D10441.PDF

Day1–April6
Objectivesandoverviewofinfluenzainpigs(AmyVincent)
‐ Thereisanon‐goingglobalneedforup‐to‐dateknowledgeabouttheincidence,geographicdistribution
anddynamicsofinfluenzainfectionsinpigpopulations.Acurrentdeficiencyisevidencedbyalackof
publicallyavailablesequences,phylogeneticandantigenicanalysis,publishedpapers,researchreports,
etc.
‐ Thereisaneedforaconcertedglobalepidemiologicandvirologicalsurveillanceprogramforinfluenzain
pigs.
‐ Therearemanychallengestoglobalsurveillanceincluding:
o Accesstovirusesonfarms
 Producerandveterinaryparticipationisvoluntary;
 Politicalandregulatoryconstraints;
 ProduceracceptanceofSIVinfectionisoftenbasedonalackofperceivedeconomic
impactonherdhealth.
o Currentserologicsurveillancetechniquesareoflimitedvalue
 Thisisconfoundedbyvaccineusage;
 andrequiresknowledgeoflocalcirculatingsubtypesandstrains.
o Fundsarelackingforcollection,sequencing,laboratoryassays,bankingofviruses,generating
sera,datamanagementandanalysis,etc.
o Governmentinfrastructureandprogrammesfornon‐reportablediseasemaynotexist.
o Thereisalackofreferencelaboratorieswithswineinfluenzavirus(SIV)expertiseinsomehigh
priorityregions.
o Internationalshippingrestrictionsforbiologicalmaterialduetoendemic/exoticdiseases.
o Restrictionsinsharingvirusesbetweenlaboratoriesandcountriesduetoavarietyoffactors
includingintellectualpropertyrights,fearofsanctions,politics,MaterialTransferAgreements
(MTAs).
Benefitsanddriversforinfluenzasurveillanceinpigs(KristienVanReeth)
Surveillanceforinfluenzavirusesinpigshasbeenneglectedforalongtimeandishighlyneeded,butweshould
alsobeawareofthelimitationsofsurveillance.Forexample,theso‐called“pushbuttonriskassessmentstrategy”
isnotrealistic,becausewedon’tknowwhatdeterminestransmissionofinfluenzavirusesfrompigstohumansor
spreadbetweenhumans.Thebestuseofinfluenzasurveillanceinpigsistoprovideinformationaboutchangesin
influenzavirusescirculatinginpigs,todetectnovelinfluenzaviruses,andtoidentifythosevirusesthatcanbeused
forresearch.
Otherbenefitsofinfluenzasurveillanceinpigsinclude
‐ supportingvaccinestrainselectionformanufactureofmoreeffectiveSIVvaccines;
‐ assistingwithdiagnosticreagentdesigntosupportmoreeffectiveanimalhealth/productionsystems;
OFFLUTechnicalMeeting
Coordinatingworldwidesurveillanceforinfluenzainpigs
OIEHeadquarters,Paris,6‐7April2011

‐ providingacomprehensivescientificevidencebasetoinformaccurateandtimelycommunicationand
policy;
‐ virologicalsurveillanceallowswholegenomesequencingwhichwillsupportmorefocusedanddirected
researchandismorereliablethanserologicalsurveillance;
‐ abetterunderstandingoftheantigenicandgeneticevolutionofSIVs;
‐ supporttopublichealtheffortstomonitortheincidenceofzoonoticinfluenzainfectionsandassessriskto
informpandemicpreparednessplans.
CurrentSIVsurveillancenetworks,stateoftheartindifferentregions(approachandorganization,
sustainability,accomplishments,opportunities)
 Europe–ESNIP3(KristienVanReeth)
TheESNIPprogrammeisfundedbytheEuropeanCommission,andconstitutesthree3‐yrstudiesorrather
“coordinationactions”.ESNIPwasestablishedin2000inresponsetoachangingglobalinfluenzapictureinpigs,
withtheintroductionofhuman‐likeH1N2intopigsinEurope,andtriplereassortantH3N2intopigsintheUSA.
Also,reportsofH5andH9avianinfluenzainhumansinHongKongraisedconcernsaboutthepotentialroleofpigs
asintermediatehosts.
AchievementsofESNIP1include
‐ establishingstandardizedprotocolsfordiagnosis;
‐ selectionofreferencestrainsandhyperimmunesera;
‐ establishingacentralvirusbankandelectronicdatabase;
‐ antigenicandgeneticcharacterizationofsomerecentisolates;
‐ preliminarypictureoftheprevalenceofdifferentSIVsubtypesindifferentcountries.
AchievementsofESNIP2include
‐ determiningsomeinteractionsbetweenanimalandhumaninfluenzas;
‐ antigenicandgeneticcharacterizationofa(limited)numberofEuropeanSIVs(Belgium,UK,Italy,France,
andSpain):169virusesanalysedduringa3yearperiodfrom2006to2008,including5novelreassortants,
althoughthemajoritywereprototypeEuropeanSIVs;
‐ serologicalprofilesoffatteningpigstodetermineinfectionpatterns(Belgium,France,Italy,Spain);
‐ expansionofvirusbank;
‐ Mgene‐targetedrealtimeRT‐PCRforSIVestablished.
GoalsofESNIP3(launchedin2010)include
‐ wholegenomesequencingofinfluenzavirusesisolatedfrompigs;
‐ antigeniccartography;
‐ viruseswillbemadepubliclyavailableattheendoftheproject.
ThemostimportanthurdlesforSIVsurveillanceinEuropearethedifficultaccesstothesamples,thefragmented
dataanalysis,andlackofresourcesandpersonnel.FromthepreviousESNIPnetworks,itwaslearnedthat
standardisationandharmonisationofprotocolsandapproachesisofcrucialimportance.
 USA(SabrinaSwenson)
‐ InfluenzainswineisnotafederallyreportablediseaseintheUSA.
‐ Vaccinationispermittedandcanconfoundserologicalsurveillance.
‐ USDAlaunchedanationalswineinfluenzasurveyinMay2009withsupportfromCDC.
‐ Sustainabilityofsuchaprogramwilldependonfundingandinterestbyproducersandlaboratoriesto
continueparticipating.
‐ USDASurveillanceforinfluenzainpigsistargetedat1)commercialandbackyardpopulations;2)high
potentialforhuman‐animalinteractions;3)co‐minglingevents;4)sickpigs.
‐ SequencesfromthesurveillanceprogrammewillbedepositedinGenBank.
‐ Surveydesignallowsforinvestigationsofhuman/animalhealthevents.
‐ Sampleswillbeanominisedtoimproveparticipation/cooperationofpigowners.

Gaps:
‐ Anonymoussystemlimitstheunderstandingofviralepidemiology.
‐ Swineinfluenzaisnotaprogramdisease.
‐ LimitedinscopeandrepresentationofallUSswinepopulations.
Requiredresources:
‐ Isolatesandantisera.
‐ Protocolsandalgorithms.
‐ Othersasneeded.
 Canada(JohnPasick)
‐ SIVsurveillanceisnotanationallycoordinatedprogram.
‐ 60%ofthehogsareraisedinEasternCanada(Quebec,Ontario)and40%inWesternCanada(Manitoba,
Alberta,Saskatchewan,BC),thereismoreoverlapwithpoultryintheEastthanintheWestofCanada.
‐ InManitobaandAlberta,influenzainswineisanotifiabledisease,thefeasibilityofanactivesurveillance
programisbeingconsidered.
‐ InQuebec,thereispassivesurveillanceattheprovinciallaboratoryandveterinaryclinics.
‐ InOntario,thereisnoactivesurveillanceprograminplacebutOntarioreportsnovelinfluenzavirus
isolatesaspartofresearchpublications.
‐ Approximately100samplespermonthweretestedforinfluenzainveterinarylaboratoriesthroughout
Canadain2009and2010.
‐ SubmissionofvirusestotheCFIAFederalLaboratorytodeterminegeneticcharacterizationshowedalot
ofClusterIVH3N2.104H1N1viruseswereanalysed‐57werecollectedpriorto2009,47afterpandemic
started‐demonstratingallsamealpha,beta,gamma,delta,andpandemicHAclustersofH1asinthe
USA,theN1wereeitherpandemic,classical,orhuman‐origin.
 SouthAmerica(JaniceCiacci‐Zanella)
‐ TheNationalProgramforSwineHealthisconcentratedoneradicating“major”diseasessuchasCSF,PRF,
ASF,PRRSV,Brucella,TGE,VS;historicallythishasnotcoveredinfluenzainpigs.
‐ TherewassporadicdetectionofinfluenzainBrazilianpigsthroughoutthe1900sbutnocharacterization
wasperformed.
‐ In2002serologicalstudiesconductedandinfluenzaantibodypositivepigswerefound.
‐ 2006Mancinietalshowedserologicalpositivepigs‐85%toH1N1,83%toH3N2,and91%tofluB
‐ CurrentfundingistargetedtodetectionofPRRSV,influenza,andPRVinpigsinBrazil.
‐ VirologicaldetectionofinfluenzainpigsincludesH3N8in2008inToledo,StateofParana,viaisolation
andsequencing.OtherinfluenzavirusesfoundincludepH1N12009.EpidemiologicaldataontheH3N8
arelacking.
‐ TheH3N8influenzaisolatedfrompigswasequineandsimilartoa1963lineageofA/eq/Miami/1/1963
H3N8.Affectedpigsshowedsignsofpneumonia.Serologicalprofilesofherdsbeforeandafterpandemic
showedanincreaseinantibodypositiveherdspost‐pandemic(usingNPELISA).
‐ Brazilwouldliketobegintwinningwithotherlaboratories.Brazilcanserveasareferencelaboratoryin
SouthAmericaandprovidetrainingininfluenzainswinetootherSouthAmericancountriesbecausethey
havethenecessaryfacilities,equipmentandexpertise.
 Asia:Thailand(SujiraParchariyanon)
‐ Thereareseveralstudiesandsurveillanceactivitieson‐goinginThailandonanationallevel(2000to2010)
andseveralcollaborativestudies(NIH,AFRIMS,FAO,MOPH,OFFLU).
‐ Serologicalsurveillanceof20,511serafrom46provinceswasundertakenfrom2003to2010usingHI
testsidentifyingantibodiesto4H1virusesand3H3viruses;mostlyThaiisolates.Seroprevalenceto
H3N2washigherthanH1N1.Viruseswerealsoisolatedandwerereassortantsandofseveralgenotypes.
‐ CentralThailandhasbothlargepoultryandpigfarms,mostofthefarmsareingoodbiosecurity.Samples
fromdensepopulationsofpigshaveyieldedmoreviruses.

 Asia:Japan(TakehikoSaito)
‐ JapanundertookpassivesurveillanceinJapaninslaughterhouses(MOH,startingin1999)andon‐farm
(MAFF),resultinginafewisolatesperyear.
‐ CharacterizationofH3inJapanshowshumantopigtransmission.HumanH3N2hasbeenfound
sporadicallyinJapanesepigs.H1isolatesareofseveraldifferentlineages.
‐ TheJapaneseundertookcollaborativeinfluenzasurveillanceprogramsinpigsinThailandandVietnam
from2005and2010,respectively.
o InThailand,1.9%ofclinicallyhealthpigs‐primarilyyoungpigs–werepositiveforVirusIsolation
(VI).SubtypesH1N1,H3N2andpH1N12009wereisolated(20VIpositiveof1061samples
collected)‐(ActivitysupportedbyJ‐GRID,MEXT,JAPAN).
o InVietnam,onfarmtestingofserumandrespiratorysampleswasundertakenbothintheNorth
andSouth,theVIpositiveratewas0.9%withthesamesubtypesdetectedasinThailand;
characterizationispending.(ActivitysupportedbyMAFF,JAPAN).
‐ MovementofpigsislikelyfromVietnamtoLaoandCambodia(testinginCambodiaisundertakenby
InstitutePasteur)andnottheotherwayround.
 Asia:HongKong(MalikPeiris)
‐ TherearemultipleintroductionsofinfluenzainpigsintoChinaandevidenceofinter‐continental
movementofviruslineages.
‐ InfluenzadetectedinpigsinHongKongupuntil2000wasallclassicH1N1,thenintroductionofEuropean
swinelineagesin2001andTRIGUSswinelineagesin2002,thencontinueddetectionofreassortment
afterthat.Reassortmentlikelyleadstogeneticdiversityandantigenicdiversity.
‐ Itwouldbeadvantageoustoconsiderexpandingorre‐focussingsurveillancetoincludegeneflow,andto
combinesurveillancewithanassessmentofthepotentialfortransmissiontohumans(likeferret
transmission,virustropisminexvivohumanrespiratorytractsamples,humansero‐epidemiology).
 Australia&Oceanaregion(FrankWong)
‐ Australiafinallydetectedinfluenzainpigsin2009whenthepandemicH1N1strainwentfromhumansto
pigs.
‐ Ifyouthinkit’shardtokeepdevelopedcountriesinterestedinfluinpigs,trykeepingdeveloping
countriesinterested.
‐ TheAustralianinternationalreferencelaboratoryworksintheSEAsianregionfordiagnosticcapacity
buildingandstrengtheningveterinaryservicesfordiseasessuchasHPAI,CSF,FMD,andPRRS.
‐ InVietnamandThailandtherearealotofpigs,asignificantproportionarerearedinintensivecommercial
pigfarmingsystems.InotherSEAsiancountrieslowbiosecurity,backyardsystemsprevail.
‐ AAHL‐IndonesiacollaborationsforHPAIinpoultryhaveresultedincharacterizationofapproximately300
H5N1isolatesfrom2008to2010.TheprotocolfordiagnosisfollowsanFAORAPdocumentandinvolves
FluPCRfollowedupbyVIandcharacterisation.
 NIHCEIRSglobalactivities(RichardWebby)
‐ ThecurrentCEIRSinfluenzacontractsrunout31March2014.Thereisdiscussiononwhetherthiswillbe
extended,solongertermsustainabilityofactivitiesisanimportantissue.
‐ SuccessesoftheCEIRSprogramstodateincludecollectingandtestingwellover5000samplesinWestern
Africa(allnegative),detectionofreassortantpandemic/endemicvirusesinpigsinHongKong,Argentina,
Thailand,andUSAwhichisareflectiononthesensitivityofthetestingplanandshowsthatsurveillanceis
working.
‐ CEIRScancontributereagents,viruses’data,assayprotocols,resources,andtechnicalexpertise.
 CDCactivitiesandpriorities(RubenDonis)
‐ TheCDCmissionistomitigatethepublichealthimpactofpandemicinfluenzathroughearlydetectionof
viruseswithnovelHAandrapiddevelopmentofeffectivevaccines.

‐ Amainobjectiveison‐goingriskassessmenttodeterminethepandemicpotentialofanimalviruses
throughastandardizedalgorithm.Riskdependsonviralcharacteristics,prevalence,globalgeographic
distribution,hostandenvironmentalfactors.
‐ Riskassessmentrequiresvirologicalsurveillanceinswineherdswithtimelyreportingandsharingofvirus
samplesanddata.
‐ CDCapproachisrootedintheonehealthconceptdomesticallyandinternationallytoenhancemutually
beneficialinfluenzasurveillanceandtimelyreporting.
‐ Supportlaboratorycapacitybuilding;providetrainingforriskassessmentattheanimal‐humaninterface.
‐ GapsinavailabilityofvirusesfromhumansmayexistbecauseofincreasedrelianceonPCRratherthan
cultureforlaboratorydiagnosis.
‐ Approximately3,000‐5,000humaninfluenzavirusesareanalysedeachyearbyCDC.Duetothesimilarities
invirusescirculatinginpigsandhumans,fullgenomesequencingisneededtofindreassortantsand
“novel”viruses.
 WHOperspectivesandpriorities(LizMumford)
‐ Establishingpublichealth(PH)algorithmsforcharacterizingunsubtypablesisonegoal.TheWHOwould
liketoknow“whatarethepublichealthrisksfrominfluenzavirusesofswineorigin”andtofigurethatout
needsepidemiologicaldata,clinicaldata,andvirologicaldata.Thesedataareneededforbothanimaland
humanviruses.
 FAOactivitiesandpriorities(FilipClaes)
‐ ReportingofpandemicH1N12009inpigsoccurredmainlyinthedevelopedworldandmaybethatisdue
toalackofcapacityindevelopingcountries,fearoftradeimplications,orfocusonotherdiseases.
‐ TheFAOfocusseditseffortsonsamplingindevelopingcountries,forexample,CostaRica,Cuba,El
Salvador,andGuatemala.ThissamplingdeterminedalowlevelofpandemicH1N1inpigsinCentral
America.Influenzasurveillancewasfacilitatedbycombiningwithsurveillanceforotherpigdisease
pathogensincludingPRRSV,PCV2,Myco,CSF.
‐ Alotofhardworkisnecessaryatthebeginningtogettheharmonizationofprotocolsandsufficient
diagnosticcapacitybuildingbeforemovingaheadwiththeactualsurveillance.
‐ CountriesarechosenfortheFAOprogrammeafterexpressinganinterestinparticipatingthemselvesand
thentheyareenrolled.
‐ FAO’smissionistosecurethefoodsourceofthepeopleinthecountry.
 OIEactivitiesandpriorities(KeithHamilton)
‐ InfluenzavirusesinpigsthatfulfilthecriteriaofanewandemergingdiseasearenotifiabletoOIE;this
wasthecasewithpandemicH1N12009upuntilSeptember2010.
‐ AlthoughswineinfluenzaisnotanOIElisteddiseaseitisconsideredtobeanimportantdiseaseand
thereforethereisachapteronswineinfluenzaintheOIEManualofDiagnosticTestsandVaccinesfor
TerrestrialAnimals;thischapteroutlinestheinternationalstandardsfordetectionandcharacterisationof
SIVinfections.
‐ SIVisnotanOIElisteddiseaseandthereshouldbenointernationaltraderestrictionsfollowingdetection
ofinfluenzainpigs(includingpandemicH1N12009)whenthereisnoscientificjustificationtodoso.
ThereisthereforenochapteronSIVintheOIETerrestrialAnimalHealthCode.Laboratoriescanapplyto
theOIEforOIEReferenceLaboratorystatusforswineinfluenzaiftheyareabletomeetthemandateofan
OIEReferenceLaboratory.
‐ AvianinfluenzasurveillancethroughOFFLUandequineinfluenzasurveillancethroughtheexpert
surveillancepanelareexamplesoftwoexistingsurveillancenetworksthatarelinkedtoOIEandthatare
sustainable.Theybothhaveadefinedfocusandmeetannually.
‐ TherearetheglobalstrategydocumentswrittenbyOFFLUthatcanandshouldbeusedasguidancewhen
developingsurveillanceplansforinfluenza.
‐ 