25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et

Impact of climate change
on nutritional quality
of grain and fruits
Hélène Gautier INRA Avignon, Plantes et Systèmes horticoles
Carolyne Dürr INRA Angers, Horticulture et Semences
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Effects of high temperatures during grain filling
Pea 15-20°C 30-35°C
Greenhouses Dijon and Angers
Oil seed rape 15-20°C 19-33°C
Greenhouses Caen
Wheat 15-21 °C
23-29°C
Polytunnels Clermont-Ferrand
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Grain : main nutritional components
WHEAT
OILSEED RAPE
PEA
STARCH
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
% grain DW
% grain DW
% grain DW
65
50
12
23
25
2
45
17
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Effects of high temperatures during grain filling
70
14
60
12
LT
10
Wheat
Caq40
HT
50
8
40
6
30
4
20
2
10
0
Protein content (% seed DW)
LT
HT
0
Starch content (% seed DW)
Total protein content:
overall increase
Starch, oligosaccharides:
stable or decrease
Fatty acids:
varying results
Oilseed
Rape
Canvin,
1967;
CAQ40)
Pea
CAQ40
AGAP,
2000)
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Exposure to high temperatures leads to negative changes in
protein composition
Wheat gliadins
Source : Daniel and Triboï, 2000
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Negative changes in fatty acid profiles
and in starch composition and granule types
Oilseed rape
ω9
Source CAQ40,
Brunel-Muguet
et al, 2015
ω6
ω3
Pea
Wheat
Source Liu et al, 2011 (3 days, 13DAP)
Source INRA AGAP Final report Dijon Nantes, 2000
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Fruit specificity
 High water content: 80 up to 95%
 Quality criteria for fresh fruit
 Fruit size, color
 Fruit dry matter content and taste
(sweetness / acidity, …)
 Nutritional quality, flavor
(secondary metabolites)
Dry matter
Polyphenols, …
Organic acids
Cell wall sugars
Water
80%
 Determine key periods and processes
sensitive to water or HT stresses
 Processes affected : transport, dilution,
metabolism?
 (Genetic variability to water stress)
 Modeling approach to find ideotypes
(G*E*P)
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Specifications for Protective Geographic Indication
«Corsican clementine»
• Acidity ranging from 0.65 to 1.4
(g citric acid/ 100g juice)
• Percentage of juice > 42%
• Sugar/Acidity ratio ranging 8 to 17
• Orange color without activation >
80% at harvest
 Aprodec
.08
BLOQUEL EMMANUEL/ Elevage ovin et gestion de l’enherbement en agrumiculture
JOUR / MOIS / ANNEE
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Changes over time (1960-2012)
in clementine acidity at harvest
Acidity (week 44)
Acidity at harvest and
average temperature
throughout the crop cycle
(g citic acid/100ml juice)
Year
INRA Corsica experimental orchards
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Impact of water deprivation on fruit nutritional quality:
Key periods (flesh peach phenolic compounds)
2 500
Hydroxycinnamic acids content
(mg/gMS)
3CQA
2 000
5CQA
Flavanols content (mg/gMS)
8 000
1 500
6 000
1 000
4 000
500
2 000
0
Control
S1
S2
S3
catéchine
épicatéchine
procyanidines
0
Control
S1
S2
S3
 Water deprivation impact varies according to its period of occurrence
 Early water stress (during division and cell expansion) mostly increased hydroxycinnamic
acids (3CQA, 5 CQA)
 Water deficit during pit hardening had no significant effect on phenolic compounds
 Late water deficit mostly increased procyanidins and catéchine and to a lesser extend
hydroxycinnamic acids (5CQA)
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit taste
(tomato sugars, acids, …)
Cv LA1420
+
Ex. Fruit size: Different responses depending on fruit
developmental stage when the water stress occurred
Cumulated water stress different from the additional effects of
two water stresses (ex. no impact on sugar concentration)
Exprimé en masse fraiche
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Impact single or repeated periods of water deprivation on fruit
antioxidants)
Cv LA1420
+
Repeated water deprivation increased
antioxidant compounds concentration
(lycopene, Vit C)
Exprimé en masse fraiche
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Processes impacted by water deprivation
(dilution/metabolism)
% masse fraiche
% matière sèche
Cv LA1420
•
•
Effect on fresh weight: What process involved?
• dilution or metabolism
Expression on dry weight eliminates dilution effect linked to changes
in water content
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Processes impacted by water deprivation
(dilution/metabolism)
% masse fraiche
% matière sèche
Cv LA1420
•
•
What process involved (water deprivation during maturation)?
• For sugars: both metabolic and concentration effect
• Reduced citric acid metabolism masked by changes in water content
Not shown Variability between genotypes responses to Water deprivation
• Necessary to find a plant indicator of water status
• And to identify key processes affected by plant water status
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
PERSPECTIVES: Research of plant performance indicators
and Use of model to optimize plant management
Index (vs control)
1,2


Using an integrated QualiTree-soil-root
model to optimizing irrigation on
different objectives to find the most
appropriate amount and calendar for
irrigation
The best fruit yield, quality and
marketable product are not necessarily
obtained in the same irrigation system.
Zéphir
1,1
1
0,9
0,8
Yield
TSS
Marketable product
0,7
0,6
-2,2
-2
-1,8 -1,6 -1,4 -1,2 -1
Stem potential (MPa)
-0,8 -0,6
Variation of performance indicators
in relation to mean stem :c
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
CONCLUSIONS
Also altered
Transformation process, conservation
Seed production
Genetic diversity to be explored (PIA)
Pluriannual effects of CC on tree production
Epigenetics effects
Changes in crop species rather than breeding for adaptation;
changes in food systems
Modelling : a number of initiatives, but not yet operating results
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Teams involved in CAQ 40 Project (MP ACCAF)
Sophie Brunel-Muguet
EVA Caen
Christine Girousse
GDEC Clermont-Ferrand
Annabelle Larmure
Agroecology Dijon
René Lessire , Annick Moing, Yves Gibon
BFP Bordeaux
Agnes Sabaté, Colette Larré, Bénédicte Bakan
BIA Nantes
Carolyne Dürr , Marie-Hélène Wagner (GEVES)
IRHS Angers
Inaki Garcia de C, Marie Launay
Agroclim, Avignon
Mathilde Causse
GAFL, Avignon
Olivier Pailly
GEQA, Corse
Gilles Vercambre, Nadia Bertin, Daniel Plenet, Hélène Gautier PSH, Avignon
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique
Effets du stress discontinu pour les 8 parents de la MAGIC TOM
CD&CE
Exprimé en masse fraiche
Interaction GxE
25 Octobre 2016, Alimentation, systèmes alimentaires et changement climatique