Sommaire des Ondes
Sommaire des Ondes
Les ONDES _____________________________________________________________________________ 3
I) Les ondes __________________________________________________________________________________ 3
I.1) Ondes progressives _________________________________________________________________________________ 3
I.1.1) Exemples ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
I.1.2) Caractéristiques d’une onde ______________________________________________________________________ 3
I.1.3) Analyse mathématique __________________________________________________________________________ 4
I.2) Ondes progressives sinusoïdales : ______________________________________________________________________ 5
I.3) Ondes stationnaires: ________________________________________________________________________________ 6
I.4) Spectre d’une onde : ________________________________________________________________________________ 7
I.5) Spectre d’un capteur : _______________________________________________________________________________ 7
II) Optique géométrique _______________________________________________________________________ 8
II.1) Généralités: _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8
II.2) Réflexion, transmission, absorption: ___________________________________________________________________ 9
II.3) Réflexion _________________________________________________________________________________________ 9
II.4) Réfraction ________________________________________________________________________________________ 9
II.4.1) Lois de la réfraction _____________________________________________________________________________ 9
II.4.2) Décomposition de la lumière ____________________________________________________________________ 10
II.4.3) Réflexion totale: ______________________________________________________________________________ 10
II.4.4) Les mirages __________________________________________________________________________________ 11
II.5) Diffusion ________________________________________________________________________________________ 11
II.6) Applications _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12
II.6.1) Miroir _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12
II.6.2) Lentilles _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12
II.6.3) Fibre optique _________________________________________________________________________________ 14
III) Optique ondulatoire _______________________________________________________________________ 17
III.1) Généralités: _____________________________________________________________________________________ 17
III.2) Diffraction: ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18
III.2.1) Diffraction par une fente:_______________________________________________________________________ 18
III.2.1) Diffraction par un cheveu: ______________________________________________________________________ 18
IV) Photométrie _____________________________________________________________________________ 19
IV.1) La vision ________________________________________________________________________________________ 19
IV.2) L’œil humain: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 19
IV.2.1) Descriptif de l’oeil: ____________________________________________________________________________ 19
IV.2.1) L’œil capteur de luminosité: les bâtonnets _________________________________________________________ 19
IV.2.1) L’œil capteur de couleur: les cônes _______________________________________________________________ 20
IV.3) La photométrie: __________________________________________________________________________________ 20
IV.4) Grandeurs lumineuses: ____________________________________________________________________________ 21
IV.4.1) Notion d’angle solide: _________________________________________________________________________ 21
IV.4.2) Introduction:_________________________________________________________________________________ 21
IV.4.3) Les grandeurs: _______________________________________________________________________________ 21
V) Synthèse des couleurs ______________________________________________________________________ 25
VI) Principes physiques des sources lumineuses ___________________________________________________ 26
VI.1) Sources de lumières utilisant la chaleur : Thermorayonnance _____________________________________________ 26
VI.1.1) Biblios ______________________________________________________________________________________ 26
VI.1.2) Caractéristiques ______________________________________________________________________________ 26
VI.1.3) Ampoules à incandescence _____________________________________________________________________ 27
VI.2) Sources de lumières utilisant la Luminescence _________________________________________________________ 28
VI.2.1) Caractéristiques des diverses luminescences _______________________________________________________ 28
VI.2.2) Les lampes à décharge _________________________________________________________________________ 30
VI.2.3) Lampes à LED ________________________________________________________________________________ 35
VI.2.4) Lasers ______________________________________________________________________________________ 36
VI.3) Analyse des sources lumineuses _____________________________________________________________________ 37