#*! (#! B#+7'! ('! 4;0+1.01%0'! '0! "&A7*%'5! '1!
+87-%.&%+1'! ('! &C.01%<#%17! ('! &C"E*%<#'! (#! f;*(! HE;#%&&'+! ('! l%((%+! 0;1.$$'01K5! $.%+! +.0+!
;--#8.1%;0! '0! -'11'! 87*%;('! (%EE%-%&'! ('! &.! 6#'**'! (C"&A7*%'5! <#C"0(*7! R'*1:%'*! (7-%(.! ('!
8.*1%*! F! &.! *'-:'*-:'! ('! &.! /7*%1.=&'! "&7+%.3! 4:.*1%+1'! ('! E;*$.1%;05! %&! 71.%1! (7c#! 8.*!
&C.*A#$'01.1%;0!(C"&%+'JG.%01'J?'%0'!'1!8.*!&'+!&.*A'++'+!<#'!8*'0.%'01!+'+!(7E'0+'#*+!./'-!
&'+!1'>1'+!('+!.#1'#*+!.0-%'0+3!
!
"0(*7! R'*1:%'*! #1%&%+.! #0'! 1'-:0%<#'! 0;#/'&&'! '0! *'-:'*-:'! :%+1;*%<#'! ^! -'&&'! (#! 8;*1*.%1J
*;=;13!"!8.*1%*!(#!1'>1'!('!47+.*!'1!('+!7-*%1+!('+!.#1'#*+!.01%<#'+5!%&!-:'*-:.!F!%('01%E%'*!&'+!
-;$8;+.01'+!8'*$'11.01!('!-.*.-17*%+'*!"&7+%.3!)&!'0!(70;$=*.!#0'!<#.*.01.%0'3!\#%+5!./'-!
&C.%('!('!+;0!('++%0.1'#*!"&.%0!O.#0%-5!%&!71.=&%1!&'!8;*1*.%1!*;=;1!(C#0'!"&7+%.!1:7;*%<#'3!)&!&'!
(78&.c.!'0+#%1'!+#*!&'+!-.*1'+!(C71.1J$.V;*!('!&C'+1!('!&.!I*.0-'5!('!&.!*7A%;0!('!U.0A*'+!;j!

47+.*!./.%1!*.++'$=&7!+'+!_d!&7A%;0+!V#+<#C.#!8.9+!('+!"&&;=*;A'+!;j!%&!1'01.%1!('!+'!*'8&%'*5!
+;%1!+#*!#0!<#.(*%&.1,*'!.&&.01!('!B;01=.*(!F!B;01=7&%.*(!'1!('!D%'00'!F!4:.$=7*93!\&#+!('!
add!+%1'+!E#*'01!71#(%7+5!$.%+!#0!+'#&!+C.A'0c.%1!'>.-1'$'01!./'-!&'!8;*1*.%1J*;=;15!-'&#%!('!
G9.$!m!4:.#>J('+J4*;1'0.93!UF!1;#1!-;**'+8;0(.%1!.#>!('+-*%81%;0+!('+!.#1'#*+!.0-%'0+5!&'+!
(%+1.0-'+!-;0/'0.%'01!'1!&C;0!-;$8*'0.%1!8.*E.%1'$'01!&'!(7*;#&'$'01!('+!-;$=.1+3!@1!0;0!
+'#&'$'01!71.%1! *'-;00#!&'!+%1'!('!4:.#>J('+J4*;1'0.9! -;$$'!8*;=.=&'!"&7+%.5! $.%+!71.%1!
.#++%!%('01%E%7!&'!&%'#!('!&C'$=#+-.('!'1!=.1.%&&'!8*7&%$%0.%*'!('!-./.&'*%'!F!4*;1'0.9!HF!#0'!
<#%0].%0'!('!b$!'0!.$;015!F!8*;>%$%17!('!&.!*%/%,*'!(C"%0K3!
!
?'+1.%1! F! E;#%&&'*! -'! +%1'3! "8*,+! #0'! 8*'$%,*'! /%+%1'! (#! +%1'! '0! _kPa5! '1! 78.#&7! 8.*! +'+!
+#87*%'#*+!:%7*.*-:%<#'+!.#>!"*-:%/'+!('!I*.0-'5!%&!;=1%015!.#!(7=#1!H'0!_kPe!'1!_kPM!8#%+!
'0!_kn_J_knYK5!('+!!.#1;*%+.1%;0+!('!E;#%&&'+!(7&%/*7'+!(%*'-1'$'01!8.*!&'+!$%0%+1*'+!('!&.!
-#&1#*'3!B.%+!1*,+!/%1'!'1!=%'0!<#C.9.01!(7-;#/'*1!('+!7&7$'01+!%017*'++.01+5!#0'!;88;+%1%;0!
E*;01.&'!+'!&'/.!8.*$%!&'+!.*-:7;&;A#'+!H'1!'0!8.*1%-#&%'*!-'&&'!(#!O%*'-1'#*!('+!"01%<#%17+!
:%+1;*%<#'+!('!I*.0-:'!4;$175!U#-%'0!U'*.15!'0!-:.*A'!('+!E;#%&&'+!(#!+%1'!A.&&;J*;$.%0!('!
D%&&.*(+J(CL7*%.K3!Z0!0'!*'$'1!8.+!'0!-.#+'!#0'!1*.(%1%;0!-'01'0.%*'3!B.&A*7!-'&.5!R'*1:%'*!
-;0+1%1#.! #0'! 8'1%1'! 7<#%8'! <#%!.*8'01'*.! -'! +%1'5! /.+1'! '+8.-'! ('! 8&#+! ('! Yddd! :'-1.*'+5!
8'0(.01!ed!.0+3!)&!'#1!=%'0!<#'&<#'+!.#1;*%+.1%;0+!('!+;0(.A'+!8;0-1#'&+!;#!('!E;#%&&'+!('!
+.#/'1.A'!('!<#'&<#'+!$,1*'+!-.**7+!+'#&'$'015!$.%+!8.+!+#EE%+.$$'01!F!+;0!A*73!
!
\*,+! ('! add! /'+1%A'+! (%/'*+! ;01! 717! *'87*7+! '1! #0'! =;00'! 8.*1%'! 71#(%7'! 8.*! &C7<#%8'!
R'*1:%'*3! 4'+! *'-:'*-:'+! +;01! *'8*%+'+! .#V;#*(C:#%! 8.*! &C.++;-%.1%;0! "*-:7;2#*.G%1'+! <#%!
*7.&%+'! .-1#'&&'$'01! #0! 1*./.%&! ('! $7$;%*'! +#*! +;0! E;0(+! (C.*-:%/'+! '1! <#%! -;0+'*/'! &'+!
$;=%&%'*+! .*-:7;&;A%<#'+! 1*;#/7+! +#*! &'! 1'**.%03! \.*! -'+! 1*./.#>5! "0(*7! R'*1:%'*! .! $%+! '0!
7/%('0-'!&'+!1*;%+!'>%A'0-'+!.#><#'&&'+!(;%1!+;#+-*%*'!"&7+%.!^!#*=.%0'5!*'&%A%'#+'!'1!$%&%1.%*'3!
)&! .! *'1*;#/7! ('+! /'+1%A'+! ('! &.! /%&&'! A.#&;%+'! ^! +;0! '0-'%01'! '1! #0! /.+1'! '0+'$=&'! ('!
$;0#$'01+! -#&1#'&+! .%0+%! <#'! ('+! /'+1%A'+! ('+! E;*1%E%-.1%;0+! -;0+1*#%1'+! 8.*! &'+! ?;$.%0+!
8;#*!'0!E.%*'!&'!+%,A'3!
!