Aspen simulation

Production of Biodiesel
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BIO DIESEL
1. INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE SURVEY
Diesel fuel is extensively used in heavy trucks, derived from rapeseed,
soybean, palm, sunflower, city transport buses, locomotives, electric generators,
coconut, linseed, etc. However, in India, it is not farm equipments, underground
mine equipments and viable to produce biodiesel using such edible oil to plays an
important role in the economy of India. Produce biodiesel because of a big
difference in demand various forms of gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants and
supply of edible oils. In this context, crops that from diesel engine can endanger
human health and can produce non-edible oils such as Jatropha, Karanja, damage
the ecological environment. Diminishing Mahua, Cotton seed, Polanga, Refinery
waste oil, Palm oil etc. Petroleum reserves and environmental consequences in
substantial quantities can be grown in large scale on of exhaust gases from diesel
fuelled engines are some of non-cropped waste lands.
At current production levels, biodiesel requires a subsidy to compete
directly with petroleum-based fuels. However, Current production levels are 20–
25 million gallons/year, but achieving current production levels of 500 million to
1 billion gallons/year should be feasible.
The combined vegetable oil and animal fat production in the India totals about
35.3 billion
Pounds per year. This production could provide 4.6 billion gallons of biodiesel.
However, the
Annual consumption of diesel fuel is about 33 billion gallons. If all of the
vegetable oil and animal fat produced in The India were available to produce
biodiesel, it would only displace about 14% of the current demand for Onhighway
diesel fuel.

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1. Bio-Fuels
1.1 Classes of biofuels
Bio fuels fall into three classes
The first class is material produced for the fuel production, energy
plantation, and bi-products of other agricultural activities and materials that could
be classified as wastes. The economics of using such fuels depend on which class
the fuel belongs to.
The second class fuels that are produced as processing bi products, offer
better economic opportunities. Baggase, Sawmill refuse, Rice husk etc. are also
used as fuels.
The manufacturing process leading to their creation produces a
concentration of material is still valuable because of its immediate availability.
The drawback with some of these fuels is that they are produced on a seasonal
basis.
The third class bio fuels include materials that have only marginal fuel
value, and may have a negative useable energy potential. These materials often
require a considerable energy input into their collection and processing. Their use
as a fuel is dependent on other benefits such as environmental hazard production
being the primary reason for collection and combustion.
1.2 Biofuels and the environment

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Sulphur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel
When biodiesel is burned the exhaust gases does not contain sulphur oxides
and sulphates. Criteria pollutants are reduced with the use of biodiesel.
Tests show the use of biodiesel in diesel engines results in substantial
reductions of unburned hydro carbons, carbon mono oxide, and particulate matter.
Emissions of nitrogen oxide stay the same or slightly increased.
Carbon monoxide
The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide from biodiesel are on average
47% lower carbon monoxide emissions from biodiesel.
Particulate matter
Breathing particulate has been shown to be a human health hazard. The
exhaust emissions of a particulate matter from biodiesel are about 47% lower than
overall particulate matter emissions from diesel.
Hydro carbons
The presence of hydrocarbons in the exhaust emissions are almost reduced
when biodiesel is used.
Nitrogen oxides
Nox emissions from biodiesel increase or decrease depending on the
engine family and testing procedures. Nox emissions from pure biodiesel increase
on average by 10%. However, biodiesel with lack of sulphur allows the use of
Nox control technologies that can’t be used with convectional diesel.
Additionally, some companies have successfully developed additives to reduce
Nox emissions in biodiesel blends.

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Biodiesel reduces the health risks associated with petroleum diesel
Biodiesel emissions show decreased levels of Polycyclic aromatics
Hydrocarbons, which have been identified as potential cancer causing compounds
in health effects testing, PAH compounds were reduced by roughly 50%.Targeted
NPAH compounds were also reduced.
Dramatically with biodiesel, with 2-nitri fluorine and 1-nitro pyrene
reduced to only trace values.
Successfully alternate fuels fulfill environment and energy security needs
without sacrifying operating performance. Operationally, biodiesel performs very
similar to low sulpur diesel in terms of power, torque without major modifications
of engine or infrastructure. Biodiesel offers a similar power to diesel fuel.
One of the major advantages of biodiesel is the fact it can be used in an
existing engine as the fuel ingestion equipment with little impact to operating
performance. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than diesel fuel. In over 15
million miles in field demonstrations biodiesel showed similar fuel consumption,
horse power, torque and mileage rates as a convectional diesel fuel.
1.3 Biodiesel and India
India imports more than seventy percent of the crude oil. This is an
incredible dependency on foreign oils and an alternate should be found and the
cultivation of bio crops could be taken up to serve two major objectives. Firstly
with proper selection of low nutrition demanding oil bearing species, the waste
land can be brought under compact plantation. Secondly, rejuvenation of the
waste land can also be achieved by upgrading the soil quality by addition of seed
meal, which is obtained after extraction oil that has a high nutrition value India
has a tropical advantage and several species capable of giving oil bearing seed are

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known to grow. India can produce about 4-5million tonns per annum of biodiesel,
which is 10% of current diesel demand.
1.4 Indian energy scenario
India faces more problems that just need for reliable energy supply. Even
if the environment is able to acquire rights to natural gas and crude oil supplies
all around the world, the problem does not end there. India faces a major shortage
of refining capacity. As a result prices of diesel, petrol, kerosene can go through
the roof even if the crude oil price moves up slowly.
The refineries all around India are old and mainly acquired from the Soviet
Union many years back. They need to be replaced soon. They operate at a much
lower capacity due to maintenance needs and cause bad pollution all around.
Oil accounts for about 30% of India’s roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil
reserves are located in the Mumbai high, upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-
Godavari and kaveri basis. The offshore Mumbai high field by far India’s largest
producing field with current output of around 260,000 barrels per day.
India’s average oil production level for 2003 was 819,000bbl/day of which
660,000 bbl/day was crude oil. India had net oil imports of over 1.4 million
bbl/day in 2003. Even with these new reserves, India domestic natural gas supply
is not likely to keep pace with demand and country will have to import.
In such a situation, only renewable sources like bio fuels can answer the
current demand. There is an urgent need to realize the importance of fuel like
biodiesel and take measures to bring them in to vague.
1.5 What is a bio fuel?