Network Protection & Automation Guide

i. Alstom Grid
-i
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Network Protection & Automation Guide
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Network Protection & Automation
Guide
NETWORK PROTECTION & AUTOMATION
GUIDE, EDITION MAY 2011
Previously called Protective Relays Application Guide
First Edition June 1966
Reprinted January 1967
August 1968
November 1970
September 1971
February 1973
January 1974
Second Edition March 1975
Reprinted November 1977
December 1979
November 1982
October 1983
October 1985
Third Edition June 1987
Reprinted September 1990
March 1995
Network Protection & Automation Guide
First Edition July 2002
©
2011 ALSTOM GRID MAY 2011
ISBN: 978-0-9568678-0-3
Published by Alstom Grid
Alstom Grid Worldwide Contact Centre
www.alstom.com/grid/contactcentre
Tel: [phone]
www.alstom.com/grid/sas
All rights reserved. Celebrating 45 years of PRAG/NPAG and 54th APPS course.
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Network Protection & Automation Guide
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Protection Practice
3 Fundamental Theory
4 Fault Calculations
5 Equivalent Circuits and Parameters of
Power System Plant
6 Current and Voltage Transformers
7 Relay Technology
8 Protection: Signalling and Intertripping
9 Overcurrent Protection for Phase and
Earth Faults
10 Unit Protection of Feeders
11 Distance Protection
12 Distance Protection Schemes
13 Protection of Complex Transmission
Circuits
14 Auto-Reclosing
15 Busbar Protection
16 Transformer and Transformer-Feeder
Protection
17 Generator and Generator-Transformer
Protection
18 Industrial and Commercial Power System
Protection
19 A.C. Motor Protection
20 System Integrity Protection Schemes
21 Relay Testing and Commissioning
22 Power System Measurements
23 Power Quality
24 The Digital Substation
25 Substation Control and Automation
Appendix A Terminology
Appendix B IEEE/IEC Relay Symbols
Appendix C Typical Standards Applicable to
Protection and Control Numerical Devices
Appendix D Company Data and Nomenclature
Index
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Alstom Grid 1-1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Since 1966, the Network Protection and Automation Guide
(formerly the Protective Relays Application Guide) has been
the definitive reference textbook for protection engineers and
technicians. For 2011, Alstom has capitalised on its pool of
experts at the St Leonards Centre of Excellence in Stafford UK
to launch a new edition.
New chapters treat topics such as system integrity protection
and remedial action schemes, phasor measurements and wide
area schemes. The digital substation, including IEC 61850,
Ethernet station bus, GOOSE, process bus, and precision time
synchronising is also detailed. Advancements in protection
and control application engineering have assisted the authors
in exploring and integrating the new techniques and
philosophies in this edition, whilst retaining vendor-
independence – as we continue to deliver the genuine,
impartial, reference textbook.
This book is a précis of the Application and Protection of Power
Systems (APPS) training course, an intensive programme,
which Alstom (and its predecessor companies at Stafford) has
been running for over 50 years. This course, by the ingenuity
and dedication of the trainers, is vibrant and evolving. As
APPS progresses, the Network Protection and Automation
Guide advances too, whilst never losing sight of the key basic
principles and concepts. Beginners and experts alike will each
feel satisfied in their search for relaying, measurement,
communication and control knowledge.
In the list opposite, we name a mix of new authors for this
edition, and key historical figures at Stafford who have
contributed significantly to the advancement of APPS and
NPAG, and hence the quality and integrity of our book. We
sincerely hope that this book assists your navigation through a
challenging and rewarding career in electrical power
engineering. Protection and control has long been termed an
art, rather than a precise science - this book offers a mix of
both.
We acknowledge and thank Alstom colleagues in the wider
Alstom Grid and Alstom Power organisations for photographs
used within this book.
.
Michael Bamber
Michael Bergstrom
Andrew Darby
Susan Darby
Graham Elliott
Peter Harding
Graeme Lloyd
Alan Marshall
Allen Millard
Andrew Myatt
Philip Newman
Anthony Perks
Steve Pickering
Stephen Potts
Simon Richards
Jack Royle
Peter Rush
Brendan Smith
Mark Stockton
Paul Wilkinson
Alan Wixon
John Wright
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.