5514-ressources-usinage-par-enlevement-de-matiere

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Innovation'Technologique'et'Eco'Conception%'
%
%
Ressources(Usinage(par(enlèvement(de(matière(:(Fraisage(Page(1(
%
56usinage%7)1%$(,-.$/$(0%&$%/)0!-1$%$*0%8(%71'"9&9%&$%:);1!")0!'(%&$%7!-"$*%/9")(!<8$*=%%
Principe%:%
+(,$.$1% &$% ,)% /)0!-1$% &$% :)>'(% ?% &'(($1% ?% ,)% 7!-"$% ;180$% ,)% :'1/$% $0% ,$*% &!/$(*!'(*% .'8,8$*@% ?%
,6)!&$%&68($%/)"#!($A'80!,=%B)1%"$00$%0$"#(!<8$@%'(%';0!$(0%&$*%7!-"$*%&68($%41)(&$%719"!*!'(=%
%
C,%$D!*0$%7,8*!$81*%71'"9&9*%&E8*!()4$@%('0)//$(0%2%
• 5$*%usinages%par%déformation%2%:'14$)4$@%0#$1/':'1/)4$@%7,!)4$%
• 5$*%usinages%par%découpage%2%&9"'87$%,)*$1@%'DF"'87)4$@%
• $0%$(:!(%,$*%usinages%par%enlèvement%de%matière%2%0'81()4$@%:1)!*)4$@%9,$"01'91'*!'(=%
%
G'8*%),,'(*%('8*%!(091$**$1%7,8*%7)10!"8,!-1$/$(0%)8%:1)!*)4$=%
A. La relation Outil / Machine / Pièce :
H(%,E)%.8@%8*!($1%"'(*!*0$%?%/'&!:!$1%,)%:'1/$%&E8($%pièce%7)1%,E)"0!'(%&E8($%machine@%)8%/'F$(%
&E8(%outillage=%I'("%0'80%8*!()4$%/$0%$(%1$,)0!'(%"$*%01'!*%9,9/$(0*%2%
• 5E'80!,@%
• 5)%/)"#!($@%
• 5)%7!-"$%
H(%7$80%*"#9/)0!*$1%,)%1$,)0!'(%&$%,)%/)(!-1$%*8!.)(0$%2%
%
5)%7!-"$%$0%,E'80!,%*'(0%:!D9*%*81%,)%/)"#!($%41J"$%)8%7'10$A7!-"$%$0%)8%7'10$A'80!,=%
%
K8!.)(0% ,$*% "#)L($*% 1$,)0!'(($,,$*% M%H80!,% N% O)"#!($% N% B!-"$%P% $0% ,$% 1$7-1$% &6)D$*% &)(*% ,$<8$,%
*6!(*"1!.$(0% ,$*% &!::91$(0*% &97,)"$/$(0*@% ,$*% 71!("!7$*% &68*!()4$% /!*% $(% Q8.1$% .)1!$(0% $0%
&9:!(!**$(0%)!(*!%différents%types%d'usinages!R7)1%$(,-.$/$(0%&$%/)0!-1$S=%
%
B'10$A'80!,%
Outil
B'10$%7!-"$%
Pièce
LIAISONS MACHINES
%
%
O9")(!<8$*%2%;J0!@%48!&)4$*@%"!(9/)0!<8$%
RTF7','4!$%&$*%/)"#!($*S%
%
+,$"01!<8$*%2%/'0$81*@%.)1!)0$81*%
%
+,$"01'(!<8$*%2%)80'/)0$%
RU9*$)8D%$0%09,9"#)14$/$(0S%
%
C(:'1/)0!<8$*%2%,)(4)4$@%"F",$*%
RB1'41)//)0!'(S%

Ressources(Usinage(par(enlèvement(de(matière(:(Fraisage((Page(2(
%
B. Les mouvements :
B'81%8*!($1@%,E'80!,%&'!0%*$%&97,)"$1%7)1%1)77'10%?%,)%7!-"$=%VE$*0%,)%/)"#!($%<8!%*$%"#)14$%&E)**81$1%
,)%;'(($%"''1&!()0!'(%$(01$%,$*%.!0$**$*%$0%,$*%01)W$"0'!1$*%&$%,E'80!,%$0%&$%,)%7!-"$=%
%
T'80%/'8.$/$(0%&E8(%9,9/$(0%&E8($%/)"#!($A'80!,%ROHS%*E!(*"1!0%&)(*%8(%1$7-1$%
'10#'('1/9%?%01'!*%&!/$(*!'(*=%
C,%$*0%*!/7,$%&E80!,!*$1%,)%1-4,$%&$*%01'!*%&'!40*%&$%,)%/)!(%&1'!0$%
%
%
+(%:1)!*)4$%,E'80!,%0'81($%)80'81%&E8(%)D$%$0%,)%7!-"$%*$%&97,)"$=%
K81% "$10)!($% /)"#!($% ,$*% &$8D% 7$8.$(0% *$% &97,)"$1% *81% 8(% )D$% '8% 0'81($1%
)80'81%&E8(%)801$%)D$=%
%
5$*%01'!*%)D$*%&$%,E$*7)"$%*'(0%)77$,9*%"'81)//$(0%2%X@%Y%$0%Z=%
%
%
H(%&!*0!(48$%[%0F7$*%&$%/'8.$/$(0%2%
1. Le mouvement de coupe
C,%7$1/$0%?%,E'80!,%&$%"'87$1%,)%7!-"$%&)(*%,)%\'($%&$%"'(0)"0%'80!,%
N%7!-"$=%C,%$*0%('09%Mc=%%
%
+(%:1)!*)4$@%"E$*0%,E'80!,%<8!%$*0%)(!/9$%&8%/'8.$/$(0%&$%"'87$=%
C’est%généralement%une%rotation.%%
5)%.!0$**$%)**'"!9$%?%O"%$*0%,)%vitesse!de!coupe@%('09$%Vc=%]"%$*0%
49(91),$/$(0%41)(&=%
%
2. Le mouvement d’avance
C,%7$1/$0%?%,E'80!,% &$%*$% &97,)"$1%,$% ,'(4%&$% ,)%7!-"$=% C,%$*0% ('09%
Mf.%
%
+(% :1)!*)4$@% "E$*0% ,)% 7!-"$% <8!% $*0% )(!/9$% &8% /'8.$/$(0%
&E).)("$=%Le%mouvement%d’avance%est%généralement%une%translation.%%
%
5)%.!0$**$%)**'"!9$%?%O:%$*0%,)%.!0$**$%&E).)("$@%('09$%Vf=%]:%$*0%49(91),$/$(0%;$)8"'87%7,8*%7$0!0%
<8$%]"=%
%
C. La pièce :
5$*% 7!-"$*% 8*!(9$*% $(% :1)!*)4$% *'(0% 49(91),$/$(0% &$% :'1/$% 71!*/)0!<8$@% "E$*0% ?% &!1$% 8(% .',8/$%
&9,!/!09%7)1%&$*%:)"$*%7,)($*=%O)!*%'(%7$80%)8**!%19),!*$1%&E)801$*%:'1/$*%2%
• &$*%"F,!(&1$*%R&$*%7$1>)4$*%$0%&$*%),9*)4$*S%
• &$*%*81:)"$*%#9,!"'^&),$*%R&$*%.!*S%
• $(:!(@%&$*%:'1/$*%"'/7,$D$*@%"19$*%7)1%8($%01)W$"0'!1$%&9:!(!$%&$%,E'80!,=%
%
+(%:1)!*)4$@%,$*%:'1/$*%8*!(9$*%*'(0%01-*%.)1!9$*=%

Ressources(Usinage(par(enlèvement(de(matière(:(Fraisage((Page(3(
%
D. Les machines-outils
%
1. La machine conventionnelle
_%
`J0!%
a%
B!-"$%
[%
Tb0$%
c%
V#)1!'0%,'(4!08&!(),%
d%
`1'"#$%
e%
V#)1!'0%01)(*.$1*),%
f%
H80!,%R:1)!*$S%
g%
V#)1!'0%.$10!"),%
%
%
2. MOCN
h($% O)"#!($AH80!,% ?% V'//)(&$% G8/91!<8$% :'("0!'(($% &$% /)(!-1$%
)80'/)0!<8$=%%
%
a) Les différents éléments :
5$*% actionneurs% R/'0$81*@% .91!(*@===S% *'(0% "'//)(&9*% 7)1% 8(%
71'"$**$81% Rdirecteur! de! commande! numériqueS=% V$,8!A"!% *)!0%
$D7,'!0$1%$0%!(0$17190$1%,$*%!(:'1/)0!'(*%&'((9$*%7)1%,$%71'41)//$%&E8*!()4$%'8%7)1%,$*%capteurs!
de!mesure=%%
5$%pupitre!de!commande%*$10%?%"'(.$1*$1%%).$"%,$%&!1$"0$81%&$%"'//)(&$=%CC%7'**-&$%&$*%0'8"#$*%
*$(*!0!.$*@% )!(*!% <868(% 9"1)(% 41)7#!<8$=% V$,8!A"!% *$10% ?% .!*8),!*$1% 7)1% $D$/7,$% ,$% 71'41)//$@% ,$%
71':!,%:!(!%&$%,)%7!-"$@%,)%01)W$"0'!1$%&$*%'80!,*@%===%
5)% tourelle! porte<outils% 7$1/$0% &$% "#)(4$1% &E'80!,% ):!(% &$% 19),!*$1% 0'80$*% ,$*% '791)0!'(*% &E8($%
7#)*$%&E8*!()4$=%
%
b) Les axes normalisés
VE$*0%,)%&!1$"0!'(%*8!.)(0%,)<8$,,$%,$%/'8.$/$(0%$*0%"'//)(&9%(8/91!<8$/$(0%$(%"'(0!(8%
$(%.!0$**$%$0%7'*!0!'(=%%
%
5E)D$%Z%%$*0%*!089%7)1),,-,$/$(0%?%,E)D$%&$%,)%;1'"#$%71!("!7),$%<8$,,$%<8$%*'!0%,)%/)"#!($%%
5E)D$%X%$*0%)**'"!9%)8%/'8.$/$(0%<8!%&9:!(!%,$%7,8*%41)(&%&97,)"$/$(0%)71-*%).'!1%*!089%%
,E)D$%Z=%%
5E)D$%Y%:'1/$%).$"%,$*%)D$*%X%$0%Z%8(%01!-&1$%&$%*$(*%&!1$"0=%%
%
5$*% "'(*018"0$81*% &$% OHVG% '(0% "'(>8% &$*% :1)!*$8*$*% ).$"% "$*% )D$*%
*877,9/$(0)!1$*%2%iD$%&$%1'0)0!'(%&9:!(!%)80'81%&$*%)D$*%71!("!7)8D=%
%
%5$% *"#9/)% "!A"'(01$% "'11$*7'(&% ?% 8($% :1)!*$8*$% a%
)D$*%2%,$%f9/$%)D$%V%"'11$*7'(&%?%,)%0);,$%0'81()(0$%'8%7,)0$)8%"!1"8,)!1$=%K'(%
/'8.$/$(0%&$%1'0)0!'(%7$1/$0%,E8*!()4$%&$%7!-"$*%*)(*%&9/'(0)4$%*81%dcjk=%
5$%a9/$%)D$%i%"'11$*7'(&%?%,)%1'0)0!'(%&$%,)%;1'"#$%)80'81%&$%X=%
V$%0F7$%&$%:1)!*$8*$%$*0%7)1:)!0$/$(0%)&)709%?%C%l8*!()4$%&$%7!-"$*%"'/7,$D$*=%
C,%$*0%7'**!;,$%&$%1)W'80$1%7)1%$D$/7,$%8(%)801$%)D$%i%R,)%7!-"$%)80'81%&$%XS@%
8(%)D$%`@%===%2%'(%7$80%7)1:'!*%01'8.$1%&$*%/)"#!($*%m%)D$*%$0%/b/$%7,8*===%
%

Ressources(Usinage(par(enlèvement(de(matière(:(Fraisage((Page(4(
%
Z!
Y!
X!
c) Le positionnement de la pièce dans la machine
C,%$*0%(9"$**)!1$%&$%7'*!0!'(($1%,6$D019/!09%&$%,6'80!,%R7'!(0%"'81)(0S%7)1%1)77'10%?%,)%7!-"$=%
%
Origine%programme%:%OP%
B'81% 9"1!1$% 8(% 71'41)//$@% !,% $*0% "'//'&$% &$% :!D$1% 8(% 1$7-1$% *81% ,)% 7!-"$% ?% 7)10!1% &8<8$,% '(%
"),"8,$%,$*%"''1&'((9$*%&$*%7'!(0*%2%VE$*0%,E'1!4!($%71'41)//$%HB=% %
V$00$%HB%$*0%"#'!*!$%7)1%,$%71'41)//$81%"#)149%&$%7197)1$1%,)%71'&8"0!'(=%
Origine%pièce%:%Op%
5E'1&!()0$81%)%;$*'!(%&$%"'(()L01$%,)%7'*!0!'(%&$%,)%7!-"$@%!//';!,!*9$%*81%,)%0);,$%&$%,)%/)"#!($=%
VE$*0%7'81<8'!@%'(%&9:!(!0%*81%,$%:!"#!$1%&E8*!()4$@%8(%7'!(0%&E'1!4!($%7!-"$=%
VE$*0%,E'1!4!($%&8%1$7-1$%&$%/!*$%$(%7'*!0!'(%&$%,)%7!-"$%*81%,$%7'10$A7!-"$=%n8)(&%'(%"#)(4$%&$%
7!-"$@%,EH7%($%;'84$%7)*%*!%$,,$%$*0%7'*!0!'((9$%)8%/b/$%$(&1'!0%*81%,)%/)"#!($=%
%
+(%:1)!*)4$@%).$"%8(%90)8@%,EH7%$*0%*!089%2%
• +(%Z%2%*81%,$*%"),$*%&$%:1)!*)4$=%
• +(%X%2%"'(01$%,)%;809$@%
• +(%Y%2%"'(01$%,$%/'1*%:!D$@%
%
K!%'(%($%&9:!(!0%7)*%,6'1!4!($%7!-"$%).)(0%&$%&9/)11$1%
,68*!()4$@%,)%/)"#!($%19),!*$%,68*!()4$%/)!*%$,,$%démarre
n'importe où.
%
%
Origine%mesure%:%Om%
5)%/)"#!($%"'(01o,$%*$*%&97,)"$/$(0*%?%7)10!1%&68($%'1!4!($%);*',8$@%&'(0%,)%7'*!0!'(%$*0%&9:!(!$%
7)1%,$%"'(*018"0$81@%%)77$,9$%HUCpCG+%O+KhU+%2%H/=%
VE$*0%,$%M%7'!(0%\91'%P%&$%,)%/)"#!($@%?%7)10!1% &8<8$,%$,,$% "),"8,$%0'80$*% ,$*%)801$*% "''1&'((9$*=%
+,,$%$*0%1$719*$(09$%7)1%,$%*F/;',$%2%%
%H/%
%
Origine%tourelle%:%Ot%(ou%point%de%Référence%outil)%
h($%OHVG%80!,!*$%1948,!-1$/$(0%7,8*!$81*%'80!,*%&$%"'87$%&$%&!/$(*!'(*%&!::91$(0$*% $0%&'("%&$%
7'!(0*%&$%"'87$%&!::91$(0*=%K!%,$*%'80!,*%"#)(4$(0@%,$*%7'10$A'80!,*@%$(%1$.)("#$@%1$*0$(0%,$*%/b/$*=%
%
5E'1!4!($%0'81$,,$%$*0%),'1*%,$%7'!(0%")1)"091!*0!<8$%&$%,)%,!)!*'(%$(")*01$/$(0%$(01$%
,$%7'10$A'80!,%$0%,)%0'81$,,$%R'8%,)%;1'"#$%$(%:1)!*)4$S=%VE$*0%8(%7'!(0%!(.)1!)(0%<8!%
($%&97$(&%7)*%&$%,6'80!,=%
H0%$*0%94),$/$(0%,E'1!4!($%&8%7'10$A'80!,@%<8$%,E'(%:!D$%*81%,)%0'81$,,$=%
%
+(%:1)!*)4$%2%,$%"$(01$%&$%,6)D$%&$%1'0)0!'(%&$%,)%;1'"#$%*81%,)%:)"$%).)(0%&8%"o($%
&6)00)"#$/$(0=%
%
%

Ressources(Usinage(par(enlèvement(de(matière(:(Fraisage((Page(5(
%
Gk%
&E'80!,%
Gk%
"'11$"0$81%
&E'80!,%
q)84$*%
r%
RV'11$"0$81%
&F()/!<8$S
%
5%
U%
T[%
I[%
_j_=[[%
_=a_%
j%
%
3. Le point courant : T
K81% 8($% OHVG% ,$% 7'!(0% 19$,% ?% 7!,'0$1% $*0% ,$% 7'!(0% &$% "'87$% &$% ,6'80!,=% V$%
7'!(0%*$%&97,)"$%*81%,)%7!-"$%*$,'(%,)%71'41)//)0!'(%90);,!$%&)(*%,$%1$7-1$%
/)"#!($%):!(%&E8*!($1%,)%7!-"$=%
%
5)%W)84$%'80!,%7$1/$0%&$%&9:!(!1%,$%7'!(0%&$%"'87$%&$%,E'80!,=%
V$%.$"0$81% ")1)"091!*$%,)% &!/$(*!'(%&$% ,E'80!,=%C,%"#)(4$% ?%"#)<8$% :'!*%<8$%
,E'(%"#)(4$%&E'80!,=%%
C,%:)80%!(&!<8$1%"$*%.),$81*%&)(*%,$%&!1$"0$81%&$%"'//)(&$%(8/91!<8$=%%
i% "#)<8$% '80!,% 80!,!*9% "'11$*7'(&% *)% W)84$=% I-*%
<8E'(% "#)(4$% &E'80!,@% ,$% 71'41)//$% &'!0% :)!1$%
)77$,%?%,)%W)84$%"'11$*7'(&)(0%?%,E'80!,=%
%
T% $*0% 7)1:'!*% )77$,9% ,$% 7'!(0% "'81)(0%
M%B0"'81%P=%
%
E. Le porte-pièce :
+(%49(91),@%'(%80!,!*$%8(%90)8@%:!D9%*81%,)%0);,$=%C,%7$1/$0%&$%*$11$1%8($%
7!-"$%$(01$%[%:)"$*%7)1),,-,$*=%%
V$0%90)8%$*0%'1!$(0);,$@%&$%:)>'(%?%7,)"$1%,)%7!-"$%$(%01).$1*%&$%,)%0);,$=%
%
O)!*% ,'1*<8$% ,)% 7!-"$% $*0% &$% :'1/$% "'/7,$D$@% '8% <8$% ,E'(% &9*!1$% 8($% /!*$% $(%
7'*!0!'(%7)10!"8,!-1$@%'(%7$80%80!,!*$1%8(%/'(0)4$%&E8*!()4$%2%
%
H(%7$80%)8**!%:!D$1%,)%7!-"$%&!1$"0$/$(0%*81%,)%0);,$=%
%
F. Les opérations d’usinage
%
K81:)>)4$%
+7)8,$/$(0%
U)!(81)4$%
V'(0'81()4$%
%
%
%
%
B'!(0)4$%
B$1>)4$%
i,9*)4$%
%
%
%
+4),$/$(0%7'81%8*!($1%&$*%
01'8*@%/)!*%,$%71'"9&9%$*0%
&!::91$(0%")1%&)(*%"$%")*@%
'(%"#$1"#$%?%';0$(!1%&$*%
01'8*%719"!*%R&$*%),9*)4$*S%
%
%
%
L!
R!