1. Aucune catรฉgorie

Re-végétalisation & Désimperméabilisation: Climat & Santé AURA

Telechargรฉ par Joseph Oloni
Tรฉlรฉchargement
Ajouter ร  la (aux) collection (s) Ajouter ร  enregistrรฉ
๎€„๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž
Re-vรฉgรฉtalisation et dรฉbitumisation
de lโ€™espace public : enjeux climatiques
et de santรฉ
Capitalisation transversale de dynamiques
collectives en Auvergne-Rhรดne-Alpes
๎€˜๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—
3
CONTEXTE
P.4
Mร‰THODE : LA CAPITALISATION
P.4
LIMITES RENCONTRร‰ES
P.5
๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎š๎€œ๎ณ๎ณ๎€ž๎€ง๎€ž๎ค๎€„๎€พ๎€ฏ๎ž๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎‹๎จ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€ž๎€‘๎€ฏ๎ค๎จ๎„๎€ฏ๎ž๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎จ๎€œ๎€พ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…๎€บ๎€œ๎จ๎น๎€ƒ
๎€œ๎ค๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎จ๎š๎™๎จ๎‹๎€ฏ๎€ƒ๎บ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎—๎€พ๎€ฏ๎™๎จ๎€œ๎š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎—๎จ๎€‘๎€พ๎€ฏ๎€’๎ž๎€ƒ๎
P.6
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎ฌ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†
๎€พ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎†ˆ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ ๎†
๎—๎š๎€ž๎ž๎€œ๎…๎ค๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎‹๎€บ๎€œ๎ค๎ž๎€ƒ๎€’๎€„๎—๎€ฏ๎ค๎€„๎€พ๎€ฏ๎ž๎€ž๎ž๎€ƒ
P.8
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž
๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€œ๎ณ๎€ฏ๎€œ๎š๎ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ค๎€ƒ๎š๎€œ๎€’๎‹๎„๎„๎€„๎…๎€˜๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎ž๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎จ๎š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎›๎€„๎€’๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…
P.11
๎€พ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ
๎จ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†
๎€พ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ
๎ž๎†š๎†Œ๎†ต๎„๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†ˆ๎†ต๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž
๎จ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž
๎€พ๎Ž–๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎Ž–๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎Ž–๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎‡€๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ
๎€’๎‹๎…๎€’๎€พ๎จ๎ž๎€ฏ๎‹๎…
P.20
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…๎…๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎ณ๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎„ ๎…๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€ฏ๎€’๎€ฌ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€˜๎›๎€ฏ๎€˜๎€œ๎…๎ค๎€ฏ๎ค๎€ž๎ž
P.22
๎—๎‹๎จ๎š๎€ƒ๎€„๎€พ๎€พ๎€œ๎š๎€ƒ๎—๎€พ๎จ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎‹๎€ฏ๎…
P.38
๎€‘๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎…š๎…๎„ž
๎€„๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†
๎š๎„ž๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†
DOSSIER DE CAPITALISATION
TABLE DES MATIรˆRES
4
CONTEXTE
๎€˜๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎†๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„จ๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†ต๎„ซ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…š๎„ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„Ÿ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎… ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎•๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎…๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎˜๎˜
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ ๎„‚๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†
๎พ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„๎†Œ๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎†‰๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚
๎„จ๎†Œ๎„‚๎… ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎„๎†๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…š๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎„๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎ฒ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎‡‡๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎ฒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎†Œ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎Ž–๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†ˆ๎†ต๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎›๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎˜
๎š๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„1๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎Ž–๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ
๎€œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž2๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†ˆ๎†ต๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎š๎…š๎†€๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎€„๎…ฏ๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„จ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎˜
๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎…š๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜
1๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎š๎…š๎†€๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎€„๎…ฏ๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎…ต๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎—๎ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€ง๎š๎€„๎€ฏ๎…๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎˜๎€ƒ
2 ๎—๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎š๎…š๎†€๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎€„๎…ฏ๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎˜
3 ๎—๎€’๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ต๎˜๎€ƒ๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎†๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎„‚๎…๎…๎†Œ๎ฒ๎„ž๎†๎„ž๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎ฒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž
DOSSIER DE CAPITALISATION
INTRODUCTION
๎€’๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎„ž
๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎†š๎…š๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„‚๎…๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎†๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ
๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜
๎€’๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎„ž๎†๎†๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎†๎†๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎˜
๎€œ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎—
>๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎„จ๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎†๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎˜
>๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ก๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†š๎…š๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š
๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎…๎†๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š
๎„š๎›๎„‚๎…๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†
๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
Mร‰THODE : LA CAPITALISATION
๎™๎†ต๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎ฒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„จ๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ
๎†๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎„๎„Ÿ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎„๎˜๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎…๎†š๎…š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€’๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎†‰๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…š๎†ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฉ3
5
DOSSIER DE CAPITALISATION
INTRODUCTION
4๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€„๎š๎ž๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€ง๎š๎€„๎€ฏ๎…๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎€ƒ๎พ๎„๎…ฝ๎ฒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎Ž–๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎—๎ž๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€’๎€œ๎จ๎น๎ฒ๎€’๎€ฏ๎€ƒ๎€’๎€œ๎จ๎น๎ฒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ
๎€œ๎„๎€œ๎š๎€ง๎€œ๎…๎€’๎€œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎—๎ž๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎˜
๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎—๎ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎€ง๎š๎€„๎€ฏ๎…๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎€พ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎€œ๎„๎€œ๎š๎€ง๎€œ๎…๎€’๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎‹๎ž๎ž๎€ฏ๎€œ๎š๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€’๎€„๎—๎€ฏ๎ค๎€„๎€พ๎€ฏ๎ž๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎ณ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฎ๎ญ
๎€พ๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†
๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎…๎„จ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ ๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฎ๎ญ๎ฟ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎‡Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎›๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ฎ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎‡Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎ด๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎†๎†š๎„‚๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†ˆ๎†ต๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎˜
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎จ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎˜
๎—๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎˜
LIMITES DE LA Mร‰THODE ET
DE LA THร‰MATIQUE
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ
๎€’๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ ๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฎ๎ญ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎ฟ4.
> ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ ๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ญ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎˜
๎š๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎š๎…š๎†€๎…ถ๎„ž๎ฒ๎€„๎…ฏ๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎˜
> ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ ๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€˜๎…๎„ซ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎จ๎„‚๎‡€๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎ฉ
๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…๎…๎†Œ๎ฒ๎„ž๎†๎„ž๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€ง๎š๎€„๎€ฏ๎…๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€„๎•๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†š๎˜
๎ž๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎˜
> ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎˜
๎€œ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
> ๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…š๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎จ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„š๎„‚๎†‰๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„•๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎ž๎€ฆ๎ž๎—๎€ƒ๎พ๎ž๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„•๎„‚๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎—๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎˜
> 1๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎€œ๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†ต๎„ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Œ๎…๎„๎…š๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎—๎€ฏ๎€พ๎˜
๎ณ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†
>๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎†š๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎‡‡๎…ถ๎†š๎…š๎„ ๎†Ÿ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎†๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†
๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„ ๎†๎˜
STRUCTURATION DU
DOCUMENT
๎€’๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎†ต๎„๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎—
๎ญ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎„ ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฒ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š
๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎†๎˜
๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ ๎†๎˜
๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎€„๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎†๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚
๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎˜
๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎—๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…๎…๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎…๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎Ž–๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎˜
๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎š๎„ž๎†๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎ณ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„๎„๎…๎…ถ๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†‰๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†
๎†๎…๎†š๎†ต๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎ฒ๎„š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜
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