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Abstract
Introduction. HIV-1 evolves as a function of the immune specific response of the host. The
selective pressure exerted by HIV-specific immune responses lead to the evolution of the viral
genes and ultimately determine the evolution of the disease. HIV evolution at the individual
level also shapes the evolution of the virus the population level and determines the future of
the epidemic. HIV enters the target cell via CCR5 (R5 viruses) or CXCR4 (X4 viruses)
coreceptors, and switch of tropism from R5 to X4, is associated with progression disease.
Indeed, R5 virus characterize earlier stages of infection while X4 emerge at later disease
stages in some patients and are considered more virulent. The immune pressures exerted on
the envelope gene (env) can therefore cause HIV coreceptor switch. Pregnancy is considered a
particular immune state mainly characterized by a Th2 bias necessary for the establishment of
materno-fetal tolerance. Tropism switch from R5 to X4 during pregnancy has never been
documented, and changes in the determinants of tropism during the HIV epidemic at the
population level have never been reported.
Hypotheses. Immune changes associated with initiation and progression of pregnancy
generate changes in the immune pressure exerted on env and may influence coreceptor tropism
switch. The evolution HIV-1 coreceptor tropism can be observed at the population level as
well as the evolution of the viral envelope.
Objectives. Analyze the evolution of tropism and describe the selective pressure on the
envelope of pregnant women infected with HIV-1. Analyze the evolution of the determinants
of tropism in at the population level.
Methods. We first analyzed the evolution of determinants of tropism and determined the
genotype and phenotype of HIV-1 in 19 pregnant women from centre maternel et infantile sur
le SIDA de l’hôpital Sainte-Justine (CMIS). We then characterized and compared the selective
pressure on env, using a Bayesian method, in 31 pregnant and 29 non-pregnant women.
Finally, we analyzed and compared the determinants of tropism between contemporary and
early envelope sequences retrieved from the NCBI databases.
Results. Our results show the presence of X4 virus in half of our cohort, and R5 to X4 tropism
switch in 5/19 subjects. Higher substitution rates were found in sequences from pregnant