Synthesis Books, book chapters, peer-‐reviewed scientific

1
! ! ! ! ! "#$%&'()$!*+!,"-.".!
/012!34!567/08"203.1!
!
19':;$<=<!
29>$!?@!>AB#=C&:=?'!
.ADB$)!!
"#$%$&'$(!)*+%,-&.,/0'1!
2$$#3#$4,$5$(!'-,$0.,6,-!)&)$#'!
78!
9//:'!
;!
9//:!-<&).$#'!
7=!
>,?0,6,-&0.!?#$@!%,.$#&.*#$!
77!
A,'-$%%&0$/*'!)*+%,-&.,/0'!
BC!
!
!
!
7??E<F!B??E!C;&>:$)<F!>$$)G)$H=$I$(!<C=$':=@=C!>&>$)<F!<=J'=@=C&':!J)$9!#=:$)&:A)$!
KLMN!
,&J'&'! "+*+D! E,+$#&! FGD! 7HC;G! I%/+&%! &(&).&.,/0! &6.$#! 2&#,'G! !"#$%"$!"2/%,-@! J/#*K1D! B=7D! ;78C!L! C7MH3C7M7G!
(/,!L!CHGCC7;N'-,$0-$G&&6=HH7G!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$!L!%,0:G!
,&J'&'! "+*D! P/%/K+,$#! AGD! 9,%%Q! EGD! R//'! JGD! S/$?<3I*%(+$#?! TGD! 2U#.0$#! SG3TGD! V&,'K&0! SGD! >)$0-$#! FGD!
I&..*'/! RG32G! 7HC;G! WK)%,-&.,/0'! /6! .<$! 2&#,'! O?#$$K$0.! 6/#! .<$! /-$&0G! &'()*$+ ,-#.'($+ ,/'%0$!
"P/KK$0.&#@1!C;"M1L!XB73XBYG!(/,L!CHGCHBMN0-%,K&.$BHBMG!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$L!<..)LNN#(-*G+$N,,?FG!!
,&J'&'! "+*+D!>-<,))$#!ZGD!9*#:$..!AGD!9<&#5&0,!>GD!9*#./0!WGD![#,:'$0!>GD!I$K$00$!JGD!>-<&&#!RGD!\,$#4/?$%!IGD!
7HC;G!O((#$'',0?!.<$!#,':!/6!K&%&(&).&.,/0!./!-%,K&.$!-<&0?$G!12345+,-#.'($+,/'%0$!"O(4&0-$(!E$4,$51!D!
X"=1!L!;Y;3;;=G!(/,L!CHGCHH7N5--GYH8G!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+*+D![.,$00$!>GD!>&%K/0!PGD!2,?0/03A*''&*(!PGD!7HC;G!O''$'',0?!,K)&-.'!/6!&0(!#$',%,$0-$!./!
.#/),-&%!-@-%/0$'!,0!'K&%%!,'%&0('L!F#/),-&%!P@-%/0$!9$_,'&D!E$*0,/0!W'%&0(!"W0(,&0!T-$&01G!&'()*'-+6'7'*85!
"E$'$&#-<!O#.,-%$1D!MB"C1!L!;HC3;YH!"`![##&.*K1G!(/,L!CHGCHHXN'CCH;83HC;37BBM3=!
V$&.<$#(/0! ZGD! ,&J'&'! "+*+D! E/?$#'! OG]GD! >*K&,%&! aGEGD! P<$*0?! VGVGZGD! 7HC;G! T+'$#4$(! &0(! )#/_$-.$(!
,K)&-.'! /6! -%,K&.$! -<&0?$! /0! K&#,0$! 6,'<$#,$'D! &b*&-*%.*#$D! -/&'.&%! ./*#,'K! &0(! <*K&0! <$&%.<L! &0!
*)(&.$G!9*:%(#$*5+#%+;'*#%$+!"#$%"$!BL!&#.G!YMG!(/,L!CHGBBM8N6K&#'G7HC;GHHHYM!
,&J'&'! "+*+D! 7HC;G! A$.#,-'! 0$$($(! ./! .#&-:! &(&).&.,/0G! &'()*$+"P/##$')/0($0-$1D! =BHL! C;HG! (/,L!
CHGCHBMN=BHC;H(G!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$!L!<..)LNN#(-*G+$N,9-.G!
,&J'&'!"+*+D!I&..*'/!RG32GD!7HC;G!F<$!-&'-&(,0?!$66$-.'!/6!-%,K&.$3#$%&.$(!-<&0?$'!,0!.<$!/-$&0G!W0!9&c.$#!RGAGD!
Z&6/%%$@!]G!"[('G1!4<=-'#%#%0+:"$'%+>'*.#%0+?+"')5$5@+5"'-$@+$AA$"(5+'%8+":%5$B)$%"$5D!WaPd37HC;3HY;D!
I%&0(L!YX3=YG!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$L!%,0:G!
,&J'&'!"+*+D!9&#.<Q%$K@!2GD!>)$0-$#!FGD!7HC;G![c.#$K$!4*%0$#&+,%,.@!./!$04,#/0K$0.&%!-<&0?$L!&0.,-,)&.,0?!
-#,'$'!&0(!+*,%(,0?!&0!,0.$#0&.,/0&%!#$')/0'$G!9&-:?#/*0(!0/.$!./!.<$!2(C5+D#.$+P/06$#$0-$D!K&@!7HC;D!
2&#,'D!J#&0-$G!
E&0-<Q!AGD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!P&#&-.Q#,'&.,/0!($!%e<&+,.&.!($'!&./%%'!($!E&0?,#/&!$.!F,:$<&*D!2/%@0Q',$!
6#&0f&,'$G!E$)/#.!/6!.<$!P&)O(&).!&0(!E$/K$#'!)#/_$-.'D!W]]EWD!7;!)G!
]*4&.!^GD!>&%K/0!PGD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!E)#8$+.F(/:8:-:0#B)$+=:)*+-C'%'-G5$+8$5+H+(*'I$"(:#*$5+8$+
J)-%F*'K#-#(F+L+8$5+-#((:*')<+M+N==-#"'(#:%+O+-CP-$+8$+-'+3F)%#:%G+E$)/#.!/6!.<$!P&)O(&).!&0(!E$/K$#'!
)#/_$-.'D!W]]EWD!=H!)G!
E&0-<Q!AGD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!]*4&.!^GgG[GD!7HC;G!Q$5+8#5=:5#(#A5+8$+=*:($"(#:%+-#((:*'-$+5)*+-$5+'(:--5+8$+3'%0#*:'+$(+
D#R$/')@+S:-G%F5#$G!E$)/#.!/6!.<$!P&)O(&).!&0(!E$/K$#'!)#/_$-.'D!W]]EWD!;H!)G!
KLMO!
I&..*'/!RG32GD!,&J'&'!"+D!9,%%Q!EGD!P<$*0?!VGVGZGD!S/5$'![GZGD!R//'!JGD!O%%$K&0(!]GD!9/))!ZGD!P//%$@!>GD![&:,0!
AGD!S/$?<3I*%(+$#?!TGD!g$%%@!EG2GD!2U#.0$#!SG3TGD!E/?$#'!OGD!9&c.$#!RGAGD!Z&6/%%$@!]GD!T'+/#0!]GD!E&0:/4,-!
OGD!E/-<$..$!RGD!>*K&,%&!aGEGD!F#$@$#!>GD!F*#%$@!PGD!7HC=G!P/0.#&'.,0?!J*.*#$'!6/#!T-$&0!&0(!>/-,$.@!6#/K!

2
],66$#$0.! O0.<#/)/?$0,-! PT7![K,'',/0'! >-$0&#,/'G! !"#$%"$!"E$4,$5! O#.,-%$1D! BY8! ";7YB1G! (/,L!
CHGCC7;N'-,$0-$G&&-YX77G!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$L!<..)LNN555G/+'34%6#G6#Nh?&..*'/N'-,$0-$i#$)#,0.G)<)G!!
,&J'&'! "+D!]*4&.! ^GD!7HC=G! Z&! 6&+#,b*$!($'!-&.&'.#/)<$'!j0&.*#$%%$'kG!&'()*$5+!"#$%"$5+!:"#F(F5D!7B!"71L!8X3
CHMG!!
,&J'&'!"+*+D!9,%%Q!EGD!P//%$@!>GEGD!g$%%@!EGD!2U#.0$#!SG3TGD!F*#%$@!PGD!I&..*'/!RG32GD!7HC=G!W0.$#.5,0$(!T-$&0!&0(!
P%,K&.$L!,K)%,-&.,/0!6/#!,0.$#0&.,/0&%!-%,K&.$!0$?/.,&.,/0'G!2TT32+S:-#"G+U*#$AD!HYNC=D!Y!)G!l!W0!Y!Z&0?*&?$'L!
[0?%,'<D!J#$0-<D!>)&0,'<!&0(!P<,0$'$G!
,&J'&'!"+D!]*4&.!^GD!7HC=G!2</')<&.$!K,0,0?!#,':'!&./%%!-*%.*#$G!&'()*$!"P/##$')/0($0-$1D!=77L!C=;G!
(/,LCHGCHBMN=77C=;+G!O4&,%&+%$!<$#$!L!<..)LNN#(-*G+$N,9?VG!!
I$K$00$! JGD!,&J'&'! "+*+D! 7HC=G! 2$0'$#! ($'! .#&_$-./,#$'! ,00/4&0.$'! (e&(&).&.,/0NF<,0:,0?! /6! ,00/4&.,/0!
&(&).&.,/0!.#&_$-./#,$'G!2%!Z&4,%%$!9GD!F<,Q+&*%.!>GD![*m$0!OG!"[('G1D!V)$--$5+5:-)(#:%5+A'"$+')+"/'%0$.$%(+
"-#.'(#B)$+W+PdE>!n(,.,/0'D!2&#,'!L!BCB3BC8G+
,&J'&'! "+D! E,+$#&! FGD! F#$@$#! >GD! 7HC=G! d&.,/0&%! &(&).&.,/0! ,'! &%'/! &! ?%/+&%! -/0-$#0G+2TT32+ 1:*R#%0+ S'=$*D!
HYNC=D!CY!)G!
V$&.<$#(/0! ZGD! E/?$#'! OGD! >*K&,%&! EGD! ,&J'&'! "+D! P<$*0?! VGD! 7HC=G! O0! *)(&.$(! *0($#'.&0(,0?! /6! .<$!
/+'$#4$(!&0(!)#/_$-.$(!,K)&-.'!/6!/-$&0!5&#K,0?!&0(!&-,(,6,-&.,/0!/0!K&#,0$!&0(!-/&'.&%!'/-,/$-/0/K,-!
&-.,4,.,$'N'$-./#'G!2TT32+!()8GD!HBNC=D!Y;!)G!
]*4&.! ^GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! I&..*'/! RG32GD! 7HC=G! >K&%%! ,'%&0('D! T-$&0! &0(! P%,K&.$G! >)$-,&%! #$)/#.! ./! .<$! >-,$0.,6,-!
P/KK,..$$!/6!.<$!T-$&0!&0(!P%,K&.$!2%&.$6/#KD!!A&#-<!7HC=D!C7!)G!!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HC=G!W'%&0('!'.&.$'D!>]I'!&0(!-%,K&.$L!,0.$#0&.,/0&%!6/#*K!&0(!0&.,/0&%!)#/_$-.'G!W0!2&*?&K!OGD!
E,+$#&!FGD!F*+,&0&!ZGD!2&-<&*#,!EGgG!"[('G1L!N+=-'%$(+A:*+Q#A$@+(:>'*85+'+5)5('#%'K-$+A)()*$D!F[EW!2#$''D!]$%<,D!
7BM!)GL!=Y3=MG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HC=G! Z$'! )$.,.'! n.&.'! ,0'*%&,#$'D! %$&($#'! (e*0! )#/-$''*'! /0*',$0! $0! .#&0',.,/0o! W0! 2&*?&K! OGD!
E,+$#&! FGD! F*+,&0&! ZGD! 2&-<&*#,! EGgG! "[('G1L! 3$0'*85+ 5)*+ -'+ D$**$?+ ":%5(*)#*$+ )%+ .:%8$+ 8)*'K-$D! OG! P/%,0D!
2&#,'D!7=7!)GL!X83MBG!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+D!I&..*'/!RG32GD!7HC=G!Z$'!)$.,.$'!p%$'D!%e/-Q&0!$.!%$!-%,K&.G!>)$-,&%!#$)/#.!./!.<$!>-,$0.,6,-!
P/KK,..$$!/6!.<$!T-$&0!&0(!P%,K&.$!2%&.$6/#KD!!A&#-<!7HC=D!C7!)G!!
,&J'&'! "+D!]*4&.! ^GD! I*Q#,0$&*! 9GD! E/*''$&*! ]G!7HC=G!Q'+=$*"$=(#:%+8$5+ *#5B)$5+ -#F5+O+ -'+ .$*+ O+ -'+3F)%#:%G!
E$)/#.!";!4/%*K$'1!./!.<$!EQ?,/0!EQ*0,/0!&0(!.<$!J/0(&.,/0!($!J#&0-$G!
KLMP!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HCYG!T$5+"'('5(*:=/$5X+H+%'()*$--$5+L+W!Z$!2/KK,$#39$%,0D!2&#,'D!BCC!)G!l!>$%$-.$(!6/#!
.<$!&5&#(!2#,c!(*!Z,4#$![04,#/00$K$0.!7HCYG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCYG! O4/,(,0?! K&%&(&).&.,/0! ./! -%,K&.$! -<&0?$L! ./5&#('! ?*,(,0?! )#,0-,)%$'G! !YNYSY2Y4Y&Y!YD! X"C1G!
O4&,%&+%$!<$#$!L!<..)'LNN'&),$0'G#$4*$'G/#?NC;MHG!!!
]*4&.! ^GD!,&J'&'! "+!"[('G1D! 7HCYG! 3F8)#*$+ -$5+ *#5B)$5+ -#((:*')<+ $(+ 5C'8'=($*+ ')+ "/'%0$.$%(+ "-#.'(#B)$G!
2#/-$$(,0?'!/6!.<$!'@K)/',*K!,0!Z&!E/-<$%%$!"73Y!O)#,%!7HCY1D!J#&0-$G!!!
,&J'&'!"+F!7HCYG!J#/K!4*%0$#&+,%,.@!./!&(&).&.,/0!./!-%,K&.$!-<&0?$!L!6//(!6/#!.</*?<.'!,0!'/-,&%!'-,$0-$'G!W0!
A/0&-/!OGD!2#/*m$.!2G!"[('G1!Z)-%$*'K#-#(G+:A+,:'5('-+4":5G5($.5+'%8+N8'=('(#:%D!R/<0!V,%$@!q!>/0'L!7773
7;7G!
,&J'&'! "+D!E,+$#&!FGD!F#$@$#! >GD! >)$0-$#! FGD! 7HCYG! V<&.! &(&).&.,/0! -<&).$#!,0!.<$! 0$5! -%,K&.$! &?#$$K$0.o+
2TT32+S:-#"G+U*#$A5D!H8NCYD!=!)G!!
,&J'&'!"+F!7HCYG!]$!%&!4*%0Q#&+,%,.Q!r!%e&(&).&.,/0!&*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$!L!Q%QK$0.'!($!#Q6%$c,/0!)/*#!%$'!
'-,$0-$'!'/-,&%$'G!W0!A/0&-/!OGD!2#/*m$.!2G!"(,#G1D!3#5B)$5+"[(#$*5+$(+'8'=('(#:%5+8$5+5:"#F(F5D!W>F[![(,.,/0'D!
))G!7YC37XYG!
KLMQ!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'! "+D!2/*?$.!JGD!7HCBG! [c)/'*#$!/6!&./%%!)/)*%&.,/0!./!-/&'.&%! $#/',/0!&0(!6%//(,0?L!&!>/*.<!
F&#&5&!&''$''K$0.D!g,#,+&.,G!!)5('#%'K#-#(G+!"#$%"$D!>)$-,&%!,''*$!/0!>K&%%!,'%&0('D!M!"B1L!Y7B3YYHG!
]*4&.!^G!"[(G1D!,&J'&'!"+D!A/''/.!IGD!E$@''$.!9GD!I&%%,/.!AGD!9/00&#(/.!JGD!]&0(,0!2GD!2&%&0@!2GD!7HCBG!\)(*$M
;$*+$(+"/'%0$.$%(+"-#.'(#B)$G!Z&!]/-*K$0.&.,/0!J#&0f&,'$D!2&#,'!l!E$)/#.!./!.<$!2#,K$!A,0,'.$#!&0(!.<$!
2&#%,&K$0.D!T+'$#4&./,#$!d&.,/0&%!'*#!%$'![66$.'!(*!EQ-<&*66$K$0.!P%,K&.,b*$!"Td[EPD!J#&0-$1G!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCBG! ,/'%0$.$%(+ "-#.'(#B)$+?+ (:)5+ J)-%F*'K-$5+W+ 3$=$%5$*+ -$5+ #%F0'-#(F5!"6/#$5/#(! 6#/K! SG! Z$!
F#$*.1G![(,.,/0'!($!%&!E*$!]ea%KD!2&#,'D!;;!)G!!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HCBG!n4,.$#!%&!K&%&(&).&.,/0!&*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$D+2TT32+S:-#"G+U*#$A5D!HMNCBD!Y!)G!

3
9,%%Q! EGD! ]/50,0?! FGD! I&#0&*(! 9GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! >K,.<! 9GD! F&@%/#! EGD! 7HCBY+ N8'=('(#:%+ 5(*'($0#$5+ A:*+ (/$+
A$(,.$##&0$&0G!P<&).$#!C7!,0!L!OG!d&4&##&!&0(!ZG!F*+,&0&!"$('G1D!3$0#:%'-+N55$55.$%(+:A+,-#.'($+,/'%0$+
#%+(/$+;$8#($**'%$'%D!O(4&0-$'!,0!I%/+&%!P<&0?$!E$'$&#-<!=CD!>)#,0?$#D!)G!7B=37;7G!
,&J'&'! "+D! S&K,%./0! RGD! E/''$%%/! RGD! 9,%%Q! EGD! 9*_/'&! OGD! 7HCBG+A$(,.$##&0$&0! F/*#,'K! &0(! P%,K&.$! P<&0?$L!
W($0.,6@,0?! J*.*#$! ]$K&0(! &0(! O''$'',0?! ]$'.,0&.,/0'e! ^*%0$#&+,%,.@G! P<&).$#! C=! ,0!L! OG!d&4&##&! &0(! ZG!
F*+,&0&!"$('G1D!3$0#:%'-+N55$55.$%(+:A+,-#.'($+,/'%0$+#%+(/$+;$8#($**'%$'%D!O(4&0-$'!,0!I%/+&%!P<&0?$!
E$'$&#-<!=CD!>)#,0?$#D!)G!BBX3B;=G!!
,&J'&'!"+D!]*4&.!^GD!2/*?$.!JGD!7HCBG!Ze&#-<,)$%!($!g,#,+&.,!$0.#$!(Q4$%/))$K$0.!0/0!(*#&+%$!$.!-<&0?$K$0.!
-%,K&.,b*$!L!b*$%%$'!#$-<$#-<$'!)/*#!b*$%%$!&(&).&.,/0!o+2TT32+S:-#"G+U*#$A5D!H8NCBD!M!)G!
KLMK!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HC7G!,$5+P-$5+B)#+=:)**'#$%(+8#5='*'P(*$G!Z$!2/KK,$#39$%,0D!2&#,'D!C8C!)G!l!Z&*#$&.$!6/#!
.<$!R$&0!E/'.&0(!2#,-$!7HCYG!
,:--$"(#J$+ J:-).$+ ]^_+ :(/$*+ ')(/:*5`@+ ab^aY+ ^cb+ B)$5(#:%5+ 5)*+ -C:"F'%+ $(+ -$+ "-#.'(D! 4%+ 8#*$"(+ 'J$"+ -$5+
5"#$%(#A#B)$5G![(G!Z$!2/KK,$#Na0,4$#'-,$0-$D!2&#,'D!77Y!)G!!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HC7G! n4&%*$#! $<+ '%($!%&! )$#.,0$0-$! ($'!)#/_$.'! %/-&*c! (e&(&).&.,/0!&*! -<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!
Z$*(#0\D!C7"B1G!T0!%,0$D!8.<!d/4$K+$#!7HC7G!!
,&J'&'! "+D! ]*4&.! ^GD! I&#0,$#! [GD! 7HC7G! E$-/0'.,.*$#! %$'! s!.#&_$-./,#$'! ($! 4*%0Q#&+,%,.Q!t! )/*#! )$0'$#!
(,66Q#$KK$0.! %e&(&).&.,/0! &*! -<&0?$K$0.! -%,K&.,b*$D! &'()*$5+ !"#$%"$5+ !:"#F(F5D! 7HL! M738CG! ]/,L!
CHGCH=CN0''N7HC7HHMG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HC7G! W($0.,6,$#! $.! '*#4$,%%$#! %$'! ,K)&-.'! '&0,.&,#$'! (*! -<&0?$K$0.! -%,K&.,b*$! )/*#! 'e@! &(&).$#!
"[(,./#,&%1NW($0.,6@!&0(! K/0,./#! .<$!,K)&-.'!/6! -%,K&.$! -<&0?$!/0!<$&%.<D! ,0! &0! &(&).&.,/0! )$#')$-.,4$G!
>)$-,&%!,''*$!/6!.<$!U)--$(#%+4=#8F.#:-:0#B)$+6$K8:.'8'#*$D!C73CBL!CY=3CY;G!
,&J'&'! "GD! 7HC7G+Z$*5+ )%$+ 5(*'(F0#$+ 8C'8'=('(#:%+ ')+ "/'%0$.$%(+ "-#.'(#B)$+ 8'%5+ -$+ !)8M\)$5(+ 8$+ -C:"F'%+
2%8#$%+?+5G%(/d5$+8)+=*:0*'..$+O--%,K&.$G!E$)/#.!)#$)&#$(!6/#!.<$!W0(,&0!T-$&0!P/KK,'',/0D!A&*#,.,*'D!
=;!)G!!
KLMM!
O4$#@!OGgGD!,&J'&'!"+D!I&#0&*(!9GD!]/0$@!>GPGD!7HCCG!P<&0?,0?!-%,K&.$D!-<&0?,0?!/-$&0D!-<&0?,0?!)%&0$.G!2%?!
R&-b*$.!2GD!2&-<&*#,!EGgGD!F*+,&0&!ZG!"[('G1D!\"$'%5@+(/$+%$>+A*:%(#$*D!F[EW!2#$''D!]$%<,D!7BX!)GL!77=37BXG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCCG! [.! %$'! S/KK$'!o! 2%+?+ [G! 9&#(! "$(G1!L! s!QC\"F'%@+ -$+ "-#.'(+ $(+ %:)5+?+ )%+ FB)#-#K*$+ A*'0#-$+W!tD!
[(,.,/0'!Z$!2/KK,$#Na0,4$#'-,$0-$![(,.,/0'D!2&#,'D!C;M!)G!L!CB;3C;YG!!
O4$#@!OGgGD!,&J'&'!"+D!I&#0&*(!9GD!]/0$@!>GPGD!7HCCG!P%,K&.!L!%e$0_$*!)/*#!%$'!/-Q&0'G!2%?!R&-b*$.!2GD!2&-<&*#,!
EGgGD!F*+,&0&!ZG!"(,#G1!L!\"F'%5@+-'+%:)J$--$+6#/0.,u#$D!3$0'*85+5)*+-'+($**$D!OG!P/%,0D!2&#,'D!B=X!)GL!BBX3BY8G!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HCCG!P/KK$0.!&+/#($#!%&!b*$'.,/0!(*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$!(&0'!%$'!)$.,.$'!p%$'!.#/),-&%$'!o!2%+
9&#.!JG!"[(G1!L!&'()*$5+(*:=#"'-$5+?+$%I$)<+'"()$-5+$(+=$*5=$"(#J$5D!2a9D!-/%%G!s![')&-$'!.#/),-&*c!tD!7H!L!=HC3
=C=G!
KLML!
F*+,&0&! ZGD! I$K$00$! JGD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCHG+N%(#"#=$*+ =:)*+ 5C'8'=($*+?+ -$+ %:)J$-+ $%I$)+ 8)+ "/'%0$.$%(+
"-#.'(#B)$G![(,.,/0'!2$&#'/0D!J#&0-$D!2&#,'D!7H;!)G!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HCHG!]$'!&#-<,)$%'!$0!)Q#,%!o!Z$'!A&%(,4$'!$.!%$'!g,#,+&.,!6&-$!&*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!
Z$*(#0\D!')$-,&%!,''*$L!s!Q$5+=$(#(5+($**#(:#*$5+#%5)-'#*$5+A'"$+')<+"/'%0$.$%(5+"-#.'(#B)$5+?+J)-%F*'K#-#(F@+
'8'=('(#:%+$(+8FJ$-:==$.$%(!!tD!CH"B1G!vT0!%,0$D!7H.<!]$-$K+$#!7HCHG!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HCHG!w*$'.,/0'!($!#$-<$#-<$!&*./*#!($!%e&(&).&.,/0!&*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!&'()*$5+!"#$%"$5+
!:"#F(F5D!CML!77837BBG!
]*4&.! ^GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCHG! W00/4&.,/0D! '@'.uK$! ($! )#/(*-.,/0! ./*#,'.,b*$! $.! #,'b*$'! 0&.*#$%'!L! b*$%%$!
(*#&+,%,.Q!($!(Q4$%/))$K$0.!)/*#!%e&#-<,)$%!($'!A&%(,4$'!o+2%L!F<,+&*%(!9G!$.!J#&0f/,'!OG!"(,#G1!L!!G5(d.$5+
8$+=*:8)"(#:%+$(+8)*'K#-#(F+8'%5+-$5+='G5+8)+!)8G!g&#.<&%&D!2&#,'L!7XX378BG!
I&#0&*(!9GD!9,%%Q!EGD!]&--&#$..!FGD!]$K&''$!xGD!]*b*$..$!AGD!I$0.,&%!TGD!S&%%$?&..$!>GD!Z$6u4#$!9GD!,&J'&'!"+D!
^,?*,Q!^GD!7HCHG!Q$5+J#--$5+')I:)*8C/)#@+-'K:*'(:#*$5+8C'8'=('(#:%+')+"/'%0$.$%(+"-#.'(#B)$G!2%?+JQ4#,$#![G!
$(+'-YD!Z#--$5+$(+'8'=('(#:%+')+"/'%0$.$%(+"-#.'(#B)$D!E$)/#.!/6!.<$!T+'$#4&./,#$!d&.,/0&%!'*#!%$'![66$.'!(*!
EQ-<&*66$K$0.!P%,K&.,b*$!"Td[EPD!J#&0-$1!./!.<$!2#,K$!A,0,'.$#!&0(!.<$!2&#%,&K$0.D!Z&!]/-*K$0.&.,/0!
J#&0f&,'$D!2&#,'!L!XC3C7HG!

4
,&J'&'! "+D!7HCHG!9:*+'+K$(($*+)%8$*5('%8#%0+:A+'8'=(#J$+"'='"#(G+(:+"-#.'($+"/'%0$?+'+*$5$'*"/+A*'.$>:*RG!
O0&%@','!W]]EWD!7NCHD!7;!)G!
I$K$00$! JGD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCHG! 4%J#*:%.$%('-+ "/'%0$5+ '%8+ .#0*'(#:%+ #%+ (/$+ 3$=)K-#"+ :A+ ;')*#(#)5?+ '%+
'55$55.$%(+*$=:*(G!2#$)&#$(!6/#!.<$!W0.$#0&.,/0&%!T66,-$!6/#!A,?#&.,/0D!A&*#,.,*'!T66,-$D!d/4$K+$#!7HCHD!
CHC!)G!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HCHG!2#/)/'.&!(,!#,-$#-&!)$#!-&),#$!%&!-&)&-,.r!(,!&(&..&K$0./!&%!-&K+,&K$0./!-%,K&.,-/G!2-+S:-:D!
Zy^!"C1L!XB388G!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HCHG! P/&'.&%! ./*#,'KD! -%,K&.$! -<&0?$! *0-$#.&,0.,$'! &0(! &(&).&.,/0! /).,/0'G! 2%+ 9#$++,&! PGOGD!
2,0$(&! JG]G! "[('G1D! !)5('#%'K-$+ D:)*#5.+ 2ZD! 2#/-$$(,0?'! /6! .<$! J/*#.<! ,0.$#0&.,/0&%! -/06$#$0-$! /0!
'*'.&,0&+%$!./*#,'KD!VWF!2#$''D!O'<*#'.D!>/*.<&K)./0D!agD!=87!)GD!77837YHG!
E/-<$..$! RGD!,&J'&'! "+D! 9,%%Q! EGD! 7HCHG! I$'.,/0! ,0.Q?#Q$! ($'! m/0$'! -z.,u#$'! $.! &(&).&.,/0! &*! -<&0?$K$0.!
-%,K&.,b*$!$0!AQ(,.$##&0Q$!2%+L!Z&mm$#,!xG!$.!A/*'.,$#![G!"(,#G1!L!Q$+8FJ$-:==$.$%(+8)*'K-$+8'%5+-C$5='"$+
.F8#($**'%F$%+?+)%$+0:)J$*%'%"$+O+#%J$%($*G!ZeS&#K&..&0D!2&#,'L!883C7HG!
KLLR!&'(!
B$@?)$!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH8G! Q$+ (:)*#5.$+ -#((:*'-+ $%+ ;F8#($**'%F$+?+ ($%8'%"$5+ $(+ =$*5=$"(#J$5+ A'"$+ ')+ "/'%0$.$%(+
"-#.'(#B)$G!W]]EWe'!'$#,$'!j28F$5+=:)*+-$+8FK'(kD!YNH8D!YM!)G!
9,%%Q!EGD!g,$:$0!SGD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HH8G!D:)*#5.+'%8+"-#.'($+"/'%0$?+"/'--$%0$5+'%8+=*:5=$"(5G!2#/-$$(,0?'!/6!.<$!
#$?,/0&%! 5/#:'</)! /0+eS*:.:(#%0+ 5)5('#%'K-$+ (:)*#5.+ #%+ (/$+ ;$8#($**'%$'%eD! AO2! F$-<0,-&%! E$)/#.'!
>$#,$'D!CXBL!=MC3;CMG!!
,&J'&'! "+D! I&#0&*(! 9GD! 9,%%Q! EGD! I$K$00$! JGD! S&%%$?&..$! >GD! 7HH8G! D/$+ A)()*$+ :A+ (/$+;$8#($**'%$'%?+ A*:.+
#.='"(5+:A+"-#.'($+"/'%0$+(:+'8'=('(#:%+#55)$5G!W]]EW!'$#,$'D!YB!)G!!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH8G! Q'+ J)-%F*'K#-#(F+ 8$5+ ($**#(:#*$5+ -#((:*')<+ ')+ "/'%0$.$%(+ "-#.'(#B)$+?+ .#5$+ ')+ =:#%(+
":%"$=()$--$+$(+A'"($)*5+8C#%A-)$%"$G!O0&%@','!W]]EW!0{CNH8D!BH!)G!!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HH8G!Z$'!$0-%&4$'!./*#,'.,b*$'!%,../#&%$'!L!)#/+%QK&.,b*$'!$.!$0_$*c!$0!-/0.$c.$!,0'*%&,#$!.#/),-&%G!
2%!L!>$KK/*(!9G!"[(G1!L!;$*5@+8F(*:#(5+$(+-#((:*')<+?+"/'*%#d*$5+:)+A*:%(#d*$5+8$5+($**#(:#*$5+WD!ZeS&#K&..&0D!
2&#,'L!7MX3BHHG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH8G! >@'.uK$'! ,0'*%&,#$'D! #$)#Q'$0.&.,/0'! )@#&K,(&%$'! $.! '/*.$0&+,%,.Q!L! &))#/-<$! -/K)&#&.,4$!
/-Q&0!W0(,$0N2$.,.$'!O0.,%%$'G!Q$5+,'/#$*5+8C\)(*$M;$*D!7YML!=783=YMG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH8G! 2#/)/',.,/0! (e*0$! .#&K$! ($! #$-<$#-<$! )/*#! &))#Q<$0($#! %&! -&)&-,.Q! (e&(&).&.,/0! &*!
-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!Z$*(#0\D!!4/%*K$!8!"B1D!(Q-$K+#$!7HH8D!vT0!%,0$D!CY.<!]$-G!7HH8G!
]*4&.!^GD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HH8G!P/&'.&%!4*%0$#&+,%,.@!&''$''K$0.!,0!]_$#+&!"F*0,',&1G!2%+|m<&0![G!"[(G1L!S*:"$$8#%05+
:A+(/$+&#%(/+2%($*%'(#:%'-+,:%A$*$%"$+:%+(/$+;$8#($**'%$'%+,:'5('-+4%J#*:%.$%(@+;$8,:'5(+abbfD!A,((%$!
[&'.!F$-<0,-&%!a0,4$#',.@D!O0:&#&D!F*#:$@D!4/%G!C37L!B==3=;;G!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH8G! A$(,.$##&0$&0! -/&'.&%! ./*#,'K! 6&-,0?! -%,K&.$! -<&0?$! *0-$#.&,0.,$'G! 2%+ |m<&0! [G! "[(G1L!
S*:"$$8#%05+:A+(/$+&#%(/+2%($*%'(#:%'-+,:%A$*$%"$+:%+(/$+;$8#($**'%$'%+,:'5('-+4%J#*:%.$%(@+;$8,:'5(+
abbfD!A,((%$![&'.!F$-<0,-&%!a0,4$#',.@D!O0:&#&D!F*#:$@D!4/%G!C37L!B;C3BX7G!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHMG! T#,?,0&%,.Q! $.! 4*%0Q#&+,%,.Q! (*! ./*#,'K$! (&0'! %ep%$! (eO0?*,%%$! "2$.,.$'! O0.,%%$'1G! g()8$5+
"'*#KF$%%$5D!!CCN7HHM!s!2$.,.'!.$##,./,#$'!,0'*%&,#$'!$.!(Q4$%/))$K$0.!(*#&+%$!tD!vT0!%,0$D!70(!O)#,%!7HH8G!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HHMG!Z$!%,../#&%! ./*#,'.,b*$! (&0'! %$'! )$.,.'! n.&.'! ,0'*%&,#$'! "A&%(,4$'D!A&*#,-$D!>$@-<$%%$'1!L!*0$!
,0.$#6&-$!$0.#$!$0-%&4$K$0.!$.!,0.Q?#&.,/0G+2%+L!2&?0$@!9Q0,./3['),0&%!JG!$.!9&#.!JG!"(,#G1!L!Q$5+#%($*A'"$5+?+
*)=()*$5@+(*'%5#(#:%5@+.)('(#:%5G!2a9D!-/%%G!s![')&-$'!.#/),-&*c!tD!C8!L!B7C3BBHG!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HHMG!Z$!(Q4$%/))$K$0.!./*#,'.,b*$!&*c!A&%(,4$'!L!,0'-#,).,/0!')&.,&%$D!,K)&-.'!'/-,/-*%.*#$%'!$.!
$0_$*cG! 2%+?!]$<//#0$! TGD! >&66&-<$! 2G! "(,#G1!L! s+Q$+ (:)*#5.$+ 8'%5+ -$5+ P-$5+ $(+ -#((:*')<+ (*:=#"')<+ $(+
5)K(*:=#"')<Y+h5'0$5+8$5+-#$)<+$(+$%I$)<+8$+8FJ$-:==$.$%(+tD!g()8$5+"'*#KF$%%$5D!4/%!WWW!"83CH1D!BX=!)GL!==3
MHG!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HHMG!Z}$')&-$!%,../#&%!&3.3,%!./*_/*#'!($!%&!4&%$*#!o!O*./*#!($'!6#,-<$'!./*#,'.,b*$'!($!%}p%$!($!>&,0.3
A&#.,0!"2$.,.$'!O0.,%%$'1G!&:*:#5D!7H;!"C1L!BX3=7G!
,&J'&'! "+D! ]*4&.! ^GD! 7HHMG! ~! %&! #$-<$#-<$! ($! %eQb*,%,+#$!L! %e,0.Q?#&.,/0D! %e&(&).&.,/0! $.! %&! #Q',%,$0-$! -/KK$!
),%,$#'! (e*0! (Q4$%/))$K$0.! (*#&+%$! ($'! p%$'3<z.$%'! -/#&%%,$00$'G+2%+L! 2&?0$@! 9Q0,./3['),0&%! JG! $.! 9&#.! JG!
"(,#G1!L!Q$5+#%($*A'"$5+?+*)=()*$5@+(*'%5#(#:%5@+.)('(#:%5G!2a9D!-/%%G!s![')&-$'!.#/),-&*c!tD!C8!L!BBC3BYCG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHMG! Z},0.Q?#&.,/0! ')&.,&%$! (*! ./*#,'K$! (&0'! %}p%$! (}O0?*,%%$! "2$.,.$'! O0.,%%$'1G! Qi2%A:*.'(#:%+
EF:0*'=/#B)$D!X7L!CX3BCG!

5
9,%%Q!EGD!g,$:$0!SGD!,&J'&'! "+D!7HHMG!D:)*#5.$+$(+,/'%0$.$%(+"-#.'(#B)$+$%+;F8#($**'%F$+?+=*:K-F.'(#B)$5@+
$%I$)<+ $(+ =$*5=$"(#J$5G! [c)$#.! #$)/#.! ./! .<$! E$?,/0&%! 5/#:'</)! s!S*:.:)J:#*+ )%+ (:)*#5.$+ 8)*'K-$+ $%+
;F8#($**'%F$!tD!9%*$!2%&0!"d,-$D!R*%@!7HHM1D!Y8!)G!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HHMG!2%($0*'($8+.'%'0$.$%(+:A+(/$+J)-%$*'K#-#(G+(:+"-#.'($+"/'%0$+#%+(:)*#5(#"+":'5('-+7:%$5+:A+
(/$+;$8#($**'%$'%G!E$)/#.!./!.<$![*#/)$&0!P/KK,'',/0D!E$'$&#-<!)#/_$-.!PWEP[D!BX!)G!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HHXG!F/*#,'K$!$.!#Q'$#4$'!(e$')&-$'!'*#! %$'!%,../#&*c!($! %ep%$!A&*#,-$G!Q$5+,'/#$*5+8C\)(*$M;$*D!
7YH!L!BYC3BX7G!
,&J'&'!"+D!7HHXG!P/06%,.'!($!•4&%$*#•!'*#!%$!%,../#&%!L!$c$K)%$'!,0'*%&,#$'!.#/),-&*cG!g()8$5+A:%"#d*$5D!CBHL!YC3
YYG!!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHXG! A*.&.,/0'! ($'! %,../#&*c! '/*'! %e,K)*%',/0! (*! ./*#,'K$! ,0.$#0&.,/0&%! $.! (Q4$%/))$K$0.!
'/*.$0&+%$!($'!'@'.uK$'!,0'*%&,#$'!L!EQ6%$c,/0!r!)&#.,#!($!%}p%$!A&*#,-$!"/-Q&0!W0(,$01G!2%!L!9/*#?/*!AG!"''!
(,#G1!L!Q$5+-#((:*')<+$%(*$+%'()*$+$(+5:"#F(FG!O-.$'!(*!-/%%/b*$!,0.$#0&.,/0&%!($!F*0,'!$0!</KK&?$!&*!2#!EG!
2&':/66!L!CBC3C=BG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHXG! Z$'! -/0.#&,0.$'! ($! %&! K,-#/3,0'*%&#,.Q! (&0'! %e&KQ%,/#&.,/0! ($! %e/66#$! ($! '/,0'!L! #$?&#(!
?Q/?#&)<,b*$!r!.#&4$#'!%e$c$K)%$!($'!A&%(,4$'!"/-Q&0!W0(,$01G!!'%(F+=)K-#B)$D!C8!"C1L!;X3MHG!
,&J'&'! "+D!7HH;G!O*./*#! (e$K)#$,0.$'!($!%&!K/0(,&%,'&.,/0! '*#! %$'! (@0&K,b*$'!.$##,./#,&%$'!($'!)$.,.$'! p%$'!
.#/),-&%$'G!Q$5+,'/#$*5+8C\)(*$M;$*D!7B;L!Y883=CCG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH;G! Z}Q),(QK,$! ($! P<,:*0?*0@&! r! Z&! EQ*0,/0!L! *0$! /--&',/0! ($! #Q6%Q-<,#! &*"c1! )&#&(/c$"'1!
,0'*%&,#$"'1G!Q$5+,'/#$*5+8i\)(*$M;$*D!7BYL!CB=3CYCG!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HH;G! Z}Q4&-*&.,/0! ($'! )/)*%&.,/0'! &*c! A&%(,4$'! &)#u'! %$! .'*0&K,! (*! 7;! (Q-$K+#$! 7HHYG!
A€==$.:%8$D!MY!"Y1L!CM!)G!
P&m$'3]*4&.! ^GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHYG! QCP-$+ 8$+ U#*8+ ')<+ !$G"/$--$5?+ )%+ $<$.=-$+ 8$+ 8FJ$-:==$.$%(+ 8)*'K-$+W!
ZeS&#K&..&0D!2&#,'D!7BM!)G!
P&m$'3]*4&.! ^GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHYG! Z$'! p%$'3<z.$%'D! .$##&,0! (e&))%,-&.,/0! )#,4,%Q?,Q! ($'! )#Q-$).$'! (*!
(Q4$%/))$K$0.!(*#&+%$!L!%e$c$K)%$! ($'!>$@-<$%%$'!$.!($'! A&%(,4$'! "/-Q&0!W0(,$01G! Q$5+ ,'/#$*5+8C\)(*$M
;$*D!=Y!"7CB1L!X=3CHHG!
P&m$'3]*4&.! ^GD! ,&J'&'! "+D! 7HHBG! ]Q4$%/))$K$0.!./*#,'.,b*$! $.! )#Q'$#4&.,/0! ($'! )&.#,K/,0$'! (&0'! .#/,'!
&#-<,)$%'! ($! %e/-Q&0! W0(,$0!L! A&%(,4$'D! >$@-<$%%$'! $.! A&'-&#$,?0$'G! 2%+L! P/'&$#.! 2G! $.! 9&#.! JG! "(,#G1!L!
S'(*#.:#%$+$(+8FJ$-:==$.$%(+8'%5+-$5+='G5+(*:=#"')<G!2a9D!-/%%G!s!45='"$5+(*:=#"')<!tD!CM!L!;783;YHG!
!
!
,=<C$##&'$?A<!>AB#=C&:=?'<!
KLMN!
,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!O(&).&.,/0!L!%e&*.#$!'*--$''!($!%&!PT27C!Z,0:G!U-:0+288*#D!7BGH;G7HC;!vZ,0:•G!
,&J'&'!"+*D!7HC;G!Ze*#?$0-$!r!'e&(&).$#!#$($'',0$!%&!%*.$!-/0.#$!%$!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!D/$+,:%J$*5'(#:%D!
/0%,0$!7CGH;G7HC;!v%,0:•G!
,&J'&'!"+*+D!I&..*'/!RG32GF!7HC;G!T-Q&0!L!%$'!,K)%,-&.,/0'!($!%eO--/#(!($!2&#,'G!U-:0+288*#D!BC!A&@!7HC;G!Z,0:G!!
I&..*'/!RG32GD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!V<&.!(/$'!.<$!2&#,'!O?#$$K$0.!K$&0!6/#!.<$!/-$&0o!,'*K:%+U*#$AD!
C;NH=N7HC;G!Z,0:G!
I&..*'/!RG32GD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!T-Q&0!$.!-%,K&.!&)#u'!%eO--/#(!($!2&#,'!"PT27CG!;F(F:+$(+,-#.'(+2%A:D!=BL!7G!
KLMO!
I&..*'/!RG32GD!,&J'&'!"+*+D!7HC;G!Ze/-Q&0D!&-.$*#!$.!4,-.,K!(*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$G!W0!JJ[AD!Q$5+$":5G5($.5+
.'*#%5+8'%5+-'+*$0)-'(#:%+8)+"-#.'(G!JJ[A3F&#&!$(,.,/0D!MC!)GD!)G!Y;3YXG!
,&J'&'!"+D!F#$@$#!>GD!7HC=G!O(&).&.,/0!&*!-<&0?$K$0.!-%,K&.,b*$!L!%$!',?0&%!$0-/*#&?$&0.!(*!9/*#?$.G!U-:0+
,-#.'(+j_cD!HMGC7G7HC=G!
I&..*'/!RG32GD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HC=G!T-$&0L!?%/+&%!5&#K,0?D!&-./#'!&0(!4,-.,K'G!Q$+;:%8$+8#=-:.'(#B)$+4%0-#5/+
Z$*5#:%D!]$-$K+$#!7HC=G!
E,+$#&!FGD!E/-<$..$!RGD!,&J'&'!"+D!7HC=G!T-$&0L!.,K$!6/#!,0.$#0&.,/0&%!#*%$'G!Q$+;:%8$+8#=-:.'(#B)$+4%0-#5/+
Z$*5#:%D!]$-$K+$#!7HC=G!
,&J'&'! "+D! 7HC=G! Z&! '-,$0-$! $.! %&! .$-<0/%/?,$! &*! '$#4,-$! ($! %}&(&).&.,/0! &*! -<&0?$K$0.! -%,K&.,b*$G! W0!Z$!
]Q&*.!RG3xGD! >,(/! 9G! "[('G1!2%%:J'(#:%+ $(+ "/'%0$.$%(+ "-#.'(#B)$+ ?+ -i'==:*(+ 8$+ -iFJ'-)'(#:%+ 5"#$%(#A#B)$+ $(+
($"/%:-:0#B)$G!E&))/#.! ($!%eT66,-$! )&#%$K$0.&,#$! (}Q4&%*&.,/0! ($'!-</,c! '-,$0.,6,b*$'! $.! .$-<0/%/?,b*$'!