A manual on the essential oil industry 0

Edited by K. Tuley De Silva

EDITOR
K. TULEY DE SILVA
PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE RESOURCE PERSONS AT THE THIRD UNIDO WORKSHOP
ON ESSENTIAL OIL AND AROMA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES HELD AT THE ANADOLU
UNIVERSITY MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANT AND DRUG RESEARCH CENTRE IN
ESKISEHIR, TURKEY
NOVEMBER 1995
UNITED NATIONS lNDUSTRlAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
VIENNA, AUSTRIA

Cover design by Dr. Ergun Tunckan
THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPERS ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS’ AND DO NOT REFLECT THE VIEWS OF THE
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTORGANIZATION (UNIDO). MENTION OF FIRM NAMES AND COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS DOES NOT IMPLY THE ENDORSEMENT OF THE SECRETARIAT OF UNIDO.

CONTENTS
FOREWORD
CHAPTER 1. Development of Essential Oil Industries in Developing Countries 1
Dr. K. Tuley De Silva
CHAPTER 2. Agrotechnology of Aromatic Plants
Dr. K. K. S. Bhat
13
CHAPTER 3. The Isolation of Aromatic Materials from Natural Plant Products
57
Dr. Brian M. Lawrence
CHAPTER 4. Analysis and Quality Assessment of Essential Oils
155
Professor K. Husnu Can Baser
CHAPTER 5. Formulation and Evaluation of Fragrance for Perfumery, Cosmetics 179
and Related products
Dr. Wladyslaw S. Brud
CHAPTER 6. Commercialization of Essential Oils and Aroma Chemicals
Dr. N. Verlet
203

FOREWORD
Many developing countries are rich in aromatic plants and this renewable resource could be
industrially utilized to produce essential oils for economic benefit.
UNIDO has been actively assisting developing countries to establish or upgrade essential oil
industries. Many countries have increased their share of the export market in this commodity while
diversifying the use of essential oils in local food and fragrance industries.
UNIDO organised workshops and seminars on the industrial utilization of medicinal and aromatic
plants to update the know how of scientific and technical personnel of developing countries. In fact three
workshops on the essential oil industry alone have been held during the past two decades. The first
resulted in the publication of a Practical Manual on the Essential Oil Industry which proved to be very
useful to scientists and technologists engaged in the production of essential oils. The third workshop
which was held in Eskisehir in Turkey in collaboration with the Government of Turkey and the Anadolu
University Medicinal and Aromatic Plant and Drug Research Centre, extended the coverage to aroma
chemicals and marketing as well. It provided the opportunity for scientists from least developed
countries to learn from the experiences of the resource persons and exchange information amongst
them.
It is a fact that the developing countries face difficulties in gaining access to new developments
in technologies and analytical techniques as a result of lack of funds to purchase recent books and
journals. UNIDO has contributed in a small measure to disseminate some of the much needed technical
information by holding workshops and by publishing manuals on specific subjects.
The presentations made by the resource persons at the third UNIDO workshop on essential oil
and aroma chemical industries are published in this manual. It includes the latest developments in the
essential oil industry. I hope that this manual will serve the scientists and technologists of developing
countries to initiate programmes to develop essential oil industries in their countries. I thank the
resource persons who readily agreed to share their knowledge and experiences by contributing to this
manual.
The practical know how included in this manual will enable countries rich in aromatic plants to
set up rural based small scale essential oil industries which would contribute to biodiversity conservation
and sustainable development.
Dr. A. Tcheknavorian-Asenbauer
Managing Director
Industrial Sectors and Environment Division
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Vienna International Centre
Austria