PolyTox'Nice
Synthèse bibliographique réalisée par des élèves ingénieurs dans le cadre d'enseignements du département Génie Biologique
http://biologie.polytechnice.fr
Abstract:
We are what we eat.
This statement is especially true
when looking at the many
physiological effects food
components have on our body.
The first purpose of food intake
is to maintain the physiological
homeostatic state of the
organism. But what happens when
what we eat isn’t only beneficial
but also causes alterations to our
immune system? What are the
substances responsible for the
increasing number of cases of
immune system disorders?
Food is the first entry point of
xenobiotics in the body. It
therefore represents a major
human route of exposure to
potentially toxic compounds. Many
food-bourn substances have been
shown to have a wide range of
pathological effects, going from
the common Salmonella food
poisoning to the more serious
carcinogenic effects of acrylamide
generated when cooking at high-
temperatures. Other effects that
are less spoken about are those
induced by xenobiotics that target
specialized cells of the immune
system.
In order to understand the
immunotoxicity of food components
and food contaminants, it is
essential to know how the immune
system works.
The immune regulation involves the
activation of specialized cells upon
encounter with a foreign organism
like viruses or bacteria. A well-
targeted and well-measured
response is crucial to the health
and survival of the host by
preventing the pathogen from
colonizing the body. Immune
regulation plays also an important
role in the surveillance and
clearance of cancerous cells. Any
change to the regulation of the
immune response could lead either
to a pathological state where the
foreign pathogen (or a cancerous
cell) thrives in the host organism,
or to a lack of specificity of the
response.
The immunotoxicity of a substance
is defined according to which of
the two aforementioned types of
deregulation it induces. More
specifically, a substance that
induces an up regulation of the
immune response will be referred
to as an immunoactivator. It can be
further categorized depending on
the type of immune activation it
induces: hypersensibility (also
called allergic reaction) or
autoimmunity. Hypersensibility is
the inappropriate activation of the
immune system, especially via the
B-lymphocytes, upon encounter
with a pathogen or substance that
is not immunogenic under normal
conditions. Autoimmunity is when
the immune system attacks the
host’s body. A substance that
induces the down regulation of the
immune response is referred to as
an immunosuppressor. The majority
of the immunotoxic effects caused
by food components and food
contaminants belong to this last
category. [1]
What type of substances should we
be looking out for in our food?
What are the mechanisms involved
in immunotoxicity? Can these
immunotoxic food compounds be
the explanation of the rise in
allergic reactions and asthma in
developed countries? Are they
partly responsible for the decrease
in effectiveness of vaccines and
the increase of infectious diseases
in some parts of the globe?
Food and immune system disorders
D ‘AMATO Marine, KENEL-PIERRE Tatiana, ZHAO Congcong
Reference:
[1].
J. Descotes. Immunotoxicité. EMC - Pathologie
professionnelle et de l'environnement 2008:1-5
[Article 16-537-H-10].