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Abstract
In the context of HIV-1 infection, DC are amongst the first cells to encounter the virus
at the mucosal surfaces, and are directly and indirectly affected by the virus or its components.
The fact that DC are altered in number, phenotype and function in the context of HIV, suggest
they may be involved in driving B cell dysregulations, which occur as early as in the acute
phase of HIV-infection and are not fully restored by therapy. As such, in recent longitudinal
studies involving HIV-infected individuals with different rates of disease progression, we have
shown that B cell dysregulations were associated with increased BLyS/BAFF expression in
plasma and by blood myeloid DC (mDC). In previous work with HIV-transgenic mice, B cell
dysregulations involved DC, excess BLyS/BAFF and were dependant on the HIV negative
factor (Nef). We therefore aim to investigate the impact of HIV-Nef in modulating DC
phenotype and B cell dysregulations. Blood samples from the same HIV-infected individuals
as mentioned above were studied, following the identical longitudinal scheme. HIV-Nef was
detected in plasma and beared by blood mDC and mDC precursors of all viremic HIV-infected
patients, throughout follow-up and beyond therapy. Detection of HIV-Nef in mDC and their
precursors was associated with BLyS/BAFF over-expression. In vitro, soluble HIV-Nef drove
monocyte-derived mDC towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype by increasing the expression
of BLyS/BAFF and TNF-α. Futhermore, this effect was blocked by the addition of retinoic
acid. These data suggest that HIV-Nef is involved in the driving and persistence of B cell
dysregulations in HIV-infected individuals. Based on our observations, therapeutic blocking of
BLyS/BAFF and/or Nef could help control inflammation and B cell disorders. Moreover,
measurement of HIV-Nef post-therapy may be useful in assessing reservoir status.
We have previously shown that B cell dysregulations in the blood of HIV-infected
rapid and classic progressors were accompanied by the increased frequency of a population
presenting characteristics of both transitional immature (TI) and marginal zone (MZ) B cells,
which we have termed “MZ-like precursors”. However, this population was unaltered in
ELITE controllers (EC), even though we found significantly lower frequencies of more mature
MZ-like B cells. These results suggest that such first line B cell populations may be involved
in the battle against HIV-1. Interestingly, MZ-like B cell populations have recently been