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Latest advancements in microelectronic technologies and especially with the
exponential increase of components and devices integration density have yield novel high
technology and polyvalent portable systems. Such polyvalent communication devices need
more and more available energy. Nonetheless, research in energy storage technology did
not evolve with a similar speed. This constitutes a substantial handicap for the future
evolution of portable devices.
Wireless energy transfer through large distances such as tens of meters using
microwaves is a very promising solution in order to deal with the autonomy problem in
portable devices. In addition, since electromagnetic waves are ubiquitous in our
environment, harvesting and using this free and available energy is also possible.
Rectenna (Rectifying Antenna) is the device that allows to collect and to convert
an electromagnetic wave into DC power. Several thesis research projects focusing on
studying and optimizing the rectenna was carried-out into the Ampere laboratory.
It has been shown that for a low level of the electromagnetic field the voltage
provided by the rectenna is ultra-low and thus impractical. Further, as it is the case for the
majority of energy harvesting micro-sources, the performances of the rectenna depend
highly with the loading conditions. So, the development of an interfacing circuit for the
rectenna is a necessary task in order to relieve the RF/DC converter inherent flaws.
As it is pointed out into the literature, such power management circuit is in most
cases absent due to the ultra-low power levels. In most cases, the rectenna is used as it;
which reduces strongly the applications area.
Within this research project, an ultra-low power and fully-autonomous power
management system dedicated to rectennas was developed and optimized. It allows to
guarantee highest performances of the rectenna whatever are the fluctuation of the input
power level and the output load conditions. In addition, this power management system
allows to provide a conventional voltage level to the load.
The first part of the developed system is composed by a resonant DC/DC
converter which plays the role of start-up circuit. In this case, no external energy source is
required even with low voltage and ultra-low power source conditions. Because of its
general poor energetic performances, this resonant converter will be used only during the
start-up phase.
The second part of the developed system is composed by a Flyback converter
operating in its discontinuous conduction mode. Using this mode, the converter realizes
static and very effective impedance matching with the rectenna in order to extract the
maximum available power whatever are the input and the output conditions. Furthermore,
thanks to the optimization procedure, the converter shows excellent efficiency
performances even for µW power levels based on a discrete demonstrator.
Finally, the converter provides conventional voltage levels allowing to power
standard electronics.
Experimental tests based on discrete prototypes for the both converters show distinguish
results for the start-up voltage, the impedance matching effectiveness and the efficiency as
regard to the state of the art.