Impact of climate change on nutritional quality of grain and fruits Hélène Gautier INRA Avignon, Plantes et Systèmes horticoles Carolyne Dürr INRA Angers, Horticulture et Semences 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Effects of high temperatures during grain filling Pea 15-20°C 30-35°C Greenhouses Dijon and Angers Oil seed rape 15-20°C 19-33°C Greenhouses Caen Wheat 15-21 °C 23-29°C Polytunnels Clermont-Ferrand 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Grain : main nutritional components WHEAT OILSEED RAPE PEA STARCH PROTEINS LIPIDS % grain DW % grain DW % grain DW 65 50 12 23 25 2 45 17 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Effects of high temperatures during grain filling 70 14 60 12 LT 10 Wheat Caq40 HT 50 8 40 6 30 4 20 2 10 0 Protein content (% seed DW) LT HT 0 Starch content (% seed DW) Total protein content: overall increase Starch, oligosaccharides: stable or decrease Fatty acids: varying results Oilseed Rape Canvin, 1967; CAQ40) Pea CAQ40 AGAP, 2000) 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Exposure to high temperatures leads to negative changes in protein composition Wheat gliadins Source : Daniel and Triboï, 2000 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Negative changes in fatty acid profiles and in starch composition and granule types Oilseed rape ω9 Source CAQ40, Brunel-Muguet et al, 2015 ω6 ω3 Pea Wheat Source Liu et al, 2011 (3 days, 13DAP) Source INRA AGAP Final report Dijon Nantes, 2000 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Fruit specificity High water content: 80 up to 95% Quality criteria for fresh fruit Fruit size, color Fruit dry matter content and taste (sweetness / acidity, …) Nutritional quality, flavor (secondary metabolites) Dry matter Polyphenols, … Organic acids Cell wall sugars Water 80% Determine key periods and processes sensitive to water or HT stresses Processes affected : transport, dilution, metabolism? (Genetic variability to water stress) Modeling approach to find ideotypes (G*E*P) 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Specifications for Protective Geographic Indication «Corsican clementine» • Acidity ranging from 0.65 to 1.4 (g citric acid/ 100g juice) • Percentage of juice > 42% • Sugar/Acidity ratio ranging 8 to 17 • Orange color without activation > 80% at harvest Aprodec .08 BLOQUEL EMMANUEL/ Elevage ovin et gestion de l’enherbement en agrumiculture JOUR / MOIS / ANNEE 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Changes over time (1960-2012) in clementine acidity at harvest Acidity (week 44) Acidity at harvest and average temperature throughout the crop cycle (g citic acid/100ml juice) Year INRA Corsica experimental orchards 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Impact of water deprivation on fruit nutritional quality: Key periods (flesh peach phenolic compounds) 2 500 Hydroxycinnamic acids content (mg/gMS) 3CQA 2 000 5CQA Flavanols content (mg/gMS) 8 000 1 500 6 000 1 000 4 000 500 2 000 0 Control S1 S2 S3 catéchine épicatéchine procyanidines 0 Control S1 S2 S3 Water deprivation impact varies according to its period of occurrence Early water stress (during division and cell expansion) mostly increased hydroxycinnamic acids (3CQA, 5 CQA) Water deficit during pit hardening had no significant effect on phenolic compounds Late water deficit mostly increased procyanidins and catéchine and to a lesser extend hydroxycinnamic acids (5CQA) 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit taste (tomato sugars, acids, …) Cv LA1420 + Ex. Fruit size: Different responses depending on fruit developmental stage when the water stress occurred Cumulated water stress different from the additional effects of two water stresses (ex. no impact on sugar concentration) Exprimé en masse fraiche 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit antioxidants) Cv LA1420 + Repeated water deprivation increased antioxidant compounds concentration (lycopene, Vit C) Exprimé en masse fraiche 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Processes impacted by water deprivation (dilution/metabolism) % masse fraiche % matière sèche Cv LA1420 • • Effect on fresh weight: What process involved? • dilution or metabolism Expression on dry weight eliminates dilution effect linked to changes in water content 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Processes impacted by water deprivation (dilution/metabolism) % masse fraiche % matière sèche Cv LA1420 • • What process involved (water deprivation during maturation)? • For sugars: both metabolic and concentration effect • Reduced citric acid metabolism masked by changes in water content Not shown Variability between genotypes responses to Water deprivation • Necessary to find a plant indicator of water status • And to identify key processes affected by plant water status 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique PERSPECTIVES: Research of plant performance indicators and Use of model to optimize plant management Index (vs control) 1,2 Using an integrated QualiTree-soil-root model to optimizing irrigation on different objectives to find the most appropriate amount and calendar for irrigation The best fruit yield, quality and marketable product are not necessarily obtained in the same irrigation system. Zéphir 1,1 1 0,9 0,8 Yield TSS Marketable product 0,7 0,6 -2,2 -2 -1,8 -1,6 -1,4 -1,2 -1 Stem potential (MPa) -0,8 -0,6 Variation of performance indicators in relation to mean stem :c 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique CONCLUSIONS Also altered Transformation process, conservation Seed production Genetic diversity to be explored (PIA) Pluriannual effects of CC on tree production Epigenetics effects Changes in crop species rather than breeding for adaptation; changes in food systems Modelling : a number of initiatives, but not yet operating results 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Teams involved in CAQ 40 Project (MP ACCAF) Sophie Brunel-Muguet EVA Caen Christine Girousse GDEC Clermont-Ferrand Annabelle Larmure Agroecology Dijon René Lessire , Annick Moing, Yves Gibon BFP Bordeaux Agnes Sabaté, Colette Larré, Bénédicte Bakan BIA Nantes Carolyne Dürr , Marie-Hélène Wagner (GEVES) IRHS Angers Inaki Garcia de C, Marie Launay Agroclim, Avignon Mathilde Causse GAFL, Avignon Olivier Pailly GEQA, Corse Gilles Vercambre, Nadia Bertin, Daniel Plenet, Hélène Gautier PSH, Avignon 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique Effets du stress discontinu pour les 8 parents de la MAGIC TOM CD&CE Exprimé en masse fraiche Interaction GxE 25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique