The Passé Composé I. The passé composé is a past tense. We use it in French to talk about events that have a clear beginning and ending, for example: Jacques a raté le bus. Elle est tombée. Jacques missed the bus. She fell down. We do not use the passé composé in French to indicate all events that occurred in the past. For events that are more related to feelings or emotions, or occurred over a longer period of time, we use another past tense, called the imparfait (imperfect), for example: Quand René avait six ans... Elle était malade. When René was six years old... She was sick. II. The passé composé consists of two parts: the verbe auxiliaire (helping verb) and the participe passé (past participle). A. Verbes Auxiliaires French uses two verbes auxiliaires (helping verbs) with the passé composé. They are: avoir and être. 1. Avoir The verb avoir (to have) is conjugated in the following manner: j’ tu il elle on ai as a a a nous vous Ils elles avons avez ont ont participe passé: eu Except for the occasions listed below under être, avoir is always the verbe auxiliaire. 2. Être The verb être (to be) is conjugated in the following manner: je tu il elle on suis es est est est nous vous Ils elles participe passé: été 1 sommes êtes sont sont Être is the verbe auxiliaire in the following instances: a. When one of the following 16 verbs are used: devenir revenir mourir rentrer sortir venir arriver naître descendre entrer rester tomber retourner aller monter partir for example: Napoléon est né en Corse. Corrine et Luc sont allés en France. Napolean was born in Corsica. Corrine and Luc went to France. There is no logical reason for these 16 verbs taking être as the verbe auxiliaire. You just have to remember them. Many people use this mnemonic: the first letter of each verb spells out DR/MRS VANDERTRAMP. b. When the verb is reflexive, for example: Georges s’est couché à minuit. Paulette et Guy se sont baignés hier. Georges went to bed at midnight. Paulette and Guy went swimming yesterday. c. Unlike with the verbe auxiliaire avoir, when être is the verbe auxiliaire, it must agree with the subject. If the subject is: masculine singular—add nothing masculine plural—add ‘-s’ feminine singular—add ‘-e’ feminine plural—add ‘-es’ for example: Paul went to the café. Paulette went to the café. Paul and Luc went to the café. Paulette and Pauline went to the café. Paul est allé au café. Paulette est allée au café. Paul et Luc sont allés au café. Paulette et Pauline sont allées au café. 3. Negative Sentences When a sentence in the passé composé is negative, the ne…pas (ne…jamais, etc.) go on either side of the verbe auxiliaire, for example: I didn’t see the monster. We didn’t go to the movies. She never drank alcohol. Je n’ai pas vu le monstre. Nous ne sommes pas allés au cinéma. Elle n’a jamais bu d’alcool. 2 B. Participe Passé The participe passé (past participle) is the second part of the construction of the passé composé. The participe passé is formed in this manner: 1. For –er verbs, the participe passé is formed by removing the final –er and adding –é, for example: parler parlé danser dansé 2. For –ir verbs, the participe passé is formed by removing the final –ir and adding –i, for example: finir fini obéir obéi 3. For –re verbs, the participe passé is formed by removing the final –re and adding –u, for example: descendre descendu vendre vendu 4. Many participes passés are irregular. Here are some you should know: avoir boire devoir être faire mettre mourir eu bu dû été fait mis mort naître pouvoir prendre recevoir venir voir vouloir né pu pris reçu venu vu voulu 3 III. Putting the passé composé into practice. The passé compose is a compound tense and therefore has many considerations, however, it is absolutely necessary to be able to talk about events that occurred in the past. With a little practice you will find that it is not that hard. Think-Alouds 1. I want to say in French: I ate a good lunch. The verb ‘to eat’ is ‘manger’ ‘Manger’ takes avoir as its verbe auxiliaire The subject of the sentence is ‘I’ ‘I’ in French is ‘je’ The form of avoir that goes with je is ai J’ai The participe passé of ‘manger’ is ‘mangé’ J’ai mangé ‘A good lunch’ is ‘un bon déjeuner’ J’ai mangé un bon déjeuner. 2. I want to say in French: She went to the zoo. The verb ‘to go’ is ‘aller’ ‘Aller’ takes être as its verbe auxiliaire The subject of the sentence is ‘she’ ‘She’ in French is ‘elle’ The form of être that goes with elle is est Elle est The participe passé of ‘aller’ is ‘allé’ (Writing only) The verb auxiliaire is être which must agree with the subject. The subject is feminine singular, therefore we must add an ‘e’ Elle est allée ‘To the zoo’ is ‘au zoo’ Elle est allée au zoo. 4