!"##$%&&'()*'+,-+-'&.)//01*/&2*0/#)#13
Page 2 sur 63
D#&G"4>=#'(
P'C/3son$Introduction$à$l'esprit$de$la$philosophie$ancienne$6@)B:'0C<4'*0/N3Y.0#0)C/3
411#1*/N3Z[[\?N35A"0/#)*01C3.135'3$"05)/)$"013;'-,B1/3])55)C3-)C/'-*13BC3-"'$0#*13K3
2*0/#)#131#3'B3@R-F1N35AF-)513,BA053'3L)C.F1+3
3
@A"0/#)*01C3*F/BD13E01C35A1//1C#0153.13-15B03,B03^1/#N3':1-345'#)CN3513$5B/3(*'C.3
$"05)/)$"13.135A2C#0,B0#F_+3PFL0C0//'C#35'3$"05)/)$"013-)DD13F#'C#31//1C#01551D1C#35'3
-)CC'0//'C-13.1/3-'B/1/3$*1D0X*1/N32*0/#)#13LB#3-15B03,B031LL1-#0:1D1C#3'D1C'3BC3
$*)(*X/3*F153.'C/35AF#B.13.13-1/3-'B/1/3$'*351/3/':'C#/3.135AF$),B1N31C3FC)C`'C#35'3
#"F)*013.1/3,B'#*13-'B/1/36D'#F*01551N3L)*D1551N3D)#*0-1N3L0C'51?+33
3
P'C/3/)C3Éthique$à$son$fils$NicomaqueN3-15B03,B135A)C3'3/B*C)DDF3@134"05)/)$"13
.0/#0C(B13#*)0/3/)*#1/3.13:01/3%3^35'3:013.13$5'0/0*N35'3:013$)50#0,B131#35'3:013-)C#1D$5'#0:13_+3
4*0:05F(0'C#35'3.1*C0X*1N32*0/#)#131C3D)C#*13513-'*'-#X*13D0G#1N3/)BD0/3K35a1G0(1C-13,B135'3
$1C/F13/)0#3/B0:013.135A'-#0)C+3
3
Q)C3F#B.13L)C.'#*0-13.13.0LLF*1C#1/3.0/-0$50C1/3#1551/35'35)(0,B131#35'3E0)5)(01N3.13DSD13
,B13/'3*FL51G0)C3/B*351/3.0LLF*1C#/3*F(0D1/3$)50#0,B1/3'-"X:1C#3.13C)B/3-)C:'0C-*13.B3
*H513BC0,B13,BA'31B3-13$*F-1$#1B*3.A251G'C.*13513b*'C.3.'C/35A"0/#)0*13.135'3$1C/F13
)--0.1C#'5135'#0C131#3#)B#3'B#'C#3.'C/35'3/-01C-13'*'E1+3
3
F'("+43#$2'(/I!"#$%&%'3
JC3,B'50L013(FCF*'51D1C#35'3$"05)/)$"013.A2*0/#)#13.13*F'50/#1+34)B*3E01C3/'0/0*35'3$)*#F13
.13-13MB(1D1C#N3053L'B#3#1C0*3-)D$#13.13$*F-0/0)C/3-)DD13-1551/<-0N3.13b05E1*#3V)D1R1*3
P"1*E1RN3^3JC3*F/BD13/)B:1C#3$'*3513D)#3.13c*F'50/D1c35A0C/$0*'#0)C3.135'3$1C/F13
.A2*0/#)#1N3*F'50/D13cC'dLc3'M)B#1C#3-1*#'0C/3C'dL/3$)B*3.F/0(C1*3BC13$1C/F13$'*L'0#1D1C#3
'B3L'0#3.13/1/3$*F/B$$)/F/+3T'0/3/03513*F'50/D13/13.FL0C0#3-)DD13:0/F13.B3*F15N3053/13#*)B:13
'LL1-#F3.ABC13FC)*D13'DE0(Bd#F3$B0/,B135'3*F'50#F31/#3-13,B13#1C#13.A1G$*0D1*3#)B#13
$"05)/)$"01+3eC130C/$0*'#0)C3$"05)/)$"0,B13:'3.)C-3/13-'*'-#F*0/1*3$'*3513lieu$$'*#0-B501*3
)f3155130C:1C#13.13/0#B1*3-13*F153FC0(D'#0,B1g3/032*0/#)#13*'DXC135'3$"05)/)$"013.B3-0153
/B*35'3#1**13-A1/#3$'*-13,B1N3*1LB/'C#3.13:)0*3-13*F153.'C/3BC3D)C.130.F'53/F$'*FN3053:1B#3
50*135A1//1C-13.'C/351/3-")/1/3.13-13D)C.1N351/3pragmata.$@13*1-)B*/30-03L'0#N3K3#*':1*/35'3
$1C/F13.A2*0/#)#1N3'B3/1C/3'C-01C3.13pragma$:0/13K3*1:'5)*0/1*35'3C)#0)C3.13chose,$K35B03
*1.)CC1*35A'D$51B*3,BA15513'3$1*.B131C3/13E)*C'C#3K3.F/0(C1*3.13C)/3M)B*/35A)EM1#3
/0D$51D1C#30C1*#13_+$(Les$choses$mêmes,$La$pensée$du$réel3-"1U32*0/#)#1+3P0'51-#0-'N3@Ah(13
PAW)DD1N3@'B/'CC1N3Z[87?+3
3
J-)'*B3
@'3DF#'$"R/0,B13.A2*0/#)#13LB#35)C(#1D$/35A")*0U)C3.13#)B#3F:FC1D1C#3/-01C#0L0,B1g3/'3
#"F)*013.B3=0153.)D0C'3MB/,BAK35'3V1C'0//'C-1N3/'3$"R/0,B13F5FD1C#'*0/#1361'BN3'0*N3#1**1N3
L1B?N3MB/,BAK35'3L0C3.B3iji13/0X-51+3V1/#13/'3$/R-")5)(013.)C#3$5B/01B*/3'/$1-#/3C13/)C#3$'/3
1C-)*13-)C#*1.0#/3$'*35'3/-01C-13D).1*C1365)-'50/'#0)C3$*F-0/13.135AkD131#3.135A0C#1551-#N3
.0/#0C-#0)C31C#*1351/3L'-B5#F/31#351/3)*('C1/N31#-+?+34'*3'0551B*/N35'3L)*DB5'#0)C3$'*32*0/#)#13
.135A1G0/#1C-13.ABC13-'B/13D)#*0-13$)B*31G$50,B1*3513-"'C(1D1C#3-)C#0CB13.13#*'-1*3
#)B#131G$F*01C-13$)//0E513.135A)E/1*:'#0)C3/-01C#0L0,B13.B3*F15N3':1-35A1G-1$#0)C3*F-1C#13
.135'3$"R/0,B13,B'C#0,B1+345B/01B*/3$*0C-0$1/31#3$'*'.0(D1/3.135'3.FD'*-"13
'*0/#)#F50-01CC131#3.13/1/3C)DE*1BG3-)C#0CB'#1B*/3-)C.0#0)CC1C#N31C-)*13'BM)B*.A"B0N3
C)/3*1$*F/1C#'#0)C/31D$0*0,B1/3)B3/-01C#0L0,B1/N3C)#'DD1C#3.'C/3513.)D'0C13.B3l0:'C#+3