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spruce. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. BC-
X-79.
Doucet, R. 1988. La régénération préétablie dans les
peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec. For. Chron. 64:
116–120.
Graham, R.T., et Jain, T.G. 1998. Silviculture’s role in manag-
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sur l’internet. URL : http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art8.]
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acteristics of boreal tree species in Fennoscandia and the
USSR. Biosphere dynamics project. Publ. 95. IIASA (Inter-
national Institute for Applied Systems Analysis), Vienne,
Austriche.
Kelly, C., Messier, C., Bergeron, Y., et Harvey, B. 1999. Silvi-
culture adapted for intolerant deciduous stands on mixed-
wood sites of the south-eastern boreal forest. For. Chron.
Sous presse.
Kimmins, J.P. 1992. Balancing act: environmental issues in for-
estry. UBC Press, Vancouver, C.-B.
Kneeshaw, D.D., et Bergeron, Y. 1998. Canopy gap characteris-
tics and tree replacement in the southern boreal forest. Ecol-
ogy, 79: 783–794.
Kuuluvainen, T. 1994. Gap disturbance, ground microtopo-
graphy, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous
forests in Finland: a review. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 31: 35–51.
Lavender, D.P., Parish, R., Johnson, C.M., Montgomery, G.,
Vyse, A., Willis, R.A., et Winston, D. (Éditeurs). 1990. Re-
generating British Columbia’s forests. UBC Press, Vancou-
ver, C.-B.
Leemans, R. 1991. Canopy gaps and establishment patterns of
spruce in two old-growth coniferous forests in central Swe-
den. Vegetatio, 93: 157–165.
Lieffers, V.J., Macmillan, R.B., MacPherson, D., Branter, K., et
Stewart, J.D. 1996. Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural
systems for the boreal mixedwood forest. For. Chron. 72:
286–292.
MacLean, D.A. 1981. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on
the productivity and stability of balsam fir forests. For.
Chron. 56: 213–221.
Navratil, S., Brace, L.G., Sauder, E.A., et Lux, S. 1994. Silvi-
cultural and harvesting options to favor immature white
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