Summary
1
Thesis summary
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a soil bacterium with the ability to infect roots of leguminous plants such as
soybean, cowpea, mungbean, and siratro and induce the formation of a novel plant organ, the nodule. In the
symbiotic state, the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids that are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into
ammonia. This source of nitrogen is used by the host plant and promotes its growth. In return, the bacteroids are
supplied with an environment rich in carbon generated by the plant via photosynthesis. Symbiotic nitrogen
fixation is an important component of the nitrogen cycle.
The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the characterization of potentially new functions essential in
symbiosis. Strict criteria were applied for candidate gene selection: up-regulation in symbiosis compared to free-
living conditions, a NifA- and RpoN-dependent expression, and protein detection in bacteroids. Four genes were
chosen for characterization through mutant construction: two genes (blr2131, blr2135) that are part of an operon
of unknown function (blr2131-2136), a ferredoxin gene (blr1765), and a gene coding for a hypothetical protein
(bll1767); the latter two are located in the nitrogenase gene cluster. Despite the careful choice of candidate
genes, no relevant phenotypes could be observed for any of the mutants of these genes.
In the third chapter, I focused on the characterization of the B. japonicum 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
(ACC) deaminase gene (blr0241), which is also a NifA- and RpoN-regulated gene. ACC deaminases had been
shown to protect rhizobia against the inhibitory effects of ethylene produced by the host plant during the
nodulation process. This enzyme converts ACC, a precursor of the plant hormone ethylene, into ammonia and
α-ketobutyrate. In free-living, wild-type B. japonicum an ACC deaminase activity could be measured, whereas a
blr0241 mutant did not show any enzymatic activity. However, the mutant was not impaired in its ability to
nodulate soybean, cowpea, siratro, and mungbean. Also, the blr0241 mutant strain was not affected in its
competitiveness for nodulation and nodule occupation compared to the wild-type strain. These results suggested
that the role of B. japonicum ACC deaminase differs from that in other rhizobial-plant interactions investigated.
In the fourth chapter, the host-specific adaptation of B. japonicum to cowpea was studied. A previous report had
revealed that genes coding for enzymes of the tyrosine degradation pathway are specifically up-regulated in
cowpea bacteroids compared to soybean and siratro bacteroids, and the products of these genes are exclusively
found in cowpea bacteroids (Koch et al. 2010). To study the possible importance of this pathway in B.
japonicum, deletion mutations in the fumarylacetoacetase (bll0342) and homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
(bll0343) genes were constructed. The mutants showed no symbiosis phenotype on all host plants tested. We