Comment faire en sorte que le bio-‐mimétisme profite AUSSI à la

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Comment!faire!en!sorte!que!le!bio1mimétisme!!
profite!AUSSI!à!la!biodiversité!?!!
"#$%&'($%)*+,!-+./$+%0!1(2,+3#%4!3#!.$!'56!!!
!
!
7#89+,!4(:,!.*%;4#<8,!.#,!=9<$+%,0!$9&3#.>!3#!.$!,+<8.#!
94+.+,$4+*%! *9! 4($%,?*(<$4+*%! 3#,! 8(*39+4,! 3#! .$! %$49(#0! ,#!
,*%4! +%,8+(2,! 3#! @#..#&@+! 8*9(! 32/#.*88#(! 3#,! %*9/#$942,0!
3#! %*9/#$9A! *BC#4,0! #4! <D<#! 3#! %*9/#..#,! <$%+:(#,!
3E#A8.*+4#(! .#9(! #%/+(*%%#<#%4! #4! 3*%@! 3#! @*%F92(+(! .#!
<*%3#G!!
!
La!biodiversité!au!service!de!la!technologie…!
!
H#,!#A#<8.#,!,*%4!<9.4+8.#,G!-+!*%!8(#%3!8$(!#A#<8.#!.$!
@*%F9D4#! 3#! .E$+(! *%! ,#! ,*9/+#%4! F9#! .#,! 8+*%%+#(,! ,#! ,*%4!
+%,8+(2,! 4$%4! 3#! .E*B,#(/$4+*%! 3#,! *+,#$9A! *9! 3#,! +%,#@4#,!
F9#!3#! @#..#! 3#,! @=$9/#,&,*9(+,0! >! .E#A#<8.#! 3#! I.2<#%4!
J3#(! #4! 3#! ,#,! 8(#<+#(,! $/+*%,G! 1.9,! (2@#<<#%40! 4*9C*9(,!
3$%,!.#!3*<$+%#!3#!.E$2(*%$94+F9#0!@#!F9#!.E*%!$88#..#!.#,!
K+%;.#4,!,*%4!+,,9#,!$9,,+!3E9%#!?*(<#!3#!B+*&+%,8+($4+*%0!>!
8$(4+(! 3#! .E$%$.L,#! 3#! .$! <*(8=*.*;+#! 3#,! $+.#,! 3#! ;($%3,!
($8$@#,G! M*9C*9(,! #%! <$4+:(#! 3#! B+*&+%,8+($4+*%! >! ?+%$.+42!
4#@=%*.*;+F9#0! .$! ?*(<#! 3#! .$! 4D4#! 39! <$(4+%! 8D@=#9(! $!
8#(<+,!3#!3+<+%9#(!.#,!%9+,$%@#,!,*%*(#,!39!MNO!C$8*%$+,!P!
.#! ?$+4! F9#! .E+%;2%+#9(! >! .E*(+;+%#! 3#! @#44#! $/$%@2#! $+4! 242!
*(%+4=*.*;9#!$<$4#9(!%E#,4!8(*B$B.#<#%4!8$,!24($%;#(!>!@#!
,9@@:,G!H#!;($%3!%*<B(#!3E$@4#9(,!2@*%*<+F9#,!+%42(#,,2,!
#4! +<8.+F92,! <*%4(#! F9#! @#44#! $88(*@=#! $! 242! #4! #,4!
8(*<#44#9,#!#4! @#!3$%,!3#,!,#@4#9(,!3+??2(#%4,!Q!+%39,4(+#0!
<$+,!$9,,+!,#@4#9(!4#(4+$+(#!*9!@*..#@4+/+42,!4#((+4*(+$.#,G!!
!
…!Et!inversement!?!
!
I#8#%3$%40!*%!@*%,4$4#!4*94#?*+,!9%! 8(*B.:<#!<$C#9(G!
R%!#??#40!9%#! @*%,4$%4#!#%!@#!F9+! @*%@#(%#!@#,!32<$(@=#,!
3#! B+*&<+<24+,<#! >! 4($/#(,! .E=+,4*+(#! #,4! .#! ?$+4! F9#! @#,!
+%,8+($4+*%,! 3#! .$! %$49(#! %#! ,#! ,*%4! 8$,! 4($39+4#,! 8$(! 9%!
(#4*9(! 8*,+4+?! /#(,! .#,! *(;$%+,<#,! F9+! #%! $/$+#%4! 242! >!
.E*(+;+%#G!S+,#$9A!#4!@=$9/#,&,*9(+,!%E*%4!8$,!4+(2!$/$%4$;#!
3#! .E+%/#%4+*%! 39! 4($%,8*(4! $2(+#%G! 6+#%! $9! @*%4($+(#0! .#,!
8(#<+#(,!(#,4#%4!@*%,+32(2,!@*<<#!9%#!%9+,$%@#!#4!<D<#!
9%! 3$%;#(! 8*9(! .#,! $/+*%,G! H#,! ,#@*%3#,0! 32C>! <$.4($+42#,!
8*9(! @$9,#! 3E+;%*($%@#! $9! @*9(,! 3#! .E=+,4*+(#0! ?+;9(#%4!
$9C*9(3E=9+! $9! 8(#<+#(! ($%;! 3#,! $%+<$9A! 8#()9,! @*<<#!
3$%;#(#9A!8*9(!.ET*<<#!3#89+,!F9#!.E*%!,$+4!F9#!@#(4$+%#,!
#,8:@#,! ,*%4! 3#,! (2,#(/*+(,! 3#! /+(9,! 8*4#%4+#..#<#%4!
4($%,<+,,+B.#,! >! .ET*<<#0! 9%#! @$($@42(+,4+F9#! F9E#..#,!
8$(4$;#%4!#%!?$+4!$/#@!B+#%!3#,!#,8:@#,!3#!<$<<+?:(#,G!
1$($..:.#<#%40! +.! ?$94! $9,,+! /2(+?+#(! F9#! 4*94#,! .#,!
$88(*@=#,! (#.#/$%4! 39! @=$<8! 3#! .$! B+*&+%,8+($4+*%! ,*%4!
/#(49#9,#,! 8$(! ($88*(4! >! .$! B+*3+/#(,+42G! H#,! ?$<#9A! U!
5*B*6##,!V0!,*(4#!3#!<+@(*&3(*%#,!@#%,2,!8*9/*+(!C*9#(!9%!
(W.#!3#!8*..+%+,$4#9(,0!,+!4$%4!#,4!F9E+.,!89+,,#%4!D4(#!9%!C*9(!
?*%@4+*%%#.,0! %#! 3*+/#%4! #%! $9@9%! @$,! %*9,! 3+,8#%,#(! 3#!
.944#(! @*%4(#! .#,! 32@.+%,! 3#,! $B#+..#,! #4! 3#! .E#%,#<B.#! 3#,!
8*..+%+,$4#9(,!X!
!
Encourager!la!recherche!sur!la!biodiversité!!!!
!
H#,! *(;$%+,<#,! F9+! @*%,4+49#%4! .$! B+*3+/#(,+42! %#! ,*%4!
2/+3#<<#%4! 8$,! #%! <#,9(#! 3#! 328*,#(! 3#,! B(#/#4,! 8*9(!
8(*42;#(! .#,! %*9/#$942,! $3$84$4+/#,! F9+! .#,! 3+??2(#%@+#%4! P!
+.,!%#!8#9/#%4!3*%@!(#4+(#(!3#,!$/$%4$;#,!3#!.E94+.+,$4+*%!3#!
@#,!%*9/#$942,!8$(!.#,!=9<$+%,0!,$9?!,+!@#9A&@+!32@+3#%4!3#!
.#! ?$+(#G! 5#@*%%$Y4(#! @#! F9#! .$! B+*3+/#(,+42! $! $88*(420!
$88*(4#! #4! @*%4+%9#($! 3E$88*(4#(! >! .ET*<<#! 3*+4! %*9,!
$<#%#(! >! %*9,! +%4#((*;#(0! #%! (#4*9(0! ,9(! .$! *9! .#,! ?$)*%,!
3*%4! .#! B+*&<+<24+,<#! 8*9(($+4! $9,,+! 8(*?+4#(! >! .$!
B+*3+/#(,+42G!!
!
HE*BC#@4+?! %E#,4! 8$,! +@+! 3#! ;2%2(#(! 3#! %*9/#..#,!
@*%4($+%4#,0! 3#! %*9/#..#,! (2;.#<#%4$4+*%,0! 3#! %*9/#..#,!
4$A#,!>!.E#%@*%4(#!3#,!+%%*/$4#9(,0!<$+,!3E$..#(!#%!3+(#@4+*%!
3E9%#!?*(<#!3#!8(*@#,,9,!/#(49#9A!8#(<#44$%4!3#!?$@+.+4#(!
3#,! (#4*9(,! 8*,+4+?,0! ,*9,! 3#,! ?*(<#,! <9.4+8.#,0! /#(,! .$!
B+*3+/#(,+42G! I#.$! 8#94! 8(#%3(#! .$! ?*(<#! 3#! (#4*9(,!
<*%24$+(#,0!/+$!8$(!#A#<8.#!9%!?*%3!8$(4#%$(+$.!$,,*@+$%4!
.#,!$@4#9(,!39!IRR6ZS-0!.#!I#%4(#!R9(*82#%!3ERA@#..#%@#!#%!
6+*<+<24+,<#! 3#! -#%.+,0! #4! .$! '56! 8*9(! ,*94#%+(! .$!
(#@=#(@=#! +%3+,8#%,$B.#! >! .$! 3#,@(+84+*%! ! 3#,! #,8:@#,0! 3#!
.#9(,!+%4#($@4+*%,!#%4(#!#..#,!*9!$/#@!.#9(!<+.+#9G!!I#.$!8#94!
@*((#,8*%3(#! $9,,+! >! 3#,! ,*94+#%,! 3#! .$! 8$(4! 3#,! $@4#9(,!
,*@+*&2@*%*<+F9#,! +<8.+F92,! >! 3#,! +%+4+$4+/#,! /+,$%4! >!
8(*42;#(!*9!>!(#@*%F92(+(!.$!B+*3+/#(,+42G!
!
Z.!L!$!9%#!.*;+F9#!3#((+:(#!@#,!8(*8*,+4+*%,!@$(0!#%!#??#40!
32/#.*88#(! .#,! 8($4+F9#,! 3#! B+*&<+<24+,<#! ,*9,&#%4#%3!
F9#!.E*%!@*%%$+,,#!<+#9A!#%@*(#!F9E$9C*9(3E=9+!.$!3+/#(,+42!
39! /+/$%40! .$! 3+/#(,+42! 3#,! ?*(<#,!
3E*(;$%+,$4+*%! 3#! @#.9+&@+! [,9(! .#,!
8.$%,! <*(8=*.*;+F9#,0!
$%$4*<+F9#,0! 8=L,+*.*;+F9#,! <$+,!
$9,,+!@*<8*(4#<#%4$9A\G!H#!<*%3#!

!
! !
! !
]#<B(#,!
?*%3$4#9(,!Q!!
/+/$%40!,*9,!4*94#,!,#,!?*(<#,0!$!3#((+:(#!.9+!3#,!@#%4$+%#,!
3#! <+..+*%,! 3E$%%2#,! 3E2/*.94+*%G! H#! B#,*+%! 3E9%#! 8$(4! 3#!
(28*%3(#! #40! 3$%,! .#! <#+..#9(! 3#,! @$,0! 3#! ,E$3$84#(! >! 3#,!
@*%3+4+*%,! #%/+(*%%#<#%4$.#,! #A4(D<#<#%4! 3+/#(,#,! #4!
@=$%;#$%4! 8$(?*+,! B(94$.#<#%40! %*4$<<#%4! .*(,! 3#,!
;($%3#,! @(+,#,! 3E#A4+%@4+*%0! #4! 3E$94(#! 8$(4! .#! B#,*+%!
3E#A8.*+4#(! 3#,! (#,,*9(@#,! $.+<#%4$+(#,! #..#,&<D<#,! 4(:,!
/$(+2#,0!#4!,*9/#%4!B+#%!32?#%39#,0!#A8.+F9#!F9#!.#!<*%3#!
/+/$%4!$!8(*B$B.#<#%4!4*94!#,,$L2!#4!4*94!+%/#%42G!I#.$!%#!
,+;%+?+#! 4*94#?*+,! 8$,! F9#! .#! <*%3#! /+/$%40! 3$%,! ,*%! .*%;!
8$(@*9(,! 2/*.94+?0! $+4! 4*9C*9(,! ,9+/+! .#,! /*+#,! .#,! 8.9,!
*84+<$.#,!#4!.$!B+*&+%,8+($4+*%!3*+4!,#!;$(3#(!3#!@*%,+32(#(!
.#!/+/$%4!@*<<#!9%!<*3:.#!U!8$(?$+4!VG!6#$9@*98!#,4!@*%%9!
#40!3$%,!.#!(#,8#@4!3#!.$!3L%$<+F9#!8*(42#!8$(!.#!IRR6ZS-0!
@#! @*%%9! 3*+4! 8*9/*+(! D4(#! <+#9A! <+,! >! 3+,8*,+4+*%! 3#,!
$@4#9(,! 2@*%*<+F9#! #4! +%39,4(+#.,G! 1$($..:.#<#%40! +.! ?$94!
D4(#!#%!<#,9(#!3E$..#(!8.9,!.*+%!3$%,!.E#A8.*($4+*%!39!/+/$%4!
#4!3#!4+(#(!$/$%4$;#!3#!@#44#!3L%$<+F9#!#%!?$/#9(!39!B+*&
<+<24+,<#! 8*9(! @*%4+%9#(! >! +%/#,4+(! 3$%,! .$! @*%%$+,,$%@#!
39!<*%3#!/+/$%40!@E#,4&>&3+(#!>!+%/#,4+(!3$%,!.$!(#@=#(@=#G!Z.!
#,4! +<8*(4$%4! >! @#! %+/#$9! 3#! ,$/*+(! /#(,! F9*+! *(+#%4#(! @#4!
#??*(4!3#!@*%%$+,,$%@#,!4*94!#%!;$(3$%4!>!.E#,8(+4!.#!?$+4!F9#!
32@*9/#(4#,!#4! #A8.*+4$4+*%,!3#!@#..#,&@+!(#.:/#!,*9/#%4!3#!
.E$.2$4*+(#!#4!3#!.$!@=$%@#G!!
!
H$! '56! #4! .#! IRR6ZS-0! #%! .+#%! $/#@! 3E$94(#,! $@4#9(,!
89B.+@,! *9! 8(+/2,0! 8#9/#%4! 3*%@! (2?.2@=+(! $9A! *BC#@4+?,! #4!
$9A! @*%3+4+*%,! 3#! <+,#! #%! 8.$@#! 3E9%! 4#.! (#4*9(! /#(,! .$!
B+*3+/#(,+420!/#(,!9%#!<#+..#9(#!@*%%$+,,$%@#!3#!@#..#&@+!#4!
/#(,!9%#! @*%4(+B94+*%! <+#9A! $,,9<2#!3#,! $@4+/+42,!3$%,!.#!
@=$<8! 39! B+*&<+<24+,<#! >! .$! @*%,#(/$4+*%! 3L%$<+F9#! 3#!
.$! B+*3+/#(,+42G! I#! ,#($+4! .>! 9%! C9,4#! (#4*9(! 3#,! @=*,#,! #40!
3$%,! .#! <D<#! 4#<8,0! 9%#! $,,9($%@#! 8*9(! .#! ?949(! 3#,!
$@4+/+42,!$,,*@+2#,!$9!B+*&<+<24+,<#G!◼!
!
!
!