Droits humains et religions : autour de la problématique femme et

!
"#$%&'()*+,%-'(.&(#./%0%$-'(1
,*&$*#(2.(/,(3#$4/5+,&%6*.(7.++.(.&(%'/,+
Penda Mbow
89%+3$#&,-:.(2.(:.&&.(3#$4/5+,&%6*.(.'&(/%5.(,*(:$-&.;&.(2.(0/$4,/%',&%$-(2,-'
/.6*./(-$*'(-$*'(&#$*<$-'(29*-.(3,#&=(.&(/9,:&*,/%&5(2.(/,('%&*,&%$-(2.(/,(7.++.
2,-'(/.'(#./%0%$-'(29,*&#.(3,#&=(3/*'(3,#&%:*/%>#.+.-&(/,(#./%0%$-(+*'*/+,-.?(@-
-.(#.<%.-2#,(3,'=(%:%=('*#(/9%+3,:&(2.(/9%'/,+('*#(/.'('$:%5&5'(,7#%:,%-.'(+,#6*5.'
3,#('$-(,-:%.--.&5(.&('$-(.;3,-'%$-(AB#.--.#(CDDE(F(G%'H.&&(CDI!(F(Histoire
générale de l/Afrique(A(&$+.'(JJJ?(.&(JKL(CDDM(F(8.N%'(CDOO(F(P#%,*2(CDIOLC?(89,:&*,/%&5
2*(254,&(#5'%2.(2,-'(/,('%&*,&%$-(#5:.-&.(2.'(7.++.'(,70),-.'=(+,%'(,*''%(/9,77,%#.
2%&.(Q(R,7%S,(G*'',S-%(T=(2*(-$+(2.(/,(U%05#%,-.(:$-2,+-5.(V(W&#.(/,3%25.(3$*#
Q(25/%&(T(29,2*/&>#.?(X#Y:.(V(/,(+$4%/%',&%$-(2.'($#0,-%',&%$-'(2.(2#$%&'()*+,%-'
.&(2.'(,''$:%,&%$-'(2.(7.++.'=(2.(/,(Z$++*-,*&5(%-&.#-,&%$-,/.(&$*&(.-&%>#.=
:.&&.(7.++.(,(3*(W&#.(,:6*%&&5.(.&(5:),33.#(,%-'%(V(*-.(+$#&()*+%/%,-&.?(">'
/$#'=(/,(6*.'&%$-(2.'(2#$%&'()*+,%-'(.-(%'/,+(2.<%.-&(3/*'(6*.([,+,%'(:#*:%,/.?
\*9.-(2%'.-&(/.(Z$#,-((/,(R*--,((.&(/.(2#$%&(+*'*/+,-(]
".3*%'(/,(#5<$/*&%$-(%#,-%.--.(.-(CD^D(.&(/,(-,%'',-:.(2.(/,(_53*4/%6*.
%#,-%.--.=(:$++.-:.-&(V('9,77#$-&.#(*-.(<%'%$-(,<.:(Q(2.'(':)5+,'(#52*:&.*#'
2.(/9%'/,+=(:$-'%25#5(3,#(/.'(@::%2.-&,*;(:$++.(*-(&$*&(+$-$/%&)%6*.=(%++*,`
4/.(2,-'(/.(&.+3'(.&('&,&%6*.(2,-'(/9.'3,:.(T(AB,/&,(CDIO1CML(.&(2.'(3$'%&%$-'(2.
7$-2,+.-&,/%'&.'(:$+3/>&.+.-&().#+5&%6*.'(V(&$*&.(:$-:.''%$-(V(/9.-2#$%&(2.'
/%4.#&5'(%-2%<%2*.//.'?(",-'(:.'(:$-2%&%$-'=(/,('%&*,&%$-(2.(/,(7.++.(2.<%.-&(*-
.-[.*(2.(&,%//.?((a-(#5,/%&5=(/,(<$/$-&5(2.'(7.++.'(+*'*/+,-.'(29,::52.#(V(*-.
/%4.#&5(29.;3#.''%$-(.&(V(*-.(3,#&%:%3,&%$-(,::#*.(V(/,(<%.(,:&%<.($*<#.(/,(#5`
7/.;%$-('*#('.'(:$-2%&%$-'(29.;%'&.-:.?(b(:.('*[.&=($-(-$&.(2.'(7,%&'(:$-'&%&*,-&
Chap4.pmd 26/02/2011, 16:0975

76 X.-#.(.&(2S-,+%6*.'('$:%$`5:$-$+%6*.'(.&(3$/%&%6*.'(.-(c7#%6*.(
*-.(#*3&*#.(<5#%&,4/.?(8,(3*4/%:,&%$-(2.(/9$*<#,0.(2.(d,&%+,(e.#-%''%=(Le Harem
politique. Le Prophète et les femmes=(#.'&.(*-(#.3>#.(2,-'(/,(-$*<.//.(3.-'5.(75+%`
-%'&.(.-( 3,S'(+*'*/+,-'?(eW+.('%( /9$#%0%-.(2*(75+%-%'+.(Q(29.''.-:.(+*'*/`
+,-.(T(#.+$-&.(,*(fJf.('%>:/.(2,-'(*-(3,S'(:$++.(/9g0S3&.(AB,2#,-(CDIDL=(%/
7,*&(#.:$--,h&#.(6*.(/.'(/.:&.*#'(7#,-:$3)$-.'(25:$*<#.-&=(,<.:(e.#-%''%=(*-.
&)5$#%.(,*&#.(6*.(:.//.(6*%(+,#0%-,/%'.(/,(7.++.(2,-'(/9%'/,+?
e,%'=(2.3*%'(/,(:#%'.(2.'(,--5.'(IM=(2.'(5<>-.+.-&'(#.+.&&.-&(,*(2.<,-&(2.
/,(':>-.(/9.;%0.-:.(29*-.(#57/.;%$-('*#(/.'(2#$%&'()*+,%-'(2,-'(/9%'/,+=(:,#(/,
#5,/%&5('$:%$/$0%6*.(.'&(&.//.(6*.(/9$-(-9,##%<.(3/*'(V(2%''$:%.#(:.(6*%(#./><.(2.'
':#%3&*#,%#.'=(2.(/,(+,-%3*/,&%$-($*(2.(/9%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(&.-2,-:%.*'.?(Z9.'&(:.&&.
'%&*,&%$-(2.(:$-7*'%$-(6*%(2$--.(*-('.-'(V(/9.;50>'.(75+%-%'&.=(:,#(%/('9,0%&(2.
7$#0.#( /.'( ,#+.'(3$*<,-&(,%2.#( /,( 7.++.(+*'*/+,-.(V('.(/%45#.#( 2,<,-&,0.?
i,#+%(:.'(&.-,-&'(2.(/9%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(75+%-%'&.=($-(3.*&(:%&.#(_%77,&(G,'',-(6*%
,(:.-&#5('.'(&#,<,*;('*#(/.(Z$#,-(F(,%-'%=(.//.(,(&#,%&5(2.(1(The Qur/an and reproduc-
tive health of Women ; The Qur/an and sexuality ; The Qur/an and care responsabilities(=(.&:?j
U$&#.(:$++*-%:,&%$-(&$*#-.#,(,*&$*#(2.'(&#$%'(,;.'(1
`(/9,:&*,/%&5(2*(254,&=(7.++.(.&(%'/,+(F
`(/,(3#$4/5+,&%6*.(2.'(2#$%&'(2.(/9)$++.(2,-'(/9%'/,+(F
`(/9%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(75+%-%'&.?
De l-actualité du débat : femme et islam
">'(6*.(/9$-([.&&.(*-(#.0,#2(3/*'(,&&.-&%7('*#(/,('%&*,&%$-(2.'(7.++.'(.-(3,S'
+*'*/+,-'=(/.(&,4/.,*('.(#5<>/.(W&#.(7$#&(5/$6*.-&?(c%-'%(-$&.`&`$-(2.'(:,'(.;&#W+.'
:$++.(:./*%(2.'(c70),-.'('$*+%'.'(V(/9$4':*#,-&%'+.(.&(V(/,(<%$/.-:.(2.'(+$//,)'
.&(,*&#.'(3#52%:,&.*#'(.-(3,'',-&(3,#(:./*%(2.'(R,$*2%.--.'(.&(/.(:,'=(2.(&$*&.'
:.//.'(6*%=(:$++.(.//.'=('$-&(:$-&#,%-&.'(.&(7$#:5.'(2.(<%<#.()$#'(2*(&.+3'(.&(2.
/9.'3,:.?(",-'(:.#&,%-'(3,S'(29c'%.=(2.(&#>'(-$+4#.*'.'(7.++.'('.(&#$*<.-&
+.-,:5.'(2,-'(/.*#(<%.=(2*(7,%&(2.(:#%+.(29)$--.*#($*(.-(&,-&(6*.(4*&%-(2.
0*.##.($*(.-:$#.(3$*#(25/%&(29,2*/&>#.?
Z$-:.#-,-&(/.'(7.++.'(,70),-.'=(3,#(.;.+3/.=(2.'(&5+$%0-,0.'($-&('%0-,/5
Q(/.'(#,3&'(.&(/.'(:$*3'(6*%('9,4,&&%#.-&(T('*#(:.//.'(29.-&#.(.//.'=(:%-6(,--5.'
2*#,-&=(3.#k*.'(:$++.(Q(+,/(<$%/5.'=(+,/(:$*<.#&.'($*(&#$3(4.//.'(3$*#(2%''%`
+*/.#(*-.('%/)$*.&&.(5/50,-&.('$*'(/.(/%-:.*/(2.(<%<,-&.'(6*9$-(,33.//.(burqa(T?
8.'(Q(+,#%,0.'(T(7$#:5'=(2>'(/9,2$/.':.-:.=(l(25-$-:5'(:$++.(Q(2.(<5#%&,4/.'
<%$/'(,*&$#%'5'(T=(3,#(/.'($#0,-%',&%$-'(75+%-%'&.'(l(7*#.-&(/50%$-('$*'(/.(#50%+.
2.'(P,/%4,-'(Am)$'#$H),<,#(jMMjL(3$*#(6*%(Q(/,(7.++.(.'&(/.([$S,*(2.(/,(+,%`
'$-=(*-(4%[$*($-(/.(2%''%+*/.(,*;(#.0,#2'(.-<%.*;=($-(/.(:,:).=($-(/9.-&.##.('9%/(/.
7,*&(T?(J/(/.*#(.'&(%-&.#2%&(2.(3,#/.#($*(2.(#%#.(4#*S,++.-&(F(%-&.#2%&(2.(#$*/.#(V
4%:S:/.&&.($*(V(+$&$=(%-&.#2%&(2.(+$-&#.#(/.*#'(:).<%//.'=(2.('.(+,6*%//.#($*(2.
3$#&.#(2.'(:),*''*#.'(V(),*&'(&,/$-'(6*%(&#$*4/.-&(/.'()$++.'(3,#(/.*#'(:/,6*.`
+.-&'?(a-(2.)$#'(2.'(3#$:).'(3,#.-&'=(%/(/.*#(.'&(%-&.#2%&(2.(3,#/.#(,*;()$++.'=
%-&.#2%&(2.(25,+4*/.#(',-'()$++.(2,-'(/,(#*.=(%-&.#2%&(29,//.#(V(/95:$/.(A,3#>'
Chap4.pmd 26/02/2011, 16:0976

77
e4$N(1("#$%&'()*+,%-'(.&(#./%0%$-'
/9Y0.(2.()*%&(,-'L=(%-&.#2%&(2.(&#,<,%//.#(Q(',*7(6*./6*.'(+52.:%-'(.&(%-7%#+%>#.'
3#5,/,4/.+.-&( 7$#+5.'(T?(Am)$'#$H),<,#((jMMML?( Z.&&.(:$-:.3&%$-( 2.'( :)$'.'
:$++.-:.(V(0,0-.#(/.'(+%/%.*;(%'/,+%'&.'(,7#%:,%-'(6*%([*'6*.`/V=('.(:$-&.-&,%.-&
29*-(<$%/.([.&5('*#(/.'(53,*/.'(2.(/,(7.++.(F(+,%'(,*[$*#29)*%=(/.('3.:&,:/.(2.
7.++.'=(:$+3/>&.+.-&(.++%&$*7/5.'(2,-'(*-(),4%//.+.-&(-.(#53$-2,-&(3,'
,*;(.;%0.-:.'(:/%+,&%6*.'(,7#%:,%-.'=(.'&(:$*#,-&(2,-'(/.'(+%/%.*;(*-%<.#'%&,%#.'
'5-50,/,%'=(3,#(.;.+3/.?(89),4%//.+.-&(,(2.(3/*'(.-(3/*'(*-.(7$-:&%$-(%25$/$0%`
6*.(,*(25&#%+.-&(2.(/,(2%+.-'%$-(3#,&%6*.(F(V(",H,#=(/.'(7%//.'(5&$*77.-&('$*'(/,
:),/.*#(3,#:.(6*9),4%//5.'(,<.:(2.'(+,-&.,*;(.-(3$/S.'&.#(.&(2.'(:),*''.&&.'(.-
/,%-.?(".3*%'(/.(CC('.3&.+4#.=(/,(3,''%$-(3#.-2(/.(2.''*'('*#(/,(#,%'$-(.&(/.('.-'
3#,&%6*.(2.'(:)$'.'?
(8.'(7.++.'(,70),-.'($-&(3,S5(/.(Q(3#%;(7$#&(2*(:),$'(T(2%&(/.('$:%$/$0*.
%#,-%.-(d,#).2(m)$'#$H),<,#((3$*#(6*%(%/('9,0%&(29*-.('%&*,&%$-(.;&#W+.=(%-52%&.
2,-'(/9)%'&$%#.(2.(/9%'/,+?(J/('9.'&(3#$2*%&(.-(c70),-%'&,-=(3.-'.(&`%/=(*-.('$#&.(2.
+.*#&#.(:*/&*#./(.&('S+4$/%6*.(2.'(7.++.'=(:$-2,+-5.'(V(-9W&#.(6*.(2.'(#$*,`
0.'(2,-'(/.(3#$:.''*'(2.(#.3#$2*:&%$-(3)S'%6*.(29*-.('$:%5&5?(G%'&$#%6*.+.-&=
+W+.(2,-'(/,( <.#'%$-( /,( 3/*'( .;&#W+.( 2*(N,)),4%'+.=(:9.'&`V`2%#.(2.(/9J'/,+
3*%',-&(V( '.'('$*#:.'(/.'(3/*'(%-&#,-'%0.,-&.'=( $-( -.(#.-:$-&#.(3,'(29.;.+3/.
29*-.(&.//.($33#.''%$-=(29*-.(%-'&#*+.-&,/%',&%$-(2.(/,(7.++.(#52*%&.(V(/,(3/*'
'%+3/.(-5:.''%&5(4%$/$0%6*.(6*%(.'&(2.(7,%#.(2.'(.-7,-&'?
n-.(&.//.(53#.*<.(7*&(/.(#5'*/&,&(2.(/,(25',#&%:*/,&%$-(2.(/,('$:%5&5(,70),-.=(2.
/,(:#%'.(%''*.(29*-.(0*.##.(%-&.#+%-,4/.(2$-&(/9n-%$-('$<%5&%6*.(7*&(/.(3#.+%.#
,:&.*#=(#./,S5(3,#(/.(i,H%'&,-(.&(/9c+5#%6*.=(,<,-&(6*.(:.(3,S'(-.('$+4#.(2,-'
'.'(/*&&.'(2.(:/,-'(.&(/.(25'%-&5#W&(:$*3,4/.(2.(/9@::%2.-&?(",-'(*-.('%&*,&%$-(2.
:),$'=(/.(3$*<$%#=(+W+.(#53#.''%7=(,33,#,h&(&$*[$*#'(3#575#,4/.(V(*-.(,4'.-:.
2.(3$*<$%#(.&=(,<.:(/.'(&,/%4,-'=(/.'(7.++.'(,70),-.'=(3,#:.(6*9.//.'('$-&(/.'(3/*'
<*/-5#,4/.'=($-&(5&5(/.'(<%:&%+.'(29*-(3)5-$+>-.=()5/,'(:/,''%6*.(1($-(,(7,%&
3.'.#('*#(.//.(&$*&.(/,(:*/3,4%/%&5(/%5.(V(/,(25'&#*:&*#,&%$-(2*(3,S'(,70),-=(,*;
#%<,/%&5'(2.'(Q('.%0-.*#'(T(2.(0*.##.=(V(/,(25-,&*#,&%$-(29*-.('$:%5&5(.-:$#.(/,#0.`
+.-&(&#%4,/.?(@-(.'&(.-(3#5'.-:.(29*-(3)5-$+>-.(2.(Q(4$*:(5+%'',%#%',&%$-(T
6*%(-9.'&(2$-:(3,'('35:%7%6*.+.-&(2o(V(/9%'/,+?
J/(-9.+3W:).(6*.(2.'(+*'*/+,-'=(V(&#,<.#'(*-.(:.#&,%-.(/.:&*#.(2.'(&.;&.'(.&
2.(/.*#'(2#$%&'=($#0,-%'.-&(*-.(2%''S+5&#%.(.-&#.(/9)$++.(.&(/,(7.++.?(8.('$#&
+%-.*#(2.(/,(7.++.(.-(3,S'(+*'*/+,-(.'&`%/(/%5(V(:.&&.(2%''S+5&#%.($*(V(*-.
+$2.#-%',&%$-(,-,#:)%6*.(2.(/,('$:%5&5=('9%-&.##$0.(&`$-(]
89%'/,+(2.<%.-&(,%-'%(*-.(#./%0%$-('./$-(/,6*.//.(/9,::.-&(.'&(+%'('*#(/,(3*2.*#=
/,(Q(:$*<.#&*#.(T(2.(/,(7.++.=(/,('50#50,&%$-('.;*.//.(3$*#(2.'(#,%'$-'(6*%(-.
'$-&(3,'(&$*&.'=(V(3#$3#.+.-&(3,#/.#=(#./%0%.*'.'?(a//.'(&%.--.-&(,*''%(V(/9)%'&$%#.
2.'('$:%5&5'(3#5%'/,+%6*.'=(V(/,(&#,2%&%$-(&#%4,/.(.&(3,&#%,#:,/.?(8,(+$2.#-%',&%$-
'$:%,/.(.&(3$/%&%6*.(2.'(3,S'(+*'*/+,-'(,(:$-&#%4*5(V(7,%#.(',*&.#(:.&&.(:/$%'$-
.-&#.(/9)$++.(.&(/,(7.++.(6*%=(V(:.(3$%-&=(.'&(&S3%6*.(2.(/9%'/,+?(89*-(2.'
3#.+%.#'(.77.&'(l(.&(/.(3/*'('3.:&,:*/,%#.(l(,(5&5(/9%##*3&%$-(2.'(7.++.'(2,-'
*-(.'3,:.(3*4/%:(.;:/*'%<.+.-&(#5'.#<5(.&(2$+%-5(3,#(/.'()$++.'?(Z.&&.(%##*3`
Chap4.pmd 26/02/2011, 16:0977

78 X.-#.(.&(2S-,+%6*.'('$:%$`5:$-$+%6*.'(.&(3$/%&%6*.'(.-(c7#%6*.(
&%$-(,(5&5(/,('$*#:.(29*-.(2$*4/.(,-0$%''.p?(Z9.'&(:.//.(2.'()$++.'=(29,4$#2=(6*%
56*%<,*&(V(*-.(:,'&#,&%$-?(J/'(:#,%0-.-&(2.(<$%#(2.'(7.++.'(<.-%#(/.*#(7,%#.
:$-:*##.-:.(2,-'( *-( .'3,:.( 3*4/%:( 6*9%/'( '$-&( 25'$#+,%'($4/%05'(2.( 3,#&,0.#
,<.:(.//.'?(e,%'(:9.'&(,*''%(*-(3)5-$+>-.(,-0$%'',-&(3$*#(/.'(7.++.'(Q(&#,2%`
&%$--.//.'(T=(%-6*%>&.'(2.(<$%#(/.'(7.++.'(+$2.#-.'(25#$4.#(/,(/50%&%+%&5(2.(/.*#
#q/.(F((.//.'($-&(&$*&(V(3.#2#.(29*-.(25',:#,/%',&%$-(2.(:.'(#q/.'(7,+%/%,*;?(Z,#
/9.77.&(3#%-:%3,/(2.(/,(+$2.#-%',&%$-(,(5&5(/,(25',0#50,&%$-(2.'('&#*:&*#.'(:$+`
+*-,*&,%#.'(&#,2%&%$--.//.'=(2.(/,('&#*:&*#.(<%//,0.$%'.=(.-(3,#&%:*/%.#=(4$*/.<.#`
'5.(3,#(/,(#57$#+.( ,0#,%#.($*(3,#(/.(3.&%&(:,3%&,/%'+.(6*%(Q(%-2%<%2*,/%'.(T(/,
3#$3#%5&5?(8.( '.*/( /%.*( 2.('5:*#%&5(+.-&,/.(6*%(2.+.*#.(.'&(/,( 7,+%//.?( @#( :.'
7.++.'(6*%('9%-'*#0.-&(:$-&#.(/9%-[*'&%:.(2.(/.*#(:$-2%&%$-('$-&('r*#'=(53$*'.'=
:$*'%-.'=(,+%.'?(a//.'(#.<.-2%6*.-&(*-.( 5+,-:%3,&%$-=(+,%'('.('.-&.-&(,*''%
:$+3&,4/.'(2.(/9,<.-%#(2.(:.(2.#-%.#(/%.*(2.('5:*#%&5(6*9.'&(/.(-$S,*(7,+%/%,/=
/9*/&%+.(/%.*($s=(2,-'(/,('$:%5&5(+*'*/+,-.=($-($'.(.-:$#.('.(:$-7%.#(,*;(*-'(.&
,*;(,*&#.'(F(:$+3&,4/.'(.&(,*''%(*-(3.*(:$*3,4/.'(2.(257.-2#.(*-.(<%'%$-(5+,-`
:%3,&#%:.(2.(/,('$:%5&5(6*%(#.+.&(:.#&.'(.-(:,*'.(/.(+$2>/.(3,&#%,#:,/=(+,%'(50,`
/.+.-&(*-(+$2.(2.('&,4%/%&5(7,+%/%,/.?(".(:.(3$%-&(2.(<*.=(.//.'(<%<.-&(*-.
:.#&,%-.(':)%t$3)#5-%.(6*%(.;3/%6*.(29,%//.*#'(/.*#(3#5'.-:.(,77%#+,-&(/.*#(,&&,`
:).+.-&(,*;(<,/.*#'(7$-2,+.-&,/%'&.'?
P,-&(6*.(/9%'/,+%'+.(.'&(+%-$#%&,%#.(2,-'(*-(3,S'(+*'*/+,-=(%/(#,''*#.
/9)$++.(.&(/,(7.++.(2,-'(/.*#(#q/.(&#,2%&%$--./=(2$-&(/,(/50%&%+%&5(.'&(#./%0%.*'.`
+.-&(#.-7$#:5.?(J/($77#.(+W+.(*-.(:.#&,%-.(3$''%4%/%&5(,*;([.*-.'(7.++.'(2.'
:$*:).'(3$3*/,%#.'(2.('$#&%#(l(4%.-('o#(<$%/5.'(l(2,-'(/9.'3,:.(3*4/%:=(2$-:(2.
:$-:.<$%#(*-(%25,/(2.(#./,&%<.(/%4.#&5(.&(295+,-:%3,&%$-?(e,%'(/V($s(/9%'/,+%'+.
.'&(.-('%&*,&%$-(2.(3$*<$%#=(/9*-.(2.('.'(3#.+%>#.'(+.'*#.'(.'&(295&$*77.#(:.'
<.//5%&5'(.&(29%+3$'.#(*-.(#50#.''%$-(l(,*(+$%-'(,*(3/,-([*#%2%6*.(l(2.(/,
:$-2%&%$-(75+%-%-.=(V(2.'(7%-'(3$/%&%6*.'(.&(,*(-$+(29*-(%'/,+(6*%(%+3$'.#,%&(/,
Q('$*+%''%$-(2.(/,(7.++.(T(V("%.*?(c%-'%(,4$*&%&`$-=(6*,-2(/9%'/,+%'+.(.'&(,*
3$*<$%#=(V(:.&&.('$#&.(2.(4%3$/,#%',&%$-(1(29*-(:q&5=(*-.(#50#.''%$-(2*('&,&*&
[*#%2%6*.(2.'(7.++.'(F(2.(/9,*&#.=(*-.(.;,:.#4,&%$-(2.(/,(3#%'.(2.(:$-':%.-:.(2.
/.*#($33#.''%$-?(Z./,(:#5.(*-(5&,&(2.(&.-'%$-(.;&#W+.=(<%&.(%-'*33$#&,4/.=(.-&#.
/.'(,*&$#%&5'(#./%0%.*'.'(6*%('9.-(&%.--.-&(V(*-.(%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(/%&&5#,/%'&.(2.(&.;&.'
.&(2.'(7.++.'(6*%(:).#:).-&(V('95+,-:%3.#?
8,('%&*,&%$-(2.(/9c70),-%'&,-(+$-&#.(&$*&.(/,(:$-7*'%$-(6*%(#>0-.=(:,#(%/(.'&
2%77%:%/.(2950#.-.#(&$*'(/.'(&,4$*'(+,:)%'&.'(25:#5&5'(3,#(/.(e$//,)(@+,#(.&('.'
,77%25'(2.3*%'(CDDO?(e%.*;=(%/(.'&(6*,'%+.-&(%+3$''%4/.(2.(25+W/.#(:.(6*%=(2,-'
:.&($4':*#,-&%'+.(4%.-(&#.+35=(#.''$#&(29*-.(<.#'%$-(25<$S5.(2.(/9%'/,+(.&(2.(/,
&#,2%&%$-(3,&:)$*-.(/,(3/*'(,-&%6*.?(8.('$#&(2.'(7.++.'(6*%(<%<.-&(2,-'(/.'
t$-.'(&#%4,/.'(3,&:)$*-.'(2*(i,H%'&,-(<$%'%-(.'&`%/(&#>'(2%775#.-&(2.(:.(6*9%/(.'&
2.(:.(:q&5`:%(2.(/,(7#$-&%>#.(](i.*&`$-(7$-2.#(:.&&.(<%'%$-('*#(/.(2#$%&(+*'*/+,-
6*%(.'&(/,(#575#.-:.(/,(3/*'(5<$6*5.=(/$#'6*9%/('9,0%&(2.(/,('%&*,&%$-(2.(/,(7.++.(]!
Chap4.pmd 26/02/2011, 16:0978

79
e4$N(1("#$%&'()*+,%-'(.&(#./%0%$-'
K.-*(2.(/,(i5-%-'*/.(,#,4%6*.=(/.(2#$%&(+*'*/+,-(,(5&5(:,/6*5('*#(/.(+$2>/.
2.(&S3.(&#%4,/(.&(3,&#%,#:,/(,/$#'(2$+%-,-&=('*#(/,(3#55+%-.-:.(2*(0#$*3.(2.
/%0-5.(,0-,&%6*.=(/,(3,#.-&5(3,#(/.(+Y/.(.&(/.(3#%<%/>0.(2.(/,(+,':*/%-%&5?(Z.(2#$%&
.'&(%''*(V(/,(7$%'(2.(/9%'/,+=(2.('$-(&.;&.(.&(2.(&$*&(:.(6*%(7*&(,/$#'(.+3#*-&5=(3$*#
/.'(4.'$%-'(2.(/,(:$++*-,*&5(-,%'',-&.=(,*;(:$*&*+.'(3#5%'/,+%6*.'=(V(:.//.(2.'
0#$*3.'('5+%&.'(.&(,*(0#$*3.(&,/+*2%6*.?(R$-(:),+3('9.'&(5&.-2*(V(29,*&#.'
:$-&#5.'(.&('9.'&(.-#%:)%(2.(/9,33$#&(:*/&*#./(2.'(3.*3/.'(:$-6*%'(.&(,:6*%'(V
/9%'/,+?(8,(7$:,/%',&%$-('*#(/,(R),#%9,(+5#%&.(6*.(/9$-('9S(,##W&.?
",-'(',(&#,2*:&%$-=(R),#9%,(2.(shar/('%0-%7%.(/,(Q(8$%(',:#5.(T=(/.(fiqh(1(/,(':%.-:.
2.(/,('),#9%,?(89*-(2.'(3/*'(0#,-2'('35:%,/%'&.'=(u$'.3)(R:),:)&=(,*&.*#(29*-
$*<#,0.(2.(#575#.-:.(%-&%&*/5(Introduction au droit musulman=(2$--.(*-.(.;:.//.-&.
,33#$:).(2.(/,(R),#%9,(1
(8,(8$%(%'/,+%6*.(#5'*/&.(2.(/9.;,+.-(+%-*&%.*;=(.-&#.3#%'(2*(3$%-&(2.(<*.
#./%0%.*;=(29*-(:),+3([*#%2%6*.()5&5#$0>-.=(3*%'6*9%/(#.:$*<#,%&(/.'(2%<.#'(5/5`
+.-&'(2.'(/$%'(2.(/9c#,4%.(.&(2.(-$+4#.*;(,33$#&'(2.'(3.*3/.'(2.'(&.##%&$%#.'
:$-6*%'?(89.-'.+4/.(7*&(*-%7%5(.-(5&,-&('$*+%'(,*(+W+.(&S3.(29.;,+.-=(2$-&
/.'(:$-'56*.-:.'(<,#%,%.-&(4.,*:$*3=(5&,-&(3#.'6*.(%-.;%'&,-&.'(2,-'(:.#&,%-'
2$+,%-.'=(.&=(2,-'(29,*&#.'(:#5,-&(2.(-$*<.//.'(%-'&%&*&%$-'(AR:),:)&(CDIDL?
8.(Z$#,-(.'&(*-.('$*#:.(2.(/,(R),#%9,=(+,%'(%/(-9.;%'&.(3,'(*-($*<#,0.(%-&%&*/5
Q(R),#9%,(T(v(".'(/%<#.'(2.(fiqh($-&(5&5(3#$2*%&'(,*(:$*#'(2.(/9)%'&$%#.(1(/,(Muddawana
2.(R,)-*-=(/,(Muwatta(2.('$-(+,h&#.(e,/%H=(/.(Kitab al Umm($*(/,(R$++.(2.
R),7%9%=(/.(Mukhtasar(2.(m),/%/($*(+W+.(3/*'(3#>'(2.(-$*'=(/9r*<#.(2.(R*S*&%($*
/.(Miraj as-Suud(29c)+,2(B,4,(2.(P$+4$*:&$*=(.&:?w(8,(R),#%9,(.'&('$*<.-&
+%'.(,*`2.''*'(2*(2$0+.=(+W+.('%(.//.(-9.'&(:$-'&%&*5.(6*.(3,#(/9.-'.+4/.(2.'
3#.':#%3&%$-'(2.(/,(8$%(6*95&*2%.-&(/.'(fuqaha(Afiqh(5&,-&(&#,2*%&('$*<.-&(3,#
[*#%'3#*2.-:.L?(Z.&&.( '%&*,&%$-( 3#W&.( V(:$-7*'%$-=($-(S(#.<%.-2#,(V(3#$3$'( 2.
/9%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(75+%-%'&.?(Z.&&.(:$+3/.;.(.&(3#$0#.''%<.(:$-'&#*:&%$-(2.(2#$%&
.'&(4#*&,/.+.-&('&$335.(,*(JK.('%>:/.(2.(/9)50%#.(AfJ.('%>:/.(2.(/9>#.(:)#5&%.--.L=
,*(+$&%7(2.(/,(Q(7.#+.&*#.(2.(/,(3$#&.(2.(/9ijthihad(T=(,*&#.+.-&(2%&(2.(/,(:/q&*#.
2.(/9.77$#&(/50%'/,&%7(.&(2.(/9%-&.#3#5&,&%$-(2$:&#%-,/.?(8.(2#$%&(2*('&,&*&(3.#'$--./
l(/.(2#$%&(2.(/,(7,+%//.(l(3,#&%:%3.(2.(:.&&.(/$0%6*.?(J/(3.#35&*.(/.(+$2>/.
&#,2%&%$--./(2.(/,(7,+%//.(3,&#%,#:,/.=(,0-,&%6*.(.&(3$/S0,+.=(,*('.%-(2*6*./(/.'
7.++.'(#.3#5'.-&.-&(/9)$--.*#(2.(/,(&#%4*=(/.(<.:&.*#(2.(/,(#.3#$2*:&%$-(2*
0#$*3.(.&(2.('$-(#,S$--.+.-&('$:%,/(A/.'(,//%,-:.'(+,&#%+$-%,/.'L?(8.'(2#$%&'(.&
/.'(2.<$%#'('$-&(2$-:(:$-k*'(.-(7$-:&%$-(29*-.(2%<%'%$-('.;*.//.(2.'(#q/.'=(2$--,-&
/,(3#55+%-.-:.(,*(3>#.=(V(/953$*;=(,*(7#>#.=(,*(7%/'(.&(3/,k,-&(/.'(7.++.'('$*'
:$-&#q/.(+,':*/%-?
d,:.(V(*-.(<%'%$-(2.<.-*.(2$0+,&%6*.=(:.(+$2>/.(,(7%-%(3,#('.(+$+%7%.#(.&
'.(#,%2%#?(J/(.'&(,33/%6*5(.-:$#.(,*[$*#29)*%(2,-'('.'(%-'&%&*&%$-'(.&(<,/.*#'(&#,2%`
&%$--.//.'(l(3$/S0,+%.=(#53*2%,&%$-=(&*&.//.(+,&#%+$-%,/.=(%-50,/%&5('*::.''$`
#,/.=(2.<$%#(29$45%'',-:.(l(V(2.'('$:%5&5'($s=(+,/0#5(/.'(:),-0.+.-&'(2.(&$*'
$#2#.'=(/,(6*.'&%$-(75+%-%-.(.'&(5#%05.(.-(2$+,%-.(#5'.#<5($s(-*/(-.(3.*&(.-&#.#
Chap4.pmd 26/02/2011, 16:0979