Spelling change -ER verbs

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Point de départ
Some -er verbs, though regular with respect to their verb
endings, have spelling changes that occur in the verb
stem (what remains after the -er is dropped).

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Most infinitives whose next-to-last syllable contains an e
(no accent) change this letter to èin all forms except
nous and vous.

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Infinitives whose next-to-last syllable contains an échange this
letter to èin all forms except nous and vous.

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Infinitives ending in -yer change yto iin all forms except
nous and vous.

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The change of yto iis optional in verbs whose infinitives
end in –ayer.