audition Nicolas Bouzou, économiste

AVENIR'DES'PARCS!"#!$%&!"'((!)!*+,&-&./!,0!1&2.3%4!5678679!:2./.$&4-0!!
;%<2!=.<04-&0<!!>?@!>./40&3!!!!!!!!!! ! (!
!
'
Mission'avenir'des'Parcs'24'mai'2011'
!
!
Audition'de'Nicolas'BOUZOU,'économiste'
@&<02-0+<A=./,%-0+<!,B*CD?E?C!!
;0$F<0!,+!>./40&3!,B*/%3G40!,0!3%!C.2&:-:!H>*CI!%+J<K4!,+!L<0$&0<!;&/&4-<0!
*+-0+<!,+!<%JJ.<-!M!L.3&-&N+04!,B&//.O%-&./!)!P+03!<Q30!J.+<!304!<:R&./4!S!T!
@0</&0<!.+O<%R0!)!M!U0!2V%R<&/!,04!23%4404!$.G0//04!T!
*3.<4!N+B&3!/BG!%!J%4!,B:2./.$&4-0!W!3B?3G4:09!;%-&R/./!4B%JJ+&0!!4+<!X!2./40&34!)!
- >./40&3!,B%/%3G40!:2./.$&N+0!X'!J0<4.//04!
- >./40&3!,B%/%3G40!3%!4.2&:-:!X'!J0<4.//04!HL-!U+2!=0<<GI!!
- >./40&3!,B%/%3G40!4-<%-:R&N+0!H0Y!LU*1I!
!
UB:-+,0!J.+<!3B*E=!04-!O0/+0!W!3%!4+&-0!,B+/0!/.-0!,0!1Z!5.+[.+!M!E0/\.<20<!30!<Q30!:2./.$&N+0!,04!E:R&./4!TZ!
5&0/!N+0!\.<$:!W!3%!$%2<.:2./.$&09!&3!4B04-!2./O%&/2+!,0!3B&/-:<]-!J.+<!3%!N+04-&./!,04!-0<<&-.&<04!0/!O.G%R0%/-!
J.+<!304!%2-&O&-:4!,B*CD?E?CZ!
U%!J0<\.<$%/20! :2./.$&N+0! /0! ,:J0/,! J%4!,&<02-0$0/-!,0!3%!-%&330!,04!L%G4Z!?330!J0+-!]-<0!%--0&/-0!J%<!,0!
J0-&-4!J%G4!20/-<%3&4:4!H0Y!U+Y0$F.+<RI!!0-!,0!R<%/,4!J%G4!,:20/-<%3&4:4!H0Y!*330$%R/0!%O02!+/!J.&,4!&$J.<-%/-!
,04!2.3302-&O&-:4!3.2%304Z!*3.<4!N+0!3%!,:J0/40!J+F3&N+0!2./4.3&,:0!,0!3B*330$%R/0!04-!,0!!#^_!,+!L`5!H2./-<0!
^^_!0/!=<%/20I!30!F+,R0-!,04!Ua/,0<!%--0&/-!X'''!b!cV%FZ9!2./-<0!"d'!b!cV%FZ!J.+<!304!E:R&./4!\<%/e%&404Z!
C+<! 304! J<.F3K$04! ,0! 2.$J:-&-&O&-:9! &3! G! %!J0+!,B&//.O%-&./! ,0J+&4! 30! <%JJ.<-! L&/%GAE+0\\Z! U04! ! 0YJ0<-4! 4./-!
R3.F%30$0/-! ,B%22.<,! 4+<! 304! <:\.<$04! W! \%&<0! H%<-&2+3%-&./! ,0! 3%! <02V0<2V0! J+F3&N+0! 0-! J<&O:09! -<%/4\0<-! ,0!
2V%<R04!4.2&%304!,04!0/-<0J<&4049!%22.$J%R/0$0/-!,+!,:O03.JJ0$0/-!,04!L;?fIZ!
1Z!5.+[.+!&,0/-&\&0!J.+<!4%!J%<-!"!\%&F304404)!3B.<R%/&4%-&./!,04!-0<<&-.&<04!0-!3%!\%&F30440!,0!3%!<0J<:40/-%-&./!
4G/,&2%30!HJ%<-&4%/!,0!3B.F3&R%-&./!,0!4G/,&2%3&4%-&./IZ!
U%! =<%/20! 04-! 2./\<./-:0! W! +/! J<.F3K$0! $%2<.:2./.$&N+0! ,0! 2.$J:-&-&O&-:9! ,B&//.O%-&./! 0-!
,B0YJ:<&$0/-%-&./Z!C./!-%+Y!,0!2<.&44%/20!04-!,0!(9^_!,./-!"_!,0!,0$%/,0!&/-:<&0+<0!\.<-0g!'9^_!,0!,:\&2&-!
,0!3%!F%3%/20!2.$$0<2&%30!0/!<%&4./!,B+/!J<.F3K$0!,0!2.$J:-&-&O&-:!0Y-:<&0+<0Z!
U04! :2./.$&4-04! 40! <:J%<-&440/-! 0/! "! :2.304!)! 3B+/0! !J<:-0/,!N+0!2B04-!+/!J<.F3K$0! ,0! 2.h-4! 4%3%<&%+Y! -<.J!
:30O:49! 3B%+-<09! ,./-! 40! <:23%$0! 1Z! 5.+[.+9! N+0! 2B04-! +/! J<.F3K$0! ,B&//.O%-&./! H2%J%2&-:! W! -<%/4\.<$0<! 3%!
<02V0<2V0!J+F3&N+0!0/!J<.,+&-4!&//.O%/-4IZ!?/!<:%3&-:9!2B04-!F&0/!4+<!304!,0+Y!W!3%!\.&4Z!
U04! J0<\.<$%/204! ,0! 3B*330$%R/0! 4./-! $0&330+<04! 2%<! 4./! 0\\.<-! 0/! <02V0<2V0! 0-! ,:O03.JJ0$0/-! 04-! -<K4!
4+J:<&0+<!H"9^_!0/!$.G0//0!0-!i+4N+BW!^9^_!W!C-+--R%<-IZ!?/!=<%/20!"_!0-!$%Y&!,0!X_!0/!*N+&-%&/0IZ!
=<%/20!)!E:R&$0!%2-+03!,0!2.$J:-0/204!R:/:<%304!.j!-.+-!30!$./,0!\%&-!+/!J0+!-.+-Z!E:R<044&./!3:RK<0!,0!3%!
<02V0<2V0!,%/4!30!J+F3&2!0-!,%/4!30!J<&O:9!%O02!+/0!J%<-!$%i.<&-%&<0!,+!J<&O:!H/0!J%4!.JJ.40<!304!"IZ!L.+<-%/-9!
304! ,:J0/404! J+F3&N+04! ,04! 2.3302-&O&-:4! 2./4%2<:04! W! 3%! <02V0<2V0! J<.R<0440/-9! J<&/2&J%30$0/-! ,04! E:R&./4Z!
UB%\\02-%-&./!O%!J<&/2&J%30$0/-!%+Y!&/\<%4-<+2-+<04!HFk-&$0/-4IZ!;%&4!304!E:R&./4!4./-!-<K4!J<:40/-04!,%/4!304!
-<%/4\0<-4!,0!-02V/.3.R&0Z!
*330$%R/0!)!J0<\.<$%/20!,%/4!3B%<-&2+3%-&./!0/-<0!<02V0<2V0!J+F3&N+0!\./,%$0/-%30!0-!<02V0<2V0!J<&O:0Z!
!
`3!04-!,0O0/+!&$J.44&F30!%+i.+<,BV+&!,B%O.&<!+/0!J<:O&4&F&3&-:!4+<!304!402-0+<4!,0!<02V0<2V0!H?YZ!,0!3B:/0<R&0IZ!
U%!=<%/20!<04-0!J0<\.<$%/-0!,%/4!20<-%&/4!,.$%&/04!,0!3%!<02V0<2V0!H0Y!$:,&2%3I!0-!30!-<%/4\0<-!,0!-02V/.3.R&0!
H0Y!4G4-K$0!,0!3%!O&4&./IZ!
LV%<$%20+-&N+0!)!<02V0<2V0!J+F3&N+0!%2-&O0!0-!<02V0<2V0!J<&O:0!.<&0/-:0!4+<!304!R:/:<&N+04Z!
`3! $%/N+0! ,04!,&4J.4&-&\4!,0!$:,&%-&./!J.+<!4-&$+30<!3%!<02V0<2V0!0/!O%3.<&4%/-!J%<!0Y0$J30!30!2<:,&-! &$JQ-!
<02V0<2V0! ,./-!30!,&4J.4&-&\!$:2.//+! H@.+F30$0/-!,+!2<:,&-!,B&$JQ-!0/! 2%4!,0! J%<-0/%<&%-!J+F3&2AJ<&O:IZ!U04!
2.3302-&O&-:4!3.2%304!./-!+/!<Q30!20/-<%3!W!i.+0<!W!20-!:R%<,Z!

AVENIR'DES'PARCS!"#!$%&!"'((!)!*+,&-&./!,0!1&2.3%4!5678679!:2./.$&4-0!!
;%<2!=.<04-&0<!!>?@!>./40&3!!!!!!!!!! ! "!
!
!
>./23+4&./4!&/-0</%-&./%304!,0!5%l!5%403!)!
• U%!,:20/-<%3&4%-&./!04-!F.//0!J.+<!30!L`5!J%<!V%F&-%/-!0-!3%!2<.&44%/20!
• U%!,:20/-<%3&4%-&./!%22<.m-!3%!N+%3&-:!,0!3%!<02V0<2V0!%JJ3&N+:0!
• U04!<:R&./4!N+&!&/O04-&440/-!,%/4!3%!<02V0<2V0!.F-&0//0/-!+/0!2<.&44%/20!:2./.$&N+0!J3+4!:30O:0!
• UB%JJ3&2%-&./!,+!J<&/2&J0!,0!4+F4&,&%<&-:!04-!+/!:3:$0/-A23:!,0!3%!J0<\.<$%/20!:2./.$&N+0!,B+/!J%G4!
?O.3+-&./4!2./4-%-:04!)!
;+-%-&./4!-<K4!<%J&,04!,04!-02V/.3.R&04!
?/-<:0!,04!J%G4!:$0<R0/-4!,%/4!30!$%<2V:!&/-0</%-&./%3!,0J+&4!('!%/4!%O02!,04-<+2-&./!,04!$%&33./4!,0!2V%&/0!
,0!O%30+<!W!\%&F30!O%30+<!%i.+-:0Z!7/!0\\.<-!,0!\.<$%-&./!&$J.<-%/-!,04!<:R&./4!04-!/:2044%&<0!J.+<!\%&<0!J%440<!
304!J0<4.//034!W!,04!402-0+<4!W!\.<-0!O%30+<!%i.+-:0Z!
!
Résultat'du'modèle'économique'de'croissance'étudié'par'Région!)!
Creusement' des' inégalités' entre' régions!)! U0! L`5cV%FZ! ,:2<.m-! 0/! =<%/2V0! >.$-0! HJ%-<&$.&/0! &/,+4-<&03! W!
<0$0--<0!W!/&O0%+I!0-!J<.R<0440!0/!;&,&!LG<:/:04!n"^_!H402-0+<4!V%+-!,0!R%$$0I!
Les'dépenses'R&D'des'Régions'ont'un'impact'positif'sur'l’économie'des'Régions!H`/,&2%-0+<4!:2./.$&N+04!)!
,:J0/404! 0/! Eo@! ,04! 0/-<0J<&404! J.+<! O:<&\&0<! 3%! 2.$J3:$0/-%<&-:! 0-! 3B%F40/20! ,B0\\0-! ,0! 2./2+<<0/20!p!
>.<<:3%-&./! %O02! 3%! 2<.&44%/20! :2./.$&N+0! ,04! E:R&./4!)! J3+4! +/0! E:R&./! &/O04-&-9! J3+4!404!J0<\.<$%/204!
J<.R<0440/-9!4%+\!4+<!+/0!<:R&./!W!,.$&/%/-0!,0!40<O&204!-GJ0!U%/R+0,.2AE.+44&33./IZ!!
La' variable' l’exportationZ! `3! \%+-! 4.<-&<! ,0! 3%! 2./2+<<0/20! %O02! 304! J%G4! :$0<R0/-4! 0/! 40! ,:$%<N+%/-! 4+<! 304!
J<.,+&-4!W!\.<-0!O%30+<!%i.+-:0Z!
L’emploi'créé'ou'sauvé'est'à'la'fois'de'l’emploi'qualifié'et'peu'qualifié!H$%&/-0/%/20!,04!+4&/04I9!%3.<4!N+0!30!
J<.R<K4!-02V/&N+0!04-!F&%&4:!%O02!F%&440!,0!3%!$%&/!,Bq+O<0!J0+!N+%3&\&:0Z!!
U%!N+%3&-:!,0!3%!J.3&-&N+0!0-!,+!,&%3.R+0!0/-<0!304!%2-0+<4!04-!,:-0<$&/%/-0!N+0330!N+0!4.&-!3%!-%&330!,+!-0<<&-.&<0!
Il'faut'aller'vers'un'nouveau'souffle'de'la'décentralisation!H*2-0!X!%JJ03:!J%<!3B*E=IZ!U04!:3+4!<04-0/-!<:-&20/-4!
H@<.&-0! J.3&-&N+0! -<%,&-&.//0330$0/-! i%2.F&/0! 0-! 20/-<%3&4%-<&209! r%+2V0! -<K4! <:40<O:0! 2%<! 0330! 2<%&/-! ! N+0! 3%!
,:20/-<%3&4%-&./!/0!2<0+40!304!&/:R%3&-:4!0-!0330!$&40!0/2.<0!4+<!30!<Q30!<:R+3%-0+<!0-!<0,&4-<&F+0<!,0!3B?-%-!H>\Z!
U%+<0/-!@%O&,!M!3%!4:2+<&-:!4.2&%30!%!0+!+/!0\\0-!,B%$:/%R0$0/-!,+!-0<<&-.&<0!F0%+2.+J!J3+4!&$J.<-%/-!N+0!3%!
@*D*E!TIZ!
?\\0-!,0!2./2+<<0/20!\&42%30!W!3B&/-:<&0+<!,+!L%G4Z!
`3!\%+-!<%&4.//0<!W!F+,R0-!2./4-%/-9!20!N+&!!&$J.40!,0!<:,+&<0!304!,.+F3./4!,0!3B?-%-!H0Y!4+JJ<044&./!,04!4.+4A
J<:\02-+<04IZ!`3!\%+-!-<%/4\:<0<!,04!F+,R0-4!,0!3B?-%-!O0<4!304!E:R&./4Z!
U%!\+4&./!,04!<:R&./4!04-!+/0!\%+440!F.//0!&,:09!2%<!3%!\+4&./!,0!<:R&./4!\%&F304!/B%JJ.<-0!J%4!,B:2./.$&0Z!L%4!
,0!<:J./40!J0<4.//0330!,:\&/&-&O0!4+<!3%!4+JJ<044&./!,04!@:J%<-0$0/-4!!HJ0+!,B%+-./.$&0!,0!J<&40!,0!,:2&4&./4!
4.2&%304I!
U0!O<%&!,:F%-!J.<-0!4+<!304!2.$J:-0/204!R:/:<%304!.+!4J:2&\&N+04Z!U%!23%+40!,0!2.$J:-0/204!4J:2&\&N+04!04-!30!
40+3!$.G0/!,0!,0$%/,0<!%+Y!\<%/e%&4!,0!40!,&42&J3&/0<Z!
U04!0/-<0J<&404!N+&!:-%&0/-!&/N+&K-04!,+!J%44%R0!,04!<:R&./4!W!R%+2V09!4B0/!<:i.+&440/-Z!>%<!3%!M!,&2-%-+<0!,0!3%!
<:%3&-:!T!&$J.40!%+Y!<:R&./4!,0!4B&/-:<0440<!W!3B:2./.$&0Z!
U0!4+22K4!,+!R<%/,!0$J<+/-!3%/2:!J%<!3%!<:R&./!L%G4!,0!U.&<0!HJ3%20$0/-!,B:J%<R/0!W!#%/4!W!X9^_!J.+<!J<]-!
%+Y! 0/-<0J<&404! W! #_! &33+4-<0! 304! J.44&F&3&-:4! ,0! $.F&3&4%-&./! ,B:J%<R/0! J%<! 304! <:R&./4! %+! F:/:\&20! ,+!
,:O03.JJ0$0/-!:2./.$&N+0!-0<<&-.<&%3&4:Z!HL3%20$0/-!,.+F30!,+!$./-%/-!%--0/,+IZ!
U%!=<%/20!04-!+/!J%G4!\%-&R+:9!4%/4!%$F&-&./!/%-&./%309!$%&4!N+&!%!,04!:/0<R&04!3.2%304!&/O04-&04!%+!40<O&20!,04!
-0<<&-.&<04Z!
UB?-%-! \./2-&.//0! J%<! R<%/,4! J<.R<%$$04! H?YZ! /+23:%&<09! 5&.:-V%/.3I! N+&! 2<:0/-! +/0! ,:J0/,%/20! \.<-0Z!
UB*330$%R/0! \./2-&.//0! ,%O%/-%R0! J%<! F.+N+0-4! ,0! 4.3+-&./4! H0YZ! J.+<! 3B:/0<R&0I!%O02!+/!0/40$F30!,0!
4.3+-&./4!N+&!J0<$0-!,0!4B0/R%R0<!0-!,0!40!,:40/R%R0<!J3+4!<%J&,0$0/-Z!
`3! O%+-! $&0+Y! <02V0<2V0<! 3B%,:N+%-&./! 0/-<0! 304! $:-&0<49! 304! 4%O.&<! 0-! 304! 4%O.&<A\%&<0! N+0! 3B./! ,:O03.JJ0! H0Y!
D<%,&-&./!R<.440!$:2%/&N+0!!\%O.<%F30!J.+<!&$J3%/-%-&./!,B:.3&0/!0/!$0<IZ!U0!,:O03.JJ0$0/-!:2./.$&N+0!40!
\%&-! J%<! ,0! J0-&-04! %2-&O&-:4! N+&9!J%<! J0<2.3%-&./9!O./-!,:O03.JJ0<! ,0! 3B:2./.$&0! 0-! ,0! 3B0$J3.&! H?<<0+<! ,+!
MC2&0/-&JQ30T!,0!3%!;0+40!.+!,B+/!J<.i0-!,0!R<%/,!VQJ&-%3!W!r%JIZ!L0/40<!,0!J0-&-4!J<.i0-4!N+&!J0+O0/-!,0O0/&<!
R<%/,4Z!
U%! O%30+<! %i.+-:0! J0+-! J<.O0/&<! ,+! 40<O&20! %JJ.<-:! 4+<! +/! J<.,+&-! -<%,&-&.//03!H?Y!304!:$%+Y!,0!U./RsG!
J<:40/-0/-!+/!J.-0/-&03!,0!<:4+<<02-&./!W!3B0YJ.<-IZ!UB%JJ.<-!,0!40<O&204!-&0/-!W!4+JJ3%/-0<!3%!J%<-&0!&/,+4-<&0330!
,0!3B%2-&O&-:Z!

AVENIR'DES'PARCS!"#!$%&!"'((!)!*+,&-&./!,0!1&2.3%4!5678679!:2./.$&4-0!!
;%<2!=.<04-&0<!!>?@!>./40&3!!!!!!!!!! ! X!
!
U%!=<%/20!!/0!<:J./,!J%4!%+Y!2<&-K<04!,0!3%!$:-<.J.3&4%-&./!H2<&-K<04!('!W!(^_!,0!2<.&44%/20!J%<!%/!0-!J3+4!,0!
"'!$&33&./4!,BV%F&-%/-4I9!4%+\!W!2./4&,:<0<!30!R<%/,!L%<&4!,B*--%3&!i+4N+B%+!t%O<0!N+&!i+4-&\&0<%&-!+/0!4-<+2-+<0!,0!
J&3.-%R0! J<.J<0Z! *&330+<49! 20! /0! 40<%! N+B+/0! 4-<%-0! %,$&/&4-<%-&O0! 4+JJ3:$0/-%&<09! N+&! J0+-! 0\\02-&O0$0/-!
%\\%&F3&<!304!<:R&./4!0/!J<0/%/-!,04!2.$J:-0/204Z!!
U04!L1E!-<K4!&$J3%/-:4!3.2%30$0/-!J0+O0/-!i.+0<!+/!<Q30!,0!\%2&3&-%-0+<!0-!,0!$:,&%-&./Z!U%!;%<N+0!=<%/20!,04!
%<-&4%/49! -<K4! 2.//+0! ,%/4! 30! $./,09! !.\\<0! ,04! J.-0/-&%3&-:4! ,B0YJ.<-! 4+<! 304! J%G4! :$0<R0%/-4! H5+3R%<&0fIZ!
`$%R&/0[!,04!O.G%R04!,0!J<.4J02-&./!0/-<0!L1E!0-!0/-<0J<&404Z!
UB%<-&4%/%-!0-!3%!<+<%3&-:!!4./-!J<.2V04!,+!,:O03.JJ0$0/-!,+<%F30!0-!,.//0/-!,04!!%Y04!,0!,:O03.JJ0$0/-!
U04!-0<<&-.&<04!-.+<&4-&N+04!N+&!/0!\./-!J%4!,+!,:O03.JJ0$0/-!,+<%F30!4./-!$.<-4!W!-0<$0Z!
U0!$:-&44%R0!0/-<0!4%O.&<A\%&<0!%<-&4%/%+Y!0-!2+3-+<0!&/,+4-<&0330!J0+-!]-<0!F:/:\&N+0Z!D<%O%&3!4+<!3%!\.<$%-&./!W!
\%&<0! 4+<! +/! $.,0! /./! %2%,:$&N+0Z! 6F40<O%-&./! ,04! $%&/4! ,Bq+O<0! 4+<! 30! -0<<&-.&<0Z! @:O03.JJ0+<4!
:2./.$&N+04Z!EQ30!,B%22.$J%R/0$0/-!,0!3%!=:,:<%-&./Z!>0<-&\&2%-&./4!,0!2.$J:-0/204f!
!
!