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→"Introduction":"Le"dialogue"entre"le"croyant"et"l’historien"
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∆" Résumé"Bible:" 1%$( )%$E%/)"/:$( )#( 9":&'"&E2%( N"E*4( )%O%#&%/:( I#":&%( E%/:$( "/$( )"/$( -%( &*8"#O%(
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∆"Au"Moyen"Age,"on"l’appellerait"«"Une"grande"geste"nationale"»…"Résiste"t-elle"à"l’analyse"historique"?"
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→"Les"partisans"de"la"bible"comme"recueil"non"historique"
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La"stèle"de"Mérenptah,"appelée"aussi"stèle"de"la"Victoire"ou"encore"stèle"d'Israël.""
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→"La"bible,"un"livre"ancré"historiquement"
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Ainsi,"répondre"que"la"bible"n’a"aucun"ancrage"historique,"c’est"répondre"un"peu"vite…""
Les"auteurs"et"rédacteurs"bibliques"poursuivent"un"but"très"particulier."Ils"ne"sont"pas"des"chroniqueurs"
historiques,"ils"tiennent"à"témoigner"de"leur"foi"en"un"Dieu"qui"s’est"révélé"à"travers"une"longue"histoire,"
leur"histoire."Un"dieu"qui"entre"en"relation"avec"des"Hommes,"de"génération"en"génération…"Les"témoins"
anciens"n’expriment"pas"tous"les"aspects"de"leur"existence,"ils"disent"avant"tout"ce"qui"leur"tient"à"cœur,"
et"négligent"le"reste":"les"institutions"sociales"et"politiques,"l’économie,"la"culture…""
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❶"Avant"l’épisode"Egyptien":"D’où"viennent"les"Hébreux…"
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A. Un"peu"de"géographie":"au"carrefour"de"3"continents"
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Israël" et" la" Palestine" forme" un" couloir" entre" l’Afrique" et" l’Eurasie," à"la"pointe" sud-ouest" du" Croissant"
fertile…"Au"centre"des"routes"qui"relient"la"vallée"du"Nil"à"la"Mésopotamie,"au"cœur"des"échanges"entre"
l’Asie,"l’Afrique"et"l’Europe.""
(
∆"Le"Proche-Orient"avant"les"Hébreux(h(!"&:%()%$($':%$("&E23*-*7'I#%$(O"J%#&$M((
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B. Abraham,"«père"fondateur»"
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X9&P$(#/%(-*/7#%(%&&"/E%0(-"(9%:':%(:&*#9%($F3:"4-':(%/?'/()"/$(-%(9"8$()%(!"/""/0(i*p(E*#-%/:(-%(-"':(%:(-%(
O'%-k0($*#$(-"(E*/)#':%()FG$""E(%:()%($*/(?'-$(N"E*4M(
N"E*40(?'-$()FG$""E(%:(9%:':Q?'-$()FX4&"2"O0(%$:($#&/*OO3(G$&"H-(\iZ'%#($F%$:(O*/:&3(?*&:k](%/($*#@%/'&()%($*/(
E*O4":(E*/:&%(#/("/7%(&%-":3(9"&(-"(;'4-%M(
1%$(&3E':$(4'4-'I#%$($#&(-%$(9":&'"&E2%$(&"99*&:%/:()%$(:&")':'*/$(*&"-%$()%()'??3&%/:%$(39*I#%$0(O'$(%/(3E&':(
%/:&%(-%(ejG%(%:(-%(eG@%($'PE-%M(G-$()*//%/:(#/%()*#4-%(*&'7'/%("#5(:&'4#$()bG$&"H-(h(-%$(#/$0(-%$(.":&'"&E2%$0(
$%&"'%/:(@%/#$()%(,3$*9*:"O'%0(-%$("#:&%$()bU789:%n((
_/(=A0(=B(h(X4&"2"O(%/(U789:%(
(

{(
(
∆"Abraham,"un"personnage"historique"?""
!%&:"'/$(2'$:*&'%/$(?*/:(@'@&%(X4&"2"O(@%&$(e(=urB(\)%(ABBB(K(==BB("@"/:(N!M0(-bU789:%(E*/:&R-%(-"(."-%$:'/%M(
|/($':#%(-b%5*)%(@%&$(Q=ArB]0()b"#:&%$(@%&$(-%(ejG%n(((
Hypothèse"1":"Un"Hyksos"
X(9"&:'&()#(=uPO%($'PE-%("@"/:(NM!M0(-%$(9&'/E%$()%$(E':3$eU:":$($*/:(/*OO3$(<8o$*$0('-$(93/P:&%/:()"/$( -%(
)%-:"()#(L'-M(
l*/)":%#&$()bX@"&'$(E"&:%0('-$(7*#@%&/%/:(-%(/*&)()%(-bU789:%(J#$I#b%/(=rrBn(!%&:"'/$(2'$:*&'%/$(E2%&E2%/:(
X4&"2"O(9"&O'(E%$(&*'$n(|/(:&*#@%(-%(O*:(<8o$*$(9*#&(-"(9&%O'P&%(?*'$()"/$(#/%(&%9&3$%/:":'*/()#(dGd%(
$'PE-%( )"/$( -%( :*O4%"#( )b#/( /*:"4-%( 3789:'%/( K(;3/'( <"$$"/M(|/( 8( @*':( #/(7&*#9%()%(9%&$*//"7%$(≪(
"$'":'I#%$(≫(&"O%/3$(%/(6789:%(9"&(#/(7&*#9%()%($*-)":$(3789:'%/$(%:(-%(E2%?()#(7&*#9%($3O':'I#%(%$:(
)3$'7/3(E*OO%(#/(≪(28o$*$(≫(\≪(,"':&%()%$(9"8$(3:&"/7%&$(≫]M(
Hypothèse"2":"Un"Apirou"
Zb"#:&%$()%$(X9'&*#$(*#(<"4'&*#0(I#'($%(O"/'?%$:%/:(E*OO%(9'--"&)$(*#(O%&E%/"'&%$(%:(#/%(?*'$(9&'$*//'%&$(
)%(7#%&&%(E*OO%(%$E-"@%$M((
U/(U789:%0( #/(:%5:%( 3E&':($*#$( -%( &P7/%()%( S"O$P$( GG(/*#$( 9"&-%()bX9'&*#( ?"4&'I#"/:()%$( 4&'I#%$(9*#&(-"(
E*/$:&#E:'*/n(E*OO%()"/$(-"(4'4-%M(,%/:'*//3$( "#$$'( )"/$( -"( E*&&%$9*/)"/E%( )bXo2%/":*/( K(D%--(%-Q
XO"&/"(e(=^CBM((
Y%-*/(-"(_%/P$%0(-%(9P&%()bX4&"2"O(I#'::%(`&(\$#)(,3$*9*:"O'%](%:(&%O*/:%(-bU#92&":%(J#$I#bK(<"&"/0($#)(
)%(-"(D#&I#'%M(1%$(/*O$()%$(?&P&%$()bX4&"2"O0(<"&&"/(%:(L"2*&(9%#@%/:(:3O*'7/%&()%(E%::%(*&'7'/%M((
,"'$("#(jG%0("#(O*O%/:()%(-"(O'$%(%/(3E&':()%(-"(D*&"0(-%(:%&O%(X9'&*#(/b%5'$:%(9-#$(q((
Hypothèse"3":"Un"Amorrite"
1b':'/3&"'&%( )bX4&"2"O( :&"E3(9"&(-"(4'4-%(3@*I#%( -%$( '/@"$'*/$( "O*&&':%$M( L*O")%$0( 9"#@&%$0( $*#@%/:(
"??"O3$0( -%$( XO*&&':%$( OP/%/:( -%#&$( :&*#9%"#5( )"/$(-%$(*"$'$()#(E&*'$$"/:(?%&:'-%(h( -bU789:%( %:( -"(
,3$*9*:"O'%M(X(U4-"0(*/(:&*#@%()%$(X;XQSX,X(\I#'(@%#:()'&%("'O%(-%(9P&%](*#(X4'QSX,G(\O*/(9P&%(%$:(
%5"-:3]M(|/("(@#(I#%(-%$(/*O$()%($%$(A(?&P&%$(9%#@%/:(-%(&"::"E2%&(73*7&"92'I#%O%/:M(,"'$(-"(4'4-%(O%:(
X4&"2"O(%/(&%-":'*/("@%E()%$("&"O3%/$(I#'(/b"99"&"'$$%/:()"/$(-b<'$:*'&%(I#b"#(Gd%($'PE-%("@"/:(N!MMM((
Hypothèse"4":"Eber"
`/%(:&")':'*/(4'4-'I#%(?"':()%$(<34&%#5(-%$()%$E%/)"/:$()bU4%&M(Z"/$(-%(E*/:%5:%()#(=%&(O'--3/"'&%("@"/:(N!M0(
U4'&(L"&'(\X$$8&'%](%:(X4"&(L"2"&(\%/(+&"O3%/]()3$'7/%/:(-b"#Q)%-K()#(?-%#@%0($*':(-"(Y8&'%Q."-%$:'/%M(.*#&(-%$(
73/3"-*7'$:%$(4'4-'I#%$(I#'(&%E*//"'$$%/:(-"(&"E'/%(;S0(:&"@%&$%&n(9%&O%:()%()3$'7/%&(E%#5(I#'(:&"@%&$%/:(
%:(9"&E*#&%/:M(1%($#&/*O%(G4&'O(I#%(-%$(U:&"/7%&$()*//%/:(K(E%$(%&&"/:$("(9#('/$9'&%&(U4%&(-%(i(O'7&"/:$(kM(
X::%$:3(I#b#/(U4%&($b%$:(?'53(9&P$()b<%4&*/M(
(
(
C. Un"ancrage"culturel"
.*#&(X4&"2"O(%:($*/(E-"/0(-%$(2'$:*&'%/$(9"&-%/:()b2*OO%$(O*/*-z:&%$0(I#'(")O%::%/:(-b%5'$:%/E%()b"#:&%$(
)'%#5M(1%#&()'%#($%(/*OO%(U-0(E2%?($#9&[O%()#(9"/:23*/(E"/"/3%/M((
Au"cœur"de"Jérusalem":"le"dôme"du"rocher."
.*#&(-%$(J#'?$(h(Eb%$:(K(E%:(%/)&*':(I#bX4&"2"O("(@*#-#($"E&'?'%&($*/(?'-$(\.*#&(-%$(,#$#-O"/$(h(Eb%$:(-b%/)&*':(
*#(,"2*O%:(I#'::%(-"(:%&&%(9*#&(@*'&()'%#]M((
(
(
❷"L’Egypte":"l’épisode"de"Joseph"
∆" Résumé" Bible":" N*$%920( ?'-$( )%( N"E*4( %:( 9%:':Q?'-$( )FG$""E0( /"a:($*#$(-"(:%/:%()F#/%(?"O'--%(/*O")%()%(
!"/""/M((G-(%$:()F"4*&)(@'E:'O%()"/$($"(J%#/%$$%()%(-"(9%&$3E#:'*/()%($%$(*/+%(?&P&%$0(I#'(-%(@%/)%/:(E*OO%(
%$E-"@%(K()%$(O"&E2"/)$(':'/3&"/:$M(UOO%/3(E"9:'?(%/(U789:%0('-(%/:&%(E*OO%($%&@':%#&("#9&P$()F#/(*??'E'%&(
/*OO3(.*:'92"&M(G-("&&'@%(I#F%/(-F"4$%/E%()#(O"a:&%0(-F39*#$%()%(E%-#'QE'(E*#&:'$%(N*$%92($"/$($#EEP$M(.*#&(
$%(@%/7%&()%($*/(&%?#$0(%--%(-F"EE#$%(?"#$$%O%/:()F"@*'&(:%/:3()%(-"($3)#'&%0(%:('-(%$:(J%:3(%/(9&'$*/M(
1F%O9&'$*//%O%/:()*//%(-F*EE"$'*/(K(N*$%92()%(O*/:&%&(K($%$(7"&)'%/$(I#F'-(9*$$P)%(-%()*/()F'/:%&9&3:%&(
-%$(&[@%$M(|/(-#'()%O"/)%("-*&$()}%59-'I#%&(#/(&[@%(3:&"/7%(I#F"(?"':(-%(92"&"*/M(1"($'7/'?'E":'*/(I#F'-(%/(
)*//%(%$:(E%--%()F#/(O%$$"7%(9&*923:'I#%("//*/m"/:(I#F#/%(:%&&'4-%(?"O'/%(@"($F"4"::&%($#&(-%(9"8$M(Y%9:(

r(
(
"//3%$()%(&3E*-:%$($#&"4*/)"/:%$($%&*/:($#'@'%$(9"&($%9:("//3%$()%($3E2%&%$$%(%:()%(93/#&'%("-'O%/:"'&%M(
1%( &*'( %$:( 'OO3)'":%O%/:( E*/@"'/E#0( %:( %/( &%E*//"'$$"/E%( '-( 3-P@%( N*$%92( "#( &"/7( )%( 9&%O'%&(
")O'/'$:&":%#&()#(9"8$0(%/(E2"&7%()%(73&%&(-"(E&'$%(3E*/*O'I#%("//*/E3%M(N*$%92($F"EI#'::%(4&'--"OO%/:(
)%( E%::%( :zE2%( %/( ?"'$"/:( %OO"7"$'/%&( )F'O9*&:"/:%$( &3$%&@%$( )%( /*#&&':#&%M( .%/)"/:( -%$( "//3%$( )%(
?"O'/%0($%$(%/:&%9R:$(?*#&/'$$%/:()#(4-3(K(-FU789:%(%:("#5(9"8$(@*'$'/$M(G-(&%:&*#@%($%$(?&P&%$(@%/#$("E2%:%&(
)%$(9&*@'$'*/$0(-%#&(9"&)*//%(%:(-%$('/@':%(K($F'/$:"--%&()#&"4-%O%/:(%/(U789:%M((
"
∆"La"stèle"de"la"famine"est"en"résonnance"avec"cet"épisode":""
G/$E&'9:'*/((\)3E*#@%&:%(%/(=uu>(9"&(!MUM(s'-4*#&]($':#3%($#&(-Fa-%()%(Y32%-($#&(-%(L'-(\X$$*#"/]0(I#'(9"&-%(
)F#/%(93&'*)%()%($%9:("/$()%(?"O'/%()#&"/:(-%(&P7/%()%(ZJ3$%&(\O"'$(%/(&3"-':3(-F'/$E&'9:'*/(%$:(4%"#E*#9(
9-#$(:"&)'@%(%:(/%()":%(I#%()%(-F39*I#%(7&%EI#%(\*#(9:*-3O"TI#%0(GGG%($'PE-%("@M(NMQ!M]M(
1%( :%5:%( )3E&':( E*OO%/:( -%( &*'( %$:( %/( E*-P&%( %:( '/I#'%:0( E*OO%/:( -"( :%&&%( )F6789:%( %$:( %/( 9&*'%( K(#/%(
$3E2%&%$$%( )%( $%9:( "/$0( 93&'*)%( 9%/)"/:( -"I#%--%( -%(L'-(/F"(9"$('/*/)3(-%$(:%&&%$(K(9&*5'O':3M( ZJ3$%&(
)%O"/)%("#5(9&[:&%$()bGO2*:%9()%(-F"')%M(G-$()3E')%/:()F%/I#[:%&()"/$(-%$("&E2'@%$()#(:%O9-%()%(D2*:(K(
<%&O*9*-'$M(`/(9&[:&%('/?*&O%(-%(&*'(I#%(-"(E&#%()#(L'-(%$:(E*/:&R-3%(9"&(-%(i(Y%'7/%#&()%$($*#&E%$()#(L'-(k0(
v2/*#O0()"/$(-%($#)()%(-"(@"--3%(h(-%()'%#(v2/*#O(%$:(%/(E*-P&%0(%:(9*#&(E%::%(&"'$*/0('-(/%(9%&O%:(9"$("#5(
%"#5()#( L'-()%( E*#-%&(E*&&%E:%O%/:M(ZJ3$%&( *&)*//%( )F*??&'&()%$( *??&"/)%$( 9*#&(:%/:%&( )F"9"'$%&( -%()'%#M(
Z"/$(-"(/#':($#'@"/:%0(-%(&*'("(#/( &[@%()"/$( -%I#%-('-(@*':(v2/*#O0(I#'(9&*O%:(-"(?'/( )%(-"(?"O'/%M( X($*/(
&3@%'-0(-%( O*/"&I#%( E3-P4&%(#/%( ?[:%(9*#&( &%O%&E'%&( -%()'%#(%:( '/$:"#&%( #/('O9R:()%$:'/3(K(?'/"/E%&($*/(
E#-:%M((
→" Les"points"communs"avec" l'histoire"de"Joseph"(famine" de"sept"ans,"songe"royal"d'inspiration"
divine,"levée"d'impôt)"suggèrent"une"probable"influence"de"la"tradition"biblique"chez"les"rois"d'Egypte"de"
l'époque"grecque."
(
1"(?"O'--%()%(N*$%92(%:($%$()%$E%/)"/:$()%O%#&%&*/:()"/$(-%(9"8$(9%/)"/:(9-#$()%(I#":&%($'PE-%$(\_/M(^CQ
rB]M((
(
∆"Un"ancrage"social"indéniable"
!%(O%&@%'--%#5(&3E':(I#'(:%&O'/%(-%(-'@&%()%(-"(_%/P$%("($#$E':3()%$(&%E2%&E2%$(2'$:*&'I#%$(%:("&E23*-*7'I#%$(
@'$"/:( K(%/(&%:&*#@%&(-%$(:&"E%$M(1*'/()%(9&*#@%&(-"(&3"-':3()#(&3E':0( -%$( &3$#-:":$( )%( E%$( :&"@"#5( $%(
E*/E%/:&%/:($#&(-%$(9*'/:$()%(E*O9"&"'$*/('/:3&%$$"/:$(%/:&%(-%$(@%&$%:$(4'4-'I#%$(%:(-"($*E'3:3(3789:'%//%(
"/:'I#%M((
l"E%( K(E%(O"/I#%()%(9&%#@%$0(4%"#E*#9()b3&#)':$( "E:#%-$( E*/$')P&%/:( I#%( -%( :%5:%( %$:( #/%( E&3":'*/(
-'::3&"'&%(:"&)'@%M(!%9%/)"/:(-%$(E*O9"&"'$*/$($*//%/:(J#$:%(I#"/:("#(E*/:%5:%0(%:('/)'I#%/:(I#%(-"(E#-:#&%(
3789:'%//%("(4%-(%:(4'%/('/?-#%/E3(-"(&3)"E:'*/()#(&3E':M(
`/(9&%O'%&('/)'E%(%$:(E*/$:':#3(9"&(#/%(9%'/:#&%(O#&"-%(E3-P4&%(I#'('--#$:&%(-%(O*)%()%(@'%()%$(/*O")%$()#(
)3$%&:(K(-F39*I#%(92"&"*/'I#%(h(D*O4%()#(?*/E:'*//"'&%(v2/*#O2*:%9(GG(K(;%/'(<"$$"/(\,*8%//%QU789:%0(
&'@%(%$:()#(L'-]M((
l&%$I#%("@%E(E"&"@"/%()%(43)*#'/$0()*/:(-F"$9%E:(928$'I#%(:&"/E2%("@%E(E%-#'()%$(9%&$*//"7%$(3789:'%/$(
I#'(-F%/:*#&%/:M(1%$(@'$':%#&$($*/:(2"4'--3$()%(:#/'I#%$(%/(:*'-%(&"8#&3%0(3I#'93$()F"&O%$(%:("EE*O9"7/3$(
)Fz/%$( %:( )%( E2P@&%$( E2"&73$( )%( 4"7"7%$M( 1F'/$E&'9:'*/( 2'3&*7-892'I#%( I#'( E*O9-P:%( -F'O"7%( )3$'7/%( -%$(
43)*#'/$(9"&(-%(O*:(i(X"O*#(k0(#/(:%&O%(3789:'%/(I#'()3?'/':(-%$(9%#9-%$("$'":'I#%$()%(-FU$:M(U--%(9&3E'$%(
I#%( E%( 7&*#9%( )%( :&%/:%Q$%9:( /*O")%$( "99*&:%( )#( ?"&)( 9*#&( -%$( 8%#5( %:( I#F'-( $%( &%/)( "#9&P$( )#( ?'-$( )%(
v2/*#O2*:%9M(1%(/*O(*#(-%(:':&%()%(-%#&(E2%?0(<%o"(v2"$%(X4'$20(9%#:($%(:&")#'&%(9"&(i(9&'/E%()#(9"8$()%$(
O*/:"7/%$()%(X4'$2(k((
!%::%(9%'/:#&%(%$:("#:*Q)":3%()%(-F"/(W()#(&P7/%()%(Y3$*$:&'$(GG0(EF%$:QKQ)'&%()F%/@'&*/(=>BB("@M(NMQ!M0(#/%(
)":%(9-#:R:("/:3&'%#&%(K(-F39*I#%()%$(9":&'"&E2%$(4'4-'I#%$M(G-(%$:(:%/:"/:()%(?"'&%(#/(-'%/(E*/:%5:#%-(%/:&%(
E%$(43)*#'/$(%:(-%$(9%&$*//"7%$()%(N*$%92(%:()%($%$(?&P&%$0(%:(O[O%()FX4&"2"O(I#'(?':(#/(4&%?($3J*#&(%/(
U789:%(\_/M(=A0(=B]M((
!%()*E#O%/:('--#$:&%(-%(O*)%()%(@'%()%$(/*O")%$("#(:%O9$()%$(9":&'"&E2%$0(I#'(9"&"a:(/F"@*'&(9"$(E2"/73(
)%9#'$()%$(O'--3/"'&%$M((