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ARCHITECTUREETPATRIMOINE

STAVYARCHITECTES‐ARCHITECTUREETPATRIMOINE‐MEMOIREDERECHERCHE‐MARS2015‐PAGE1/56
SOMMAIRE
INTRODUCTION...........................................................2
PREMIEREPARTIE:LANOTIONDEPATRIMOINE......................3
A. Historique..............................................................3
I. AVANT1789...........................................................3
II. LAREVOLUTIONFRANCAISE..............................................4
III. LESPRINCIPAUXCOURANTSDEPENSEE....................................6
B. Moyensd’intervention...............................................11
I. LARUINE............................................................11
II. LACONSERVATION...................................................12
III. LARESTAURATION....................................................14
IV. LAREHABILITATION..................................................16
V. LARECONVERSION....................................................16
VI. LADEMOLITION......................................................18
DEUXIEMEPARTIE:AGIRSURL'EXISTANT.............................21
A. Lechefd’œuvre.......................................................22
B. Lemémorial...........................................................31
I. LELIEUDEMEMOIRE..................................................33
II. LELIEUDESOUVENIR..................................................38
C. Levestige..............................................................42
I. LAFRICHE............................................................42
II. LEVESTIGEOCCUPE....................................................47
CONCLUSION............................................................53

STAVYARCHITECTES‐ARCHITECTUREETPATRIMOINE‐MEMOIREDERECHERCHE‐MARS2015‐PAGE2/56
INTRODUCTION
Unpetitpanneaupeintàlamain,perdusuruneroutedecampagne.«AbbayeNouvelle
XIIIèmesiècle».Laroutedevientchemindeterre,puissentier.Lebâtimentapparaît.Une
ruinepuissanteetfragile,queseullamagieetquelquesbéquillesprotégeaientde
l’écroulement.C’estàcetterencontrefortuitequejedoismadécisiond’intégreruneécole
d’architecture.20ansetquelquescentainesdeprojetsplustard,mafascinationpources
témoignagesdupasséensursisestintacte.
Leprésenttravailchercheàrépondreàunequestionàlaquelletoutmaîtred’ouvrageou
d’œuvreestconfronté:commentinscrireunecréationarchitecturaleinnovanteetadaptée
auxbesoinsdansunecontinuitérespectueusedel'héritagedupassé?
Nouschercheronsd’abordàétablirunesynthèsereprésentativedescourantsdepensées
surlepatrimoinedéveloppésaucoursdel’histoire,afindeconstituerunelistedesdifférents
modesd’interventionspossiblessurunbâtimentexistant.Cetterecherchenouspermettra
ensuitedenousforgeruneréflexionpersonnellesurlesmanièresd’aborderunetelle
intervention.

STAVYARCHITECTES‐ARCHITECTUREETPATRIMOINE‐MEMOIREDERECHERCHE‐MARS2015‐PAGE3/56
LANOTIONDEPATRIMOINE
Avantdenouslancerdansuneréflexionpersonnellesurlesujet,ilmesembleimportantde
retracerl’évolutiondescourantsdepenséeliésàlanotiondepatrimoine.Richedecette
recherchehistorique,nouspourronsalorsétablirunelistedesdifférentsmoyens
d’interventionpossibles.Cettesynthèseseramenéedelafaçonlaplusobjectivepossible,
afindelimiternosapriori.Cen’estqu’àlalumièredecepremiertravailquenoustenterons
d’établiruneréflexionpersonnelle.
A.Historique
I. AVANT1789
Jusqu’àlaRévolutionFrançaise,l’anciennetéd’unobjet(mobilierouimmobilier)nelui
confèreaucunevaleur.Seulecomptesonaptitudeàrépondreauxexigencesartistiqueset
pratiquesdumoment.Lesbijouxancienssontdessertis,retaillés,remontéspourse
conformeràlamodeenvogue,lesmeublesjugésdémodésouobsolètessontdébitéset
réutilisés…Ilenvademêmeenarchitecture.Lesbâtimentsexistantsfontl’objetde
nombreuxremaniements,afindelesadapterauxusagesetauxmodesdumoment.Ceuxqui
nécessitentdestravauxtropimportantssontutiliséscommecarrièredepierres,ou
simplementdétruitpourlaisserlaplaceàunbâtimentneuf.Combiend’églisesfurent
construitessurdesruinesdebâtimentspaïens?Quelchâteaufortmédiévalnefutpas
largementéventrédefenêtresrenaissantesàmeneaux?
Unmonumentbienconnumérite,deparsonhistoirericheenpéripéties,d’illustrer
l’attitudedenosprédécesseurs.Toutcommenceparlaconstructiond’untempleromain
dédiéàApollonsurunecollinequisurplombelamerdeMarmara(àl’emplacementde
l’actuelleIstanbul).AuIVèmesiècle,l’empereurConstantin,convertiauchristianisme,faitde
cettevillelanouvellecapitaledel’empire.Labasiliquequ’ilfaitalorsconstruireutilise
commesoubassementlesruinesdutempleromain.L’édificeestmodifiéetagrandiparlefils
deConstantin,avantd’êtreincendiéauVèmesiècle.Unenouvellebasiliqueestconstruitesur
lesruinesdel’ancienne,quiseraelleaussidétruiteparlesflammeslorsderévoltes.
L’empereurordonnealorslaconstructiond’unédificesurpassantletempledeSalomon.
Cettefois,lenouveauchantierestinstalléàcotédelaruine,transforméeencarrièrede
pierres.Lesbâtisseursemprunterontégalementdesfragmentsdetemplesgrecs,phéniciens,
etromains.Le27décembre537,labasiliqueSainte‐SophiedeConstantinopleestinaugurée.
Lebâtiment,couronnéparlaplusgrandecoupolejamaisconstruite(détrônéeunmillénaire
plustardparleduomodeFlorence),estconsacrécathédraleen1206.LorsquelesOttomans
s’emparentdelavilleauXVèmesiècle,l’édificeesttransforméenmosquée.Quatreminarets
sontérigés,etlesmosaïqueschrétiennessontnoyéesdansleplâtreetrecouvertesde
calligraphiesarabes.
Templepaïendevenuéglise,basiliquedevenuemosquée…leréemploid’unbâtimentde
culteparuneautrereligionpeutparaîtreétrange.Celamontrebienquenosancêtres

STAVYARCHITECTES‐ARCHITECTUREETPATRIMOINE‐MEMOIREDERECHERCHE‐MARS2015‐PAGE4/56
considéraientlesbâtimentscommedesimplesenveloppes,quinegardentaucune
empreintedeleurhistoireetdeleursusagespassés.
Ainsi,lavaleurhistoriqueétaitunenotioninconnueavantlaRévolutionFrançaise.Ilserait
toutefoiserronéd’affirmerquepersonneavantcetteépoquen’avaitconsciencede
l’existenced’unhéritageléguéparlesgénérationsantérieures.Ainsi,aprèslaprisede
ConstantinopleparlesOttomans,lesultans’estopposéàladestructiondesmosaïques
chrétiennesdeSainteSophie.Lesreprésentationshumaines,interditesparl’Islam,furent
simplementdissimuléessousleplâtre.Aplusieursreprises,lessultansontensuiteremisà
joursesmosaïquesafindelesrestaureretassurerleurconservation,avantdelesrecouvrir
pourlescacherauxyeuxdesfidèles.Cetteattitudeestbienlapreuved’uneconsciencedu
devoirdepréserverlesrichessesartistiquesdupassépourleléguerauxgénérationsfutures.
SainteSophiedeConstantinople
II. LAREVOLUTIONFRANCAISE
1789.Lepeupleencolère,enproieàunefrénésiedévastatrice,estdécidéàabattreles
témoignagesd’unabsolutismerévolu.Monumentscivilsetreligieux,sculptures,tableaux…
Levandalismerévolutionnairen’épargnerien.Bientôt,uneminoritéd’intellectuelss’insurge
contrel’anéantissementsystématiquedestracesdel’AncienRégime.Cetraumatisme
cultureletartistiquemetenlumièrel’impactdesœuvresdupassésurlarichessed’une
société.Lanotiondepatrimoineestnée.