ا تا ةد : تااو دا ،ا......... .............................................شوز ،
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ﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻴﺒﻠﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ،ﻱﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔ
ﻭﺘﻝﺍﻪﺘﺭﻴﺜﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﻲ، ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ
ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ.
ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍﻱﺃ ، ﻱﺄﺒ ﻰﻀﺭﻴ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ
ﻭ ﺢﻠﻴﻭ ﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ لﺒ ،ﻪﻝ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋﺎﻬﺒﻠﻁﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻪﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ
ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻥﺎﻘﺘﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻱﺃ ،.
ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒﻓﻝﺍ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺜﺅﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ
ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ )ﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍﺍﺯﺘ ﺩﻴ
،ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ...ﺦﻝﺍ(ﺠ ،ﺀﺎ ﺕﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ
ﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﻠﻝ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ .ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ
ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺒﻀ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ
ﻭ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ.
ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺭﻨﻭ ،ﺩﻴلﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ، ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ
ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﺍﻷ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺎﻬﻴﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ
ﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ
ﻝﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ .ﻭﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ
ﻭﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ
ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩ
ﻭﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻤﺎﻬﺒﻠﻁﻴ ﻥﻰﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،.
1. ﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﺕﺎ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ :ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ
ﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺩﻬﺸﻴـﻭ ﺎﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﺍﻭﻤﻨ ﺎﺍﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ .ﻫ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺎﻓــ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻭ
ﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍـلﺎ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ
ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ
)1(
.ﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺔﻴﺠ
ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻎﻠﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ74 %ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻥﻤ
)2(
. ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ
لﺜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ2/3 ﻰﻝﺇ
3/4 .ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ . ﻲﻔﻓ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺍﺭﺘﻠﺠﻨﺍ
ﻥﻤ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ40 % ﻡﺎﻋ1940 ﻰﻝﺇ
70 % ﻡﺎﻋ1993 . لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻔﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ
INSEE
)3(
ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﺄﺒ1949 ﻭ1998 ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ:
- ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﺤﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ80 % ﻥﻤ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺍ
- ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ11 %،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ