Support du cours figement et phraséo M1 FLE

Cours de F. Grossmann
UFR des Sciences du Langage, Université Stendhal Grenoble 3.
Année 2013-2014 Master 1 FLE
[e-mail]
Support du cours : L’objet-lexique : Phraséologie, phraséologismes, figement
Introduction
- Importance de la phraséologie pour le FLE : notion de bloc lexical
Lewis (2000) :
« We now recognise that much of our vocabulary consists of prefabricated chunks of different kinds. The single most important kind of chunk is collocation. Self-evidently, then,
teaching collocation should be a top riority in every language course ››.
1. Qu’appelle-t-on phraséologie ?
!!"#$#%&'(")#!"#$"!%!
Phraséologie [fʀazeɔlɔʒi] nom féminin ; étym. 1778 ◊ anglais phraseology (1664)
1. Didact. Ensemble des expressions (terminologie et particularités syntaxiques)
propres à un usage, un milieu, une époque, un écrivain. La phraséologie marxiste,
administrative. ➙ 1. jargon, style. « la phraséologie particulière aux amoureux »(Balzac).
2. Littér. Emploi de phrases, de grands mots vides de
sens. ➙ bavardage, verbiage.« Rien de senti. Une phraséologie apprise par cœur, une rhétorique
d'écolier » (R. Rolland).
3. Ling. Ensemble des expressions, locutions, collocations et phrases codées dans la
langue générale.
Trésor de la langue française informatisé :
B. LING. et lang. cour.
1. Ensemble des tournures typiques d'une langue, soit par leur fréquence, soit par leur
caractère idiomatique.
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2. Qu’est-ce qu’un idiomatisme (« idiom ») ?
idiom |ˈidē&m|
noun
1 a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from
those of the individual words (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light).
• a form of expression natural to a language, person, or group of people: he had a
feeling for phrase and idiom.
• the dialect of a people or part of a country.
2 a characteristic mode of expression in music or art: they were both working in a neo-
Impressionist idiom.
ORIGIN late 16th cent.: from French idiome, or via late Latin from Greek idiōma
‘private property, peculiar phraseology,’ from idiousthai ‘make one's own,’ from idios ‘own, private.’
(New Oxford American Dictionary)
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A collocation is an arbitrary and recurrent word
combination.
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Collocation is the occurrence of two or more
words within a space of each other in a text ...
Collocations [...] can be important in the lexical
structure of the language because of being
frequently repeated. This second kind of
collocation, often related to measure of
statistical signifiance, is one that is usually
meant in linguistic discussions (Sinclair 91, p
170).
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In such combinations, sometimes referred to as
‘semi-idioms’, one word (i.e. in the case of two-
word expressions) has a figurative sense not
found outside that limited context. The other
element appears in a familiar, literal sense [...].
• J/-,2!^\(!1!g#!%!
The term collocation will be used to refer to
sequences of lexical items which habitually co-
occur, but which are nonetheless fully
transparent in the sense that each lexical
constituent is also a semantic constituent. Such
expressions as (to pitch a semantic area at
random) fine weather, torrential rain, light
drizzle, high winds are examples of collocations.
These are or course easy to distinguish from
idioms; nonethless, they have a kind of semantic
cohesion — the constituent elements are, to
varying degrees, mutually selective. The
semantic integrity or cohesion of a collocation is
the more marked if the meaning carried by one
(or more) is restricted contextually, and different
from its meaning in more neutral contexts.
• ]*-,3*++!^N(!$#$#%!
On appellera collocation la combinaison
caractéristique de deux mots dans une des
structures suivantes :
a) substantif + adjectif (épithète)
b) substantif + verbe
c) verbe + substantif (objet)
d) verbe + adverbe
e) adjectif + adverbe
f) substantif + (prép.) + substantif
La collocation se distingue de la combinaison
libre (the book is useful/ das Buch ist nützlich/ le
livre est utile) par la combinabilité restreinte (ou
affinité) des mots combinés (feuilleter un livre
vs. acheter un livre). La collocation se distingue
d’autre part des locutions (idioms,
Redewendungen, par ex. mener quelqu'un en
bateau /jdn. durch den Kakao ziehen/ to pull sb’s
leg) par son non-figement et sa transparence. Or,
cette transparence n’empêche nullement la
collocation d’être imprédictible. L’apprenant
étranger, tout en la comprenant (s’il comprend
les mots combinés), ne saurait automatiquement
la reproduire. Il doit l’apprendre, parce que les
langues, dans la totalité des combinaisons
possibles, font un choix idiosyncratique. [...]
Dans la collocation, le statut des deux
partenaires combinés n’est pas égal. L’un des
partenaires, par ex. le célibataire, est autonome
sur le plan sémantique. L’autre partenaire
(endurci) ajoute une caractérisation qui ne
modifie pas l’identité du caractérisé. On
appellera base de la collocation le partenaire
caractérisé (le substantif dans a—c, le verbe
dans d, l’adjectif dans e, l’un des substantifs
dans f) et collocatif le partenaire caractérisant
qui ne reçoit son identité que par la collocation.

!
P!
Le rapport base — collocatif est l’orientation de
la collocation.
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