Classification périodique des éléments

!"#$#%&!"'(#)*%&+&,&!-'..#/#0')#12&(3*#14#56%& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7%/89*%&+:;<=+:;>&
&
;&
?@&!ABCD?EF&+&G&7B&!7BHHDID!B?DJK&CFEDJ@DLMF&@FH&F7FNFK?H&
&
!"#$%&'(#)*%+#,*-.'/#0##
H)*60)6*%&4%&-'&0-'..#/#0')#12&O(3*#14%.P&01-122%.&OQ&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&G&'-0'-#2.P&'-0'-#21)%**%6RP&"'-1S82%.P&S'T&21U-%.VWP&U-10.WX&
@3/#2#)#12&4%&-Y3-%0)*123S')#9#)3&%)&391-6)#12&4'2.&-%&)'U-%'6&(3*#14#56%X&
@3/#2#)#12&46&*'Z12&')1$#56%&
&
!"#$%&'(#)*%+#,*-.'/#)*'/"#0##
!#)%*&-%.&3-3$%2).&4%.&)*1#.&(*%$#8*%.&(3*#14%.&4%&-'&!CF&%)&4%&-'&01-122%&4%.&"'-1S82%.&O21$P&.Z$U1-%&%)&26$3*1&')1$#56%W&
E%-#%*&-'&(1.#)#12&4Y62&3-3$%2)&4'2.&-%&)'U-%'6&(3*#14#56%&[&-'&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%&4%&-Y')1$%&
C1.#)#122%*&-%.&$3)'6R&4'2.&-'&!CFP&%)&%2&0122'\)*%&56%-56%.&(*1(*#3)3.&0'*'0)3*#.)#56%.&
E%-#%*&-%&0'*'0)8*%&1RZ4'2)&16&*3460)%6*&4Y62&01*(.&.#$(-%&[&-Y3-%0)*123S')#9#)3&4%&-Y3-3$%2)X&
!1$('*%*&-Y3-%0)*123S')#9#)3&4%&4%6R&3-3$%2).&0122'#..'2)&-%6*&(1.#)#12&4'2.&-'&!CFX&
D2)%*(*3)%*&-Y391-6)#12&46&*'Z12&')1$#56%&%2&6)#-#.'2)&-'&21)#12&4%&21$U*%&4%&0"'*S%&%//%0)#/X&
D2)%*(*3)%*&-'&4#//3*%20%&4%&9'-%6*&%2)*%&-%&*'Z12&4Y62&')1$%&%)&-%&*'Z12&4%&.%.&#12.&01**%.(124'2).X&
&
Les$exercices$doivent$être$rédigés$sans$consulter$le$tableau$périodique$des$éléments.$$
12"/3'3"#4#0#5.,'+'.6#"+#7/.7/'8+8,#9",#8(8:"6+,#9*6,#(*#!51#
;W @346#*%&-%&26$3*1&')1$#56%&%)&-'&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%&4%.&3-3$%2).&.6#9'2).&0122'#..'2)&-%6*&(-'0%&4'2.&-'&!CF&G&&
• JRZS82%&G&+8$%&(3*#14%P&;]8$%&01-122%X&L6%-&%.)&-Y#12&-%&(-6.&(*1U'U-%&#..6&4%&0%)&3-3$%2)&^&&
• !"-1*%&G&_8$%&(3*#14%P&;`8$%&01-122%X&B&56%--%&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&0%)&3-3$%2)&'(('*)#%2)=#-&^&
• N'2S'28.%&G&<8$%&(3*#14%P&`8$%&01-122%&a&&
• !3.#6$&G&]8$%&(3*#14%P&;8*%&01-122%&a&&
• ?%0"2#0#6$&G&>8$%&(3*#14%P&`8$%&01-122%X&
+W @3)%*$#2%*&-%.& 011*41223%.& O(3*#14%P& 01-122%W& & '#2.#& 56%& -%& U-10& 4Y'(('*)%2'20%& 4'2.& -%& )'U-%'6& (3*#14#56%& 4%&
-Y3-3$%2)&G&
• H14#6$&K'&G&b&Q&;;X&B&56%--%&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&0%)&3-3$%2)&'(('*)#%2)=#-&^&L6%-&%.)&-Y#12&-%&(-6.&(*1U'U-%&#..6&4%&
0%)&3-3$%2)&^&L6%-&%.)&-%&01*(.&.#$(-%&01**%.(124'2)&^&
• c*Z()12&c*&G&b&Q&_]X&B&56%--%&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&0%)&3-3$%2)&'(('*)#%2)=#-&^&
• C'--'4#6$&C4&G&b&Q&<]&
• D14%&D&G&b&Q&>_X&B&56%--%&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&0%)&3-3$%2)&'(('*)#%2)=#-&^&L6%-&%.)&-Y#12&-%&(-6.&(*1U'U-%&#..6&4%&0%)&
3-3$%2)&^&L6%-&%.)&-%&01*(.&.#$(-%&01**%.(124'2)&^&
_W E'((%-%*& )*1#.& (*1(*#3)3.& 0'*'0)3*#.)#56%.& 4%.& $3)'6RX& C'*$#& -%.& 3-3$%2).& 0#=4%..6.P&-%.56%-.&.12)&4%.&$3)'6R&^&
7%.56%-.&.12)&4%.&$3)'6R&4%&)*'2.#)#12^&
<W 7%56%-&4%&0%.&3-3$%2).&%.)&-%&(-6.&3-%0)*123S')#/&^&7%&$1#2.&4Y3-%0)*123S')#/&^&
>W 7%&01*(.&.#$(-%&'..10#3%&'6&.14#6$&%.)=#-&1RZ4'2)&16&*3460)%6*&^&Nd$%&56%.)#12&(16*&-Y#14%X&
&
12"/3'3"#;#0#<",#3=*(3.>?6",#
7Y1RZS82%P&-%&.16/*%P&-%&.3-32#6$&OH%W&%)&-%&)%--6*%&O?%W&'(('*)#%22%2)&[&-'&$d$%&/'$#--%&0"#$#56%&O/'$#--%&4%.&0"'-01S82%.W&%)&
.12)&41223.&0#=4%..16.&('*&26$3*1&')1$#56%&b&0*1#..'2)X&7%&*'Z12&%)&-Y3-%0)*123S')#9#)3&4%&0"'062&4%&.%.&3-3$%2).&.12)&41223.&
4'2.&-%&)'U-%'6&0#=4%..16.&G&
&
&
;W @3)%*$#2%*&-'&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%&%)&-%&26$3*1&')1$#56%&46&.3-32#6$X&
+W L6%-.&.12)&-%.&#12.&56%&4122%2)&/'0#-%$%2)&-%.&0"'-01S82%.&^&&
_W !1$$%2)%*&-Y391-6)#12&4%.&*'Z12.&')1$#56%.&%)&4%&-Y3-%0)*123S')#9#)3&4'2.&-Y30"%--%&4%&C'6-#2SX&
#
#
#
1(8:"6+#
@#
A#
A"#
B"#
C*D.6#E7:F#
ef&
;+`&
;<:&
;]:&
1("3+/.68>*+'-'+8#E83="(("#9"#5*%('6>F#
_P<<&
+P>e&
+P>>&
+P:f&
7%.&$1).&.16-#S23.&.12)&-%.&$1).=0-3.P&[&6)#-#.%*&[&-Y1*'-&01$$%&[&-Y30*#)X&

!"#$#%&!"'(#)*%&+&,&!-'..#/#0')#12&(3*#14#56%& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7%/89*%&+:;<=+:;>&
&
+&
12"/3'3"#G#0#16$%H+"#
C16*&62%&9'-%6*&4%&26$3*1&')1$#56%&b&g&+<P&01$U#%2&%R#.)%=)=#-&4'2.&-'&0-'..#/#0')#12&(3*#14#56%&4%&G&&
;X h'T&*'*%.^&7%.&21$$%*&%2&4122'2)&-%6*&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%X&
+X B-0'-#2.^&7%.&21$$%*&%2&4122'2)&-%6*&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%X&
_X i-3$%2).&46&U-10&4&^&7%.&21$$%*&%2&4122'2)&-%6*&012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%X&
<X i-3$%2).&(1..34'2).& )*1#.& 3-%0)*12.& 03-#U')'#*%.& [& -Y3)')& /124'$%2)'-& ^& 7%.& 21$$%*& %2& 4122'2)& -%6*& 012/#S6*')#12&
3-%0)*12#56%X&
B&EFK@EF&
#
12"/3'3"#I#0#127(./*+'.6#9"#(*#3(*,,')'3*+'.6#78/'.9'$%"#
;W @3)%*$#2%*&-%.&011*41223%.&O(3*#14%P&01-122%W&46&9'2'4#6$&+_j&'#2.#&56%&46&03.#6$&>>!.&4'2.&-%&)'U-%'6&(3*#14#56%&
4%.&3-3$%2).X&B&56%-&U-10&'(('*)#%22%2)&0%.&3-3$%2).&^&&
+W @3)%*$#2%*&-'& 012/#S6*')#12& 3-%0)*12#56%& [& -Y3)')& /124'$%2)'-& %)& -%& 26$3*1& ')1$#56%& 4%& -Y3-3$%2)& .#)63& .6*& -'& <8$%&
(3*#14%&%)&;<8$%&01-122%X&!1$U#%2&(1..84%=)=#-&4Y3-%0)*12.&4%&9'-%20%&^&4Y3-%0)*12.&03-#U')'#*%.&^&&
_W E%(*%24*%&-%.&$d$%.&56%.)#12.&(16*&-Y3-3$%2)&.#)63&.6*&-'&]8$%&(3*#14%&%)&;+8$%&01-122%X&!%)&3-3$%2)&%.)&-%&.%6-&$3)'-&
-#56#4%&[&)%$(3*')6*%&'$U#'2)%&%)&(*%..#12&')$1.("3*#56%X&D-&%.)&('*&'#--%6*.&*3(6)3&(16*&.'&S*'24%&)1R#0#)3X&L6#&%.)=#-&^&&
<W C'*$#&0%.&56')*%&3-3$%2).P&-%56%-&%.)&-%&(-6.&3-%0)*123S')#/&^&7%56%-&'&-%&(-6.&S*'24&*'Z12&^&7%.56%-.&.12)&4%.&$3)'6R&^&
>W L6%-&#12&%.)&/'0#-%$%2)&/1*$3&[&('*)#*&46&03.#6$&^&C16*561#&^&!1$('*%*P&%2&k6.)#/#'2)P&-%&*'Z12&4%&-Y')1$%&4%&!3.#6$&%)&
0%-6#&4%&-Y#12&(*1(1.3X&
]W 7%&03.#6$&%.)=#-&1RZ4'2)&16&*3460)%6*&^&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

!"#$#%&!"'(#)*%&+&,&!-'..#/#0')#12&(3*#14#56%& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7%/89*%&+:;<=+:;>&
&
_&
&
J!BKLKB1#M@!NO1PBJKC1#
FjJ7M?DJK&@M&EBlJK&B?JNDLMF&@BKH&7F&?Bm7FBM&CFEDJ@DLMF&@FH&F7FNFK?HX&
&
@QR"3+')#0# -%& U6)& 4%& 0%))%&'0)#9#)3& %.)& 4Y6)#-#.%*& -'& 21)#12& 4%& 21$U*%& 4%& 0"'*S%& %//%0)#/& '/#2& 4Y%R(-#56%*& -Y391-6)#12& 46& *'Z12&
')1$#56%&4'2.&-%&)'U-%'6&(3*#14#56%X&&
&
M.3%:"6+#4#0#P.+'.6,#9&83/*6#"+#9"#6.:Q/"#9"#3=*/>"#"))"3+')S#
7Y')1$%&4Y"Z4*1S82%&'&3)3&6)#-#.3&01$$%&$148-%&4%&U'.%&(16*&430*#*%&-%&01$(1*)%$%2)&4%&-Y3-%0)*12&4'2.&-Y')1$%&a&%2&%//%)P&-'&
.%6-%&#2)%*'0)#12&[&(*%24*%&%2&01$()%&%.)&-Y'))*'0)#12&016-1$U#%22%&3-%0)*12=21Z'6&0%&56#&(%*$%)&4Y'0034%*&%R'0)%$%2)&'6R&
%R(*%..#12.& '2'-Z)#56%.& 4%.& 1*U#)'-%.& ')1$#56%.X& @'2.& 62& ')1$%& 56#& (1..84%& (-6.& 4Y62& 3-%0)*12P& 4%.& *3(6-.#12.& 3-%0)*12=
3-%0)*12& .Y'k16)%2)& '6R& #2)%*'0)#12.& 4Y'))*'0)#12& %2)*%& -%& 21Z'6& %)& -%.& 3-%0)*12.&G& #-& %.)& '-1*.& #$(1..#U-%& 4%& 43)%*$#2%*&
%R'0)%$%2)& 0%.& /120)#12.& .'2.& #2)*146#*%& 62& 2169%'6& $148-%X& !%.& *3(6-.#12.& 3-%0)*12=3-%0)*12& 'S#..%2)& 01$$%& 62& 83/*6&
E:.98(',8# 7*/# %6"# 3.6,+*6+"# 6.+8"# σF# %2)*%& -%.& 3-%0)*12.& %)& -%& 21Z'6& 0"'*S3& (1.#)#9%$%2)X& C'*& %R%$(-%P& 4'2.& -Y')1$%& 4%&
-#)"#6$P&-%.&4%6R&3-%0)*12.&4%&-Y1*U#)'-%&;.&.%&)*169%2)&(-'03.&%2)*%&-%&21Z'6&%)&-Y3-%0)*12&+.X&!%-'&.#S2#/#%&56%&-'&0"'*S%&(1.#)#9%&
%//%0)#9%$%2)&(%*n6%&('*&-Y3-%0)*12&+.P&43.#S23%&.16.&-%&)%*$%&6.:Q/"#9"#3=*/>"#"))"3+')#E6.+8#TUFP&%.)&(-6.&/'#U-%&56%&-'&0"'*S%&
*3%--%&46&21Z'6X&&
&
&
&
&
&
7%.&3-%0)*12.&;.&%)&-%&21Z'6&.12)&'..#$#-'U-%.&[&62&21Z'6&/#0)#/&4%&0"'*S%&oTU"X&
#
M.3%:"6+#;#0#C?>(",#9"#A(*+"/#
M2& 0%*)'#2& 21$U*%& 4%& (*1(*#3)3.& ')1$#56%.& .12)& *%-')#9%.& [& -'& 0"'*S%& 260-3'#*%& %//%0)#9%&a& #-& %.)& 4120& 0'(#)'-& 4%& (1691#*& -'&
0'-06-%*& (16*& 62& 3-3$%2)& 41223X& !%))%& %.)#$')#12& %.)& (1..#U-%& S*p0%& '6R& /?>(",# ":7'/'$%",# 9"# A(*+"/X& 7'& 0"'*S%& 260-3'#*%&
%//%0)#9%&TU#&%.)&41223%&('*&TU&Q&T&V#σ&1q&T&*%(*3.%2)%&-%&26$3*1&')1$#56%&4%&-Y3-3$%2)&012.#43*3&%)&σ&-'&012.)'2)%&4Y30*'2X&
C'*&'#--%6*.&
! =!!
!
!
!
"!
&1q&
!
!"
*%(*3.%2)%&-Y30*'2&56Y%R%*0%2)&-%.&k&'6)*%.&&3-%0)*12.&.6*&-Y3-%0)*12&#&%)&nj&-%&21$U*%&4Y3-%0)*12.&kX&
7%&)'U-%'6&0#=4%..16.&4122%&-Y#2/-6%20%&56Y%R%*0%2)&-%.&3-%0)*12.&k&.6*&62&3-%0)*12&#&G&&
#
M.3%:"6+#G#0#"2":7("#9"#3*(3%(#9&%6#6.:Q/"#9"#3=*/>"#"))"3+')S#
H1#)&-Y3-3$%2)&("1.("1*%&;>C& 412)&-'& 012/#S6*')#12&3-%0)*12#56%&%.)&;.++.++(]_.+_(_X& @3)%*$#212.P& ('*& %R%$(-%P& -'& 012.)'2)%&
4Y30*'2&'..10#3%&[&62&3-%0)*12&4'2.&62%&1*U#)'-%&+.X&&
M2&3-%0)*12&+.&G&&
= %.)&30*'2)3&('*&-%.&`&'6)*%.&3-%0)*12.&46&2#9%'6&2Q+&O4'2.&-%.&JB&+.&%)&+(W&G&O`&R&:P_>W&
= %.)&30*'2)3&('*&-%.&+&3-%0)*12.&46&2#9%'6&2YQ2=;Q;&G&O+&R&:Pe>W&
= 2Y%.)&('.&30*'2)3&('*&-%.&3-%0)*12.&46&2#9%'6&2YYQ2o;Q_&&
&
D-&'&4120&62%&012.)'2)%&4Y30*'2&G&
!
2s=2!0, 85 +7!0, 35 =4,15
&%)&-'&0"'*S%&%//%0)#9%&46&21Z'6&9'6)
!
2s
*=15 !4,15 =10,85
X&&
&7'&0"'*S%&260-3'#*%&%//%0)#9%&(%*n6%&('*&62&3-%0)*12&4Y62%&1*U#)'-%&+.&%.)&4120&o;:Pe>%X&
JB&[&-'56%--%&'(('*)#%2)&
-Y3-%0)*12&3)64#3&
O3-%0)*12&#W&
!12)*#U6)#12&4%.&'6)*%.&3-%0)*12.&O3-%0)*12.&kW&
2#9%'6R&
2=+P&2=_&V&
2#9%'6&
2=;&
'6)*%.&3-%0)*12.&46&2#9%'6&2&
2#9%'6R&
2o;P&2o+&V&
;.&
.&%)&(&
4&
/&
;.&
&
&
:P_:&
&
&
&
:&
2.&%)&2(&
;P::&
:Pe>&
&
:P_>&
:&
:&
:&
24&
;P::&
;P::&
&
;P::&
:P_>&
:&
:&
2/&
;P::&
;P::&
&
;P::&
;P::&
:P_>&
:&
K1Z'6& 4%&
0"'*S%&b&Qo_%&
+&3-%0)*12.&;.&
;&3-%0)*12&+.&56#&(%*n1#)&62%&0"'*S%&obr%&Ogb%W&[&0'6.%&4%&
-Y30*'2&S323*3&('*&-%.&3-%0)*12.&4%&-'&.16.=0160"%&;.&

!"#$#%&!"'(#)*%&+&,&!-'..#/#0')#12&(3*#14#56%& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7%/89*%&+:;<=+:;>&
&
<&
M.3%:"6+#I#0#"27/",,'.6#9%#/*D.6#*+.:'$%"##
@'2.&-%&0'4*%&46&$148-%&4%&H-')%*P&-%&*'Z12&4Y62&')1$%&%.)&41223&('*&-'&/1*$6-%&G&&
r=nmax
2
Z*
!
"
#$
%
&'!0
&
'9%0&':&Q&>+Pf&($P&2$'R&-%&21$U*%&56'2)#56%&(*#20#('-&$'R#$'-&%)&br&-'&0"'*S%&%//%0)#9%&46&21Z'6&*%..%2)#%&('*&-%.&3-%0)*12.&4%&
9'-%20%&4%&(-6.&S*'24&2X
&
#
W%",+'.6,#0##
;W !'-06-%*&-'&0"'*S%&%//%0)#9%&(%*n6%&('*&62&3-%0)*12&4%&9'-%20%&46&0'*U12%P&4%&-Y'T1)%&%)&4%&-Y1RZS82%&4'2.&-%&0'4*%&46&
$148-%&(*1(1.3&('*&H-')%*X&
+W F2& 4346#*%& -%& *'Z12& ')1$#56%& 4%& 0%.& )*1#.& 3-3$%2).& .%-12& -'& /1*$6-%& (*1(1.3%& 4'2.& -%& M.3%:"6+# IX& I1*$6-%*& 62%&
(*%$#8*%&"Z(1)"8.%&.6*&-%&.%2.&4Y391-6)#12&46&*'Z12&4'2.&62%&(3*#14%P&4%&-'&S'60"%&9%*.&-'&4*1#)%X&
_W H'2.&0'-06-.P&%R(-#56%*&01$$%2)&391-6%&-%&21$U*%&4%&0"'*S%&%//%0)#/&br&4%&-'&S'60"%&9%*.&-'&4*1#)%P&4'2.&-'&4%6R#8$%&
(3*#14%&46&)'U-%'6&(3*#14#56%X&!120-6*%&.6*&-%&.%2.&4Y391-6)#12&46&*'Z12&')1$#56%&'6&.%#2&4Y62&(3*#14%&46&)'U-%'6X&
<W !'-06-%*&-'&0"'*S%&%//%0)#9%&(%*n6%&('*&62&3-%0)*12&4%&9'-%20%&46&-#)"#6$P&46&.14#6$&%)&46&(1)'..#6$&O;fcW&4'2.&-%&0'4*%&
46&$148-%&(*1(1.3&('*&H-')%*X&
>W F2&4346#*%&-%&*'Z12&')1$#56%&4%&0%.&)*1#.&3-3$%2).&.%-12&-'&/1*$6-%&(*1(1.3%&4'2.&-%&M.3%:"6+#IX&!120-6*%&.6*&-%&.%2.&
4Y391-6)#12&46&*'Z12&4'2.&62%&01-122%P&4%&"'6)&%2&U'.&O12&'4$%))*'&56%&-%&*3.6-)')&1U)%26&%.)&S323*'-#.'U-%&[&)16)%.&
-%.&01-122%.WX&
]W !'-06-%*P&[&-Y'#4%&46&$148-%&4%&H-')%*P&-%&*'Z12&46&0')#12&7#oX&I'#*%&4%&$d$%&'9%0&-%&*'Z12&&4%&-Y')1$%&
!" #!
%)&'9%0&-%&
*'Z12& 4%& -Y'2#12&
!!!
X& & !120-6*%& .6*& -Y391-6)#12& 1U.%*93%& %2)*%& -%& *'Z12& 4Y62& ')1$%& %)& -%& *'Z12& 4%& .%.& #12.&
01**%.(124'2).X&
`W 5.%/# *(("/# 7(%,# (.'6#G&01$$%&)16)&$148-%P&-%&$148-%&4%&H-')%*&(*3.%2)%&4%.&-#$#)%.X&C*1(1.%*&4%6R&-#$#)%.&(-'6.#U-%.&
(16*&0%&$148-%X&
&